PADDY (Oryza sativa) ONELINER – BOTANY & PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES Dr. K. Vanangamudi BOTANY OF PADDY (Oryza sativa) PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF PADDY

1. PADDY (Oryza sativa) ONELINER – BOTANY &
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
Dr. K. Vanangamudi
Formerly Dean (Agriculture), TNAU, Coimbatore.
Dean, Adhiparashakthi Agricultural College, Kalavai,
Professor & Head,
Seed Science & Technology, TNAU, Coimbatore.
1. BOTANY OF PADDY (Oryza sativa)
1.1. Taxonomy and Classification
 Botanical Name: Oryza sativa
 Family: Poaceae (Gramineae)
 Chromosome Number: 2n = 24
 Genome Type: AA
 Origin: Southeast Asia / Indo-Burma
 Inflorescence: Panicle with six stamens
 Evolution: Oryza sativa evolved from Oryza nivara (2n = 48)
 Pollination: Self-pollinated, C3, short-day crop
 Climate Requirement: Hot and humid
1.2. Morphology
 Fruit Type: Caryopsis
 Stem Type: Haulm or Culm
 Hull Components: Lemma and Palea
 Nutritional Composition:
o Carbohydrates: 70%
o Protein: 6-7%
o Rice Protein: Oryzenin
o Protein in Rice Bran: 12-15%
 Aroma: Due to 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline

2. 1.3. Major Types of Oryza sativa
 Indica: Grown in India (Tropical rice)
 Japonica: Grown in Japan (Subtropical rice, resistant to lodging)
 Javanica: Grown in Indonesia (Wild rice)
1.4. Nutritional Contribution
 Calories: Provides 22% of the world’s calorie supply
 Protein: Contributes 17% of the global protein supply
2. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES OF PADDY
2.1. Soil and Climatic Requirements
 Best Soil: Clay loam
 Optimal Soil pH: 5.5 - 6.5
 Temperature Requirements:
o Minimum/Base: 10-12°C
o Optimum: 30-32°C
o Maximum: 38-40°C
o Blooming: 26.5-29.5°C
o Ripening: 20-25°C
o Panicle Initiation: 20-22°C
2.2. Land Preparation
1. Ploughing: Deep ploughing to destroy weeds and pests.
2. Puddling: The destruction of soil aggregates to reduce percolation loss.
3. Leveling: Ensures uniform water distribution.
2.3. Nursery Preparation
 Wet Method: 1:10 m² nursery area
 SRI Method: 1:100 m² nursery area
 Dapog Method: 1:250 m² nursery area (soil-less method from the Philippines)
2.4. Seed Rate and Spacing
 Seed Rate:
o Broadcasting: 100 kg/ha
o Drilling: 60 kg/ha
o Dapog Method: 1.5-3.0 kg/m²
o SRI/Madagascar Method: 6-7 kg/ha
o Hybrid Rice: 15 kg/ha

3.  Spacing:
o Transplanting: 20 × 10 cm
o Hybrid: 20 × 15 cm
o SRI/Madagascar: 25 × 25 cm
2.5. Transplanting Time
 Kharif: 20-25 days after sowing
 Rabi: 30-35 days after sowing
 Dapog Method: 12-14 days after sowing
 SRI Method: 10-12 days after sowing
2.6. Water Management
 Water Requirement:
o 1250 mm for overall growth
o 3,000-5,000 liters for producing 1 kg of paddy
o Rice field submerged in 5 cm deep water
 Critical Stages for Irrigation: Initial tillering and flowering
 IW/CPE Ratio: 1.20
 Gap Filling: Done 7-10 days after transplanting
2.7. Nutrient Management
 NPK Ratio: 120:60:60
 Nitrogen Uptake: In both ammonium and nitrate forms
 Nitrogen Use Efficiency: 30-40%
 Nitrogen Fixation by Blue-Green Algae: 20-25 kg/ha
2.8. Harvesting and Post-Harvest Processing
 Harvesting Index: 0.40
 Processing Percentages:
o Polishing: 2%
o Hulling: 66%
o Husk: 33%
o Milling: 50-55%
 Parboiling: Hydrothermal process for conserving Vitamin B12
 Milling: Polishing results in the loss of Vitamin B
2.9. Hybrid Rice and Super Rice
 Hybrid Rice Developed by: Y.L. Ping (1970, China)
 Introduced in India: 1994

4.  Super Rice Developed by: G.S. Khush
 Lunishree: Known as Super Rice
2.10. Diseases and Deficiencies
 Khaira Disease (Zn Deficiency): First reported by Y.L. Nene (1966, Pantnagar)
o Management: ZnSO4 0.5%
o Alternative Name: Iron Rust
 Browning in Rice: Due to iron toxicity
o Tolerant Variety: Phalguna
 White Eye Disease: Caused by iron deficiency
2.11. Research Institutes
 CRRI (India): Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack (Orissa), 23 April 1946
 IRRI (International): International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines,
1960