Tassawar Hassan's document discusses agro-industrial by-products and their use for biofuel production. It defines agro-industrial by-products as waste derived from agricultural processing industries. It notes that these by-products represent a vast potential source of animal feed and alternative raw materials. The document then discusses various ways agro-industrial by-products can be used for biofuel production, including through biochemical conversion processes like anaerobic digestion to produce biogas, and transesterification to produce biodiesel from oils and fats in the by-products. The conclusion states that agricultural wastes provide an important source of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels, and that
The document discusses the production of biogas and biofuels from waste. It defines biogas and biofuels, describes various types of biofuels like biodiesel produced from lipids, bioethanol produced from carbohydrates, and biobutanol and syngas produced via microbial fermentation. The mechanisms of biogas production from organic waste via anaerobic digestion and the advantages of biogas are also summarized. Biomethane can be produced by upgrading biogas to remove impurities and increase methane concentration.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
This document discusses the biochemical conversion process of biomass to biofuels. It involves several steps: pre-treatment to make biomass accessible, detoxification to remove inhibitory compounds, hydrolysis to break biomass into sugars, and fermentation to convert sugars into biofuels like ethanol. Pretreatment uses physical, chemical or biological methods to disrupt biomass structure. Hydrolysis can be done with acids or enzymes. Fermentation is often done with yeast and can occur in batch, fed-batch or continuous modes. Overall, biochemical conversion is an efficient pathway to produce biofuels and bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass.
This document discusses food waste management and recycling strategies. It begins with an abstract stating that the project focuses on converting food waste into value-added by-products through recycling, as most food waste currently ends up in landfills releasing greenhouse gases. The document then provides details on three food waste recycling methods - producing biofuel through microbial conversion of food waste carbohydrates and lipids, producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil through trans-esterification, and composting food waste into fertilizer through microbial breakdown in the presence of air.
This document discusses bioethanol production technology and its prospects. It begins by defining bioethanol as ethanol derived from agricultural sources rather than petrochemical sources. The document then discusses the benefits of bioethanol such as reduced dependence on crude oil, being a renewable fuel, and reducing air pollution. It describes the raw materials and basic steps involved in bioethanol production. The document provides details on various pretreatment and hydrolysis methods as well as microorganisms used such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and discusses prospects for improving cellulosic ethanol production.
The document discusses various ways that sewage sludge can be converted into biofuels through biological processes. It describes how biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol can be produced from sewage sludge lipids and biomass. For biodiesel, lipids in sewage sludge are extracted and converted to fatty acid methyl esters through transesterification. Biogas is produced via anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, yielding a methane-rich gas. Bioethanol is generated by fermenting sewage sludge and distilling the resulting alcohol. Overall, the document outlines the biological pathways for transforming sewage sludge into several types of renewable biofuels.
The document discusses the production of biogas and biofuels from waste. It defines biogas and biofuels, describes various types of biofuels like biodiesel produced from lipids, bioethanol produced from carbohydrates, and biobutanol and syngas produced via microbial fermentation. The mechanisms of biogas production from organic waste via anaerobic digestion and the advantages of biogas are also summarized. Biomethane can be produced by upgrading biogas to remove impurities and increase methane concentration.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
This document discusses the biochemical conversion process of biomass to biofuels. It involves several steps: pre-treatment to make biomass accessible, detoxification to remove inhibitory compounds, hydrolysis to break biomass into sugars, and fermentation to convert sugars into biofuels like ethanol. Pretreatment uses physical, chemical or biological methods to disrupt biomass structure. Hydrolysis can be done with acids or enzymes. Fermentation is often done with yeast and can occur in batch, fed-batch or continuous modes. Overall, biochemical conversion is an efficient pathway to produce biofuels and bioproducts from lignocellulosic biomass.
This document discusses food waste management and recycling strategies. It begins with an abstract stating that the project focuses on converting food waste into value-added by-products through recycling, as most food waste currently ends up in landfills releasing greenhouse gases. The document then provides details on three food waste recycling methods - producing biofuel through microbial conversion of food waste carbohydrates and lipids, producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil through trans-esterification, and composting food waste into fertilizer through microbial breakdown in the presence of air.
This document discusses bioethanol production technology and its prospects. It begins by defining bioethanol as ethanol derived from agricultural sources rather than petrochemical sources. The document then discusses the benefits of bioethanol such as reduced dependence on crude oil, being a renewable fuel, and reducing air pollution. It describes the raw materials and basic steps involved in bioethanol production. The document provides details on various pretreatment and hydrolysis methods as well as microorganisms used such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and discusses prospects for improving cellulosic ethanol production.
The document discusses various ways that sewage sludge can be converted into biofuels through biological processes. It describes how biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol can be produced from sewage sludge lipids and biomass. For biodiesel, lipids in sewage sludge are extracted and converted to fatty acid methyl esters through transesterification. Biogas is produced via anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge, yielding a methane-rich gas. Bioethanol is generated by fermenting sewage sludge and distilling the resulting alcohol. Overall, the document outlines the biological pathways for transforming sewage sludge into several types of renewable biofuels.
Bio-substitution involves replacing pollution-causing substances with naturally occurring or biodegradable synthetic alternatives. This can help reduce environmental pollution. Examples of bio-substitution include replacing fossil fuels with biofuels like biodiesel and biohydrogen, and replacing plastic with biodegradable polymers. While bio-substitution requires higher production costs and modification of machines, it provides environmental benefits by reducing pollution and promoting sustainable development.
The document discusses various types of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from organic materials and waste. Common biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Bioethanol can be produced from sources like sugar, wheat, sugar beet, and bamboo waste. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses reverse photosynthesis as a method to produce fuel from biomass using sunlight and enzymes. It also discusses using bamboo's chlorophyll and the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzyme in reverse photosynthesis. The goals of a biofuel policy are outlined as well as research areas like advanced conversion technologies and international cooperation.
THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN ALTERNATE ENERGY GENERATION.pptxnehasolanki83
This document discusses how microbes can help generate alternative energy. It describes several ways microbes are used to produce biofuels like ethanol, butanol, biogas, biomethane, hydrogen, and biodiesel. Microbes can ferment plant biomass to produce ethanol, or be engineered to produce butanol as a higher energy alternative to gasoline. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste by microbes produces biogas which can be upgraded to biomethane. Some microbes can produce hydrogen through biological processes. Microbes are also used to produce biodiesel through microbial lipids. Finally, microbial fuel cells generate electricity directly from organic compounds using bacteria.
This document discusses utilizing toxic waste from food processing industries to extract energy. It describes the types of solid and liquid waste generated, including food scraps, processing water, and packaging materials. The waste contains nutrients that can be broken down through hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetoclastic, and methanogenesis processes to produce useful end products like biopolymers, biofertilizers, ethanol, and methane gas. While extracting energy and value from this waste has advantages like fertilizer production and pollution reduction, it also has disadvantages such as nutrient loss and potential for harmful chemical generation.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in optimizing biomass supply chains for bioenergy and biofuel production. It reviews the main routes for producing bioenergy from terrestrial and aquatic biomass. Global biofuel production is growing due to benefits like increased energy security, reduced emissions, and rural development. However, fossil fuels are finite and causing environmental damage, so alternatives like biofuels are being explored. The document examines optimizing supply chains from various biomass sources and converting it into biofuels using biochemical and thermochemical methodologies.
The document discusses different types of biofuels. It defines first, second, third and fourth generation biofuels and provides examples of their feedstocks. It then focuses on biodiesel, describing its production via transesterification of vegetable oils. The processes of acid and base catalyzed transesterification are summarized. Finally, it discusses bioethanol production via fermentation of sugars or starches by yeast and bacteria.
Fermentation media provides microorganisms with nutrients needed for growth and product formation. It consists of a carbon source, like molasses or starch, for energy and biosynthesis, along with nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and other trace elements. The choice of media components considers factors like cost, availability, ease of handling, and their effects on microbial physiology and fermentation performance. Carbon sources fuel both cell growth and metabolism, while nitrogen sources support biosynthesis. A variety of industrial byproducts can serve as nutrients in fermentation, with the specific media tailored to the microorganism and fermentation process.
Starch-based feedstocks encompass grains like corn and wheat and tubers such as (sweet) potatoes and cassava. These feedstocks are rich in intricate chains of sugar molecules, making them readily convertible into fermentable sugars. These sugars can then undergo conversion into ethanol or drop-in fuels. Also, the fibrous components of these plants, such as wheat straw or corn stover, hold the potential for transformation into advanced Biofuel Industry, as seen in the case of cellulosic ethanol production.
The document describes an industrial training report on determining the structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. The report details procedures to estimate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content in biomass samples before and after pre-treatment. Standard curves are used to determine the concentration of each component from absorbance measurements. Key results show the wheat bran sample contained approximately 36% cellulose, 22% hemicellulose, and 20.9% lignin before treatment, and 40% cellulose after a weak acid pre-treatment.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in optimizing biomass supply chains for bioenergy and biofuel production. It reviews the main routes for producing bioenergy from terrestrial and aquatic biomass feedstocks. Global biofuel production is growing due to benefits like increased energy security, lower emissions, and rural development. However, fossil fuels are finite and causing environmental damage, so alternatives are needed. The document examines optimizing supply chains from various biomass sources and the technologies used to produce ethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels and their intermediates. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes are outlined.
This document discusses Chlorella vulgaris and Ulva lactuca as potential sources for biodiesel and bioethanol production.
C. vulgaris is a microalgae that can be grown using photosynthesis. It contains lipids that can be extracted and converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process. U. lactuca is a type of macroalgae that contains polysaccharides like cellulose that can be broken down into sugars and fermented by yeast into bioethanol. The document outlines the steps involved in cultivating and processing these algae, as well as their economic and environmental benefits.
The document discusses the production of butanol from biomass. Butanol can be used as a fuel in vehicles and has superior properties to ethanol. It can be produced through fermentation of biomass by Clostridium bacteria, yielding a mixture of acetone, butanol and ethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass is a suitable raw material that can be pretreated and hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars for biobutanol production. Batch fermentation of pretreated rice straw by C. acetobutylicum has shown potential for utilizing an economical and available substrate to produce biobutanol.
Ecotech alliance quick guide to bioenergy technologiesecotechalliance
This document provides summaries of 10 different bioenergy technologies:
1) Biogas is created from the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic conditions and can be used for cooking, heating, electricity production.
2) Biomass can be combusted directly as fuel or converted to liquid/gas biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel for combustion engines or fuel cells.
3) Microbial fuel cells produce electricity by harnessing natural microbial systems, with byproducts of water and carbon dioxide.
This presentation discusses biogas production from garbage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a combustible gas produced through biological breakdown of organic matter without oxygen. The presentation outlines the four stages of anaerobic digestion: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also discusses factors that affect biogas production such as temperature, pH, carbon/nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, and hydraulic retention time. Applications of biogas include electricity generation, transportation fuel, and cooking fuel.
Algae wastewater treatment for biofuel productionylimeoen
The document discusses using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It describes how algae can effectively remove nutrients from wastewater while also generating biomass that can be converted to biofuels. This creates a mutually beneficial situation where wastewater is treated and a feedstock for biofuel production is obtained. The document also reviews various types of algae production systems and wastewater treatment ponds that can integrate algae cultivation and wastewater treatment.
The document discusses bioenergy and biomass energy. It defines bioenergy as a renewable form of energy obtained from converting biomass resources like agricultural waste, forest residues, and energy crops into useful energy sources. It then discusses various biomass feedstocks and different processes for converting biomass into biofuels and bioenergy, including pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and anaerobic digestion. The document also covers classifications of biofuels, examples of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, and applications of biofuel products.
Biomass Energy it's uses and future aspectsCriczLove2
Biomass is renewable organic material from plants and animals that can be directly burned or converted into liquid and gaseous fuels. Common biomass sources include wood, agricultural crops and waste, biogenic materials in municipal solid waste, and animal manure. Biomass is converted into energy through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like pyrolysis and gasification, chemical processes like biodiesel production, and biological processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation. The type of biomass feedstock and its characteristics like moisture content, pH, temperature, total solids, and volatile solids affect the efficiency of biomass conversion processes and amount of biogas or fuel produced.
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter such as manure, food waste, and crops. It is comprised primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. The digestion occurs in anaerobic digesters, which are air-tight tanks that transform biomass into methane gas. This biogas can then be used as an energy source for heating, electricity, or transportation fuel after processing. Producing biogas also has environmental benefits as it manages waste and provides renewable energy.
it covers various types of bioenergy and also contains various energy yielding technologies. it shows the bioenergy scenerio in India.it also shows various activities and programmes related with bioenergy
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Bio-substitution involves replacing pollution-causing substances with naturally occurring or biodegradable synthetic alternatives. This can help reduce environmental pollution. Examples of bio-substitution include replacing fossil fuels with biofuels like biodiesel and biohydrogen, and replacing plastic with biodegradable polymers. While bio-substitution requires higher production costs and modification of machines, it provides environmental benefits by reducing pollution and promoting sustainable development.
The document discusses various types of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels. It defines biofuels as fuels produced from organic materials and waste. Common biofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. Bioethanol can be produced from sources like sugar, wheat, sugar beet, and bamboo waste. The document outlines the history of biofuels and discusses reverse photosynthesis as a method to produce fuel from biomass using sunlight and enzymes. It also discusses using bamboo's chlorophyll and the lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enzyme in reverse photosynthesis. The goals of a biofuel policy are outlined as well as research areas like advanced conversion technologies and international cooperation.
THE ROLE OF MICROBES IN ALTERNATE ENERGY GENERATION.pptxnehasolanki83
This document discusses how microbes can help generate alternative energy. It describes several ways microbes are used to produce biofuels like ethanol, butanol, biogas, biomethane, hydrogen, and biodiesel. Microbes can ferment plant biomass to produce ethanol, or be engineered to produce butanol as a higher energy alternative to gasoline. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste by microbes produces biogas which can be upgraded to biomethane. Some microbes can produce hydrogen through biological processes. Microbes are also used to produce biodiesel through microbial lipids. Finally, microbial fuel cells generate electricity directly from organic compounds using bacteria.
This document discusses utilizing toxic waste from food processing industries to extract energy. It describes the types of solid and liquid waste generated, including food scraps, processing water, and packaging materials. The waste contains nutrients that can be broken down through hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetoclastic, and methanogenesis processes to produce useful end products like biopolymers, biofertilizers, ethanol, and methane gas. While extracting energy and value from this waste has advantages like fertilizer production and pollution reduction, it also has disadvantages such as nutrient loss and potential for harmful chemical generation.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in optimizing biomass supply chains for bioenergy and biofuel production. It reviews the main routes for producing bioenergy from terrestrial and aquatic biomass. Global biofuel production is growing due to benefits like increased energy security, reduced emissions, and rural development. However, fossil fuels are finite and causing environmental damage, so alternatives like biofuels are being explored. The document examines optimizing supply chains from various biomass sources and converting it into biofuels using biochemical and thermochemical methodologies.
The document discusses different types of biofuels. It defines first, second, third and fourth generation biofuels and provides examples of their feedstocks. It then focuses on biodiesel, describing its production via transesterification of vegetable oils. The processes of acid and base catalyzed transesterification are summarized. Finally, it discusses bioethanol production via fermentation of sugars or starches by yeast and bacteria.
Fermentation media provides microorganisms with nutrients needed for growth and product formation. It consists of a carbon source, like molasses or starch, for energy and biosynthesis, along with nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and other trace elements. The choice of media components considers factors like cost, availability, ease of handling, and their effects on microbial physiology and fermentation performance. Carbon sources fuel both cell growth and metabolism, while nitrogen sources support biosynthesis. A variety of industrial byproducts can serve as nutrients in fermentation, with the specific media tailored to the microorganism and fermentation process.
Starch-based feedstocks encompass grains like corn and wheat and tubers such as (sweet) potatoes and cassava. These feedstocks are rich in intricate chains of sugar molecules, making them readily convertible into fermentable sugars. These sugars can then undergo conversion into ethanol or drop-in fuels. Also, the fibrous components of these plants, such as wheat straw or corn stover, hold the potential for transformation into advanced Biofuel Industry, as seen in the case of cellulosic ethanol production.
The document describes an industrial training report on determining the structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. The report details procedures to estimate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content in biomass samples before and after pre-treatment. Standard curves are used to determine the concentration of each component from absorbance measurements. Key results show the wheat bran sample contained approximately 36% cellulose, 22% hemicellulose, and 20.9% lignin before treatment, and 40% cellulose after a weak acid pre-treatment.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in optimizing biomass supply chains for bioenergy and biofuel production. It reviews the main routes for producing bioenergy from terrestrial and aquatic biomass feedstocks. Global biofuel production is growing due to benefits like increased energy security, lower emissions, and rural development. However, fossil fuels are finite and causing environmental damage, so alternatives are needed. The document examines optimizing supply chains from various biomass sources and the technologies used to produce ethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels and their intermediates. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes are outlined.
This document discusses Chlorella vulgaris and Ulva lactuca as potential sources for biodiesel and bioethanol production.
C. vulgaris is a microalgae that can be grown using photosynthesis. It contains lipids that can be extracted and converted to biodiesel via a transesterification process. U. lactuca is a type of macroalgae that contains polysaccharides like cellulose that can be broken down into sugars and fermented by yeast into bioethanol. The document outlines the steps involved in cultivating and processing these algae, as well as their economic and environmental benefits.
The document discusses the production of butanol from biomass. Butanol can be used as a fuel in vehicles and has superior properties to ethanol. It can be produced through fermentation of biomass by Clostridium bacteria, yielding a mixture of acetone, butanol and ethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass is a suitable raw material that can be pretreated and hydrolyzed to fermentable sugars for biobutanol production. Batch fermentation of pretreated rice straw by C. acetobutylicum has shown potential for utilizing an economical and available substrate to produce biobutanol.
Ecotech alliance quick guide to bioenergy technologiesecotechalliance
This document provides summaries of 10 different bioenergy technologies:
1) Biogas is created from the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic conditions and can be used for cooking, heating, electricity production.
2) Biomass can be combusted directly as fuel or converted to liquid/gas biofuels like ethanol or biodiesel for combustion engines or fuel cells.
3) Microbial fuel cells produce electricity by harnessing natural microbial systems, with byproducts of water and carbon dioxide.
This presentation discusses biogas production from garbage through anaerobic digestion. It defines biogas as a combustible gas produced through biological breakdown of organic matter without oxygen. The presentation outlines the four stages of anaerobic digestion: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. It also discusses factors that affect biogas production such as temperature, pH, carbon/nitrogen ratio, organic loading rate, and hydraulic retention time. Applications of biogas include electricity generation, transportation fuel, and cooking fuel.
Algae wastewater treatment for biofuel productionylimeoen
The document discusses using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It describes how algae can effectively remove nutrients from wastewater while also generating biomass that can be converted to biofuels. This creates a mutually beneficial situation where wastewater is treated and a feedstock for biofuel production is obtained. The document also reviews various types of algae production systems and wastewater treatment ponds that can integrate algae cultivation and wastewater treatment.
The document discusses bioenergy and biomass energy. It defines bioenergy as a renewable form of energy obtained from converting biomass resources like agricultural waste, forest residues, and energy crops into useful energy sources. It then discusses various biomass feedstocks and different processes for converting biomass into biofuels and bioenergy, including pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and anaerobic digestion. The document also covers classifications of biofuels, examples of biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, and applications of biofuel products.
Biomass Energy it's uses and future aspectsCriczLove2
Biomass is renewable organic material from plants and animals that can be directly burned or converted into liquid and gaseous fuels. Common biomass sources include wood, agricultural crops and waste, biogenic materials in municipal solid waste, and animal manure. Biomass is converted into energy through direct combustion, thermochemical processes like pyrolysis and gasification, chemical processes like biodiesel production, and biological processes like anaerobic digestion and fermentation. The type of biomass feedstock and its characteristics like moisture content, pH, temperature, total solids, and volatile solids affect the efficiency of biomass conversion processes and amount of biogas or fuel produced.
Biogas is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic matter such as manure, food waste, and crops. It is comprised primarily of methane and carbon dioxide. The digestion occurs in anaerobic digesters, which are air-tight tanks that transform biomass into methane gas. This biogas can then be used as an energy source for heating, electricity, or transportation fuel after processing. Producing biogas also has environmental benefits as it manages waste and provides renewable energy.
it covers various types of bioenergy and also contains various energy yielding technologies. it shows the bioenergy scenerio in India.it also shows various activities and programmes related with bioenergy
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit Innovation
TASSAWR.pptx
1. NAME:TASSAWAR HASSAN
ROLL NO 73
TOPIC:AGRO INDUSTRIAL BY PRODUCTS
WHAT IS AGRO INDUSTRIAL BY PRODUCTS?
Agro-industrial by-products (AIBP) are
mostly derived from agricultural
processing industries such as cereal grain
milling, oilseed extraction, brewery, malt
production, fruit and vegetable
processing. These represent a vast
potential source of animal feed, which
are currently not fully exploited
Why Agro industrial by products for
biofuel?
Agricultural residues are rich in bioactive
compounds. These residues can be used as
an alternate source for the production of
different products like biogas, biofuel,
mushroom, and tempeh as the raw
material in various researches and
industries
Fast depletion of fossil fuel is due to its
excessive use, causing ecological degradation
and environmental pollution. Therefore,
researchers are focused on utilization of
renewable energy
It is very cheap and economical. The use of
agro-industrial wastes as raw materials can
help to reduce the production cost and also
reduce the pollution from the environment.
2. How biofuel from Agro industrial waste
AGRO-INDUSTRY WASTES
The agricultural waste includes agro-
industry processing waste. This includes by
products produced from food processing
industries, such as vegetable and fruit peels,
fruit pomace after extraction of juice, starch
residue from starch-manufacturing
industries, sugarcane bagasse, molasses from
sugar manufacturing industries, oiled seed,
edible oil manufacturing industries, chicken
skin, egg, meat, and animal fat from
slaughterhouses and meat processing
industries.
Sugarcane bagasse is one of the major
agro-industrial wasted obtained from sugar
industries after extraction of juice. The global
availability of sugarcane bagasse is 180.73
million tons . The waste produced from the
palm oil industries, which is the world’s
largest edible oil, is nearly 35.19 million tons
from 85.84 million tons of fresh fruit palm
bunches Other agro-industrial wastes include
apple ,orange peel, and other fruit wastes
obtain from fruit juice, cider, and other food
processing units.
3. Agro industrial by product composition
Biomass composition mainly includes
lignocellulose composition and
biochemical analysis. Other than that,
metal and mineral contents and the
energy content of biomass also imply
several route for biomass conversion. The
proximate composition includes moisture,
fixed carbon, volatile solid, and ash. For
thermochemical conversion, the feedstock
should have low moisture and ash content.
In contrast, the high fixed carbon and
volatile matter represent the high energy
and organic content of feedstock,
respectively, and are suitable for
biochemical conversion. The ultimate
analysis represents the fuel efficacy of the
feedstock.
4.
5. Important steps in biochemical route for
biofuel production
Pretreatment
Pretreatment is one of the essential
techniques for processing lignocellulosic
biomass in biofuel production. The
lignocellulosic biomass consists of three
primary structural constituents, that is,
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin,
which remains as a compact matrix form,
hindering the accessibility of
microbes/enzymes for degradation and
hydrolysis. Therefore, the pretreatment
process helps to delignify the biomass,
decomposes the hemicellulose, and
increases the porosity of the biomass,
which subsequently increases the surface
area and decreases the crystallinity of
cellulosic moiety
Physical pretreatment
The preliminary step for biomass processing
is reduction of biomass size into fine powder
for enhancing the better accessibility of
enzymes and microbes during the hydrolysis
process. Various physical techniques, such as
wet milling, dry milling and compression
milling are used for comminution of
lignocellulosic biomass. A reduction in size
helps to decrease the crystallinity nature of
cellulose
6. Types of pre treatment
Chemical pretreatment
The popular and conventional chemicals being
used for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
are acids and alkalis. Acid pretreatment using
different mineral and organic acids like HCl, H2SO4,
and peroxyacetic acid is effective in hydrolyzing
hemicellulose and cellulose, whereas alkali
pretreatment with NaOH and KOH is applied in
dissolving lignin Besides acid and alkali treatments,
other chemical pretreatment techniques like
organosolving and ozonolysis have been recently
developed
Physiochemical pretreatment
Other than physical and chemical pretreatment
methods, different physiochemical treatments like
steam explosion, subcritical water, supercritical
CO2, and ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) are also
found to be effective against pretreatment of
lignocellulosic biomass
Biological pretreatment relies on microbial-
assisted delignification and decomposition of
hemicellulose, which subsequently improve the
yield of hydrolysis. Microorganisms like lacteus and
Phanerochaete chrysosporium have been proved to
be efficient to increase the yield of reducing sugar
from the straw ,corn stalk, and rice husk by partially
or fully removing the lignin .
7. Agro industrial by products as feed stock
for Biofuel production.
Bioethanol production using AGRO INDUSTRIAL
wastes
The current global ethanol production is 28,375 million
gallons, which has almost doubled in the past 10 years.
The major bioethanol producers are the United
States, Brazil, Europe, and China, followed by Canada,
Thailand, Argentina, and India. Among them the
United States holds 58% of the total global ethanol
production. Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is
produced mainly via biochemical routes. The
three major steps involved are pretreatment,
enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. Biomass
is pretreated to improve the accessibility of
enzymes. After pretreatment, biomass undergoes
enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation.
Biomass is pretreated to improve the
accessibility of enzymes. After pretreatment,
biomass undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis for
conversion of polysaccharides into monomer
sugars, such as glucose and xylose.
Subsequently, sugars are fermented to
ethanol by the use of different
microorganisms.
Pretreated biomass can directly be converted
to ethanol by using the process called
simultaneous saccharification and co
fermentation (SSCF). Pretreatment is a
critical step which enhances the enzymatic
hydrolysis of biomass.
8. Biogas
Biogas production is quite essential to
promote the expansion and
optimization of the entire biofuels
production process at a low cost. The
process requires high moisture
content and organic waste for
anaerobic digestion, which is a
bacteria-assisted conversion of
organic material into biogas . Both
harvested biomass and residual
biomass (after lipid extraction) are
suitable feedstocks for biogas
production. The produced biogas is a
mixture consisting chiefly of methane
(55%–75%) and carbon dioxide
CO2 (25%–45%), with a just
detectable amount of other gases,
such as hydrogen sulfide (below the
standard limit).
Since microalgae cell wall is
composed of lipids and proteins
together with little cellulose and
almost no lignin content it state that,
by anaerobic digestion, microalgae
biomass has the potential for superior
quality methane production. With its
potential to recover energy from algal
biomass after lipid extraction, biogas
production has recently received
much attention
9. Biodisel
Agricultural processed wastes or
agro-industrial wastes like rice
bran, coffee ground, waste
vegetable oil (from households,
restaurants, and agro food
industries, etc.), and oiled seeds of
edible and non edible oil plants are
potential feedstocks for biodiesel
production, due to the residual oil
present in them The fuel is
produced by transesterification—a
process that converts fats and oils
into biodiesel and glycerin (a
coproduct).
Approximately 100 pounds of oil or
fat are reacted with 10 pounds of a
short-chain alcohol (usually
methanol) in the presence of a
catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide
[NaOH] or potassium hydroxide
[KOH]) to form 100 pounds of
biodiesel and 10 pounds of glycerin
(or glycerol). Glycerin, a co-product,
is a sugar commonly used in the
manufacture of pharmaceuticals
and cosmetics.
10. Conclusion and future trends:
Agricultural wastes are an important aspect of lignocellulosic biomass. Utilization of
these wastes for biofuel production depends on their composition, and different
processing and conversion techniques. Based on the composition of agricultural wastes,
a suitable route for biofuel production can be predicted. Different types of agricultural
wastes can be utilized individually or in a mixer (as cosubstrate) to enhance the
production of biofuel. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels can be
carried out by both biochemical and thermochemical routes. The biochemical route is
more environmentally friendly and the byproduct obtained
from the biofuel production process can be utilized as value-added product or further
utilized as feedstock in the production of other biofuels.