The document is a 2017 OECD Economic Survey of France that discusses key economic issues and makes policy recommendations. Some of the main points covered include: potential growth has slowed; too many people are excluded from the labor market; public spending is high but corporate tax revenues are low; developing a long-term strategy to reduce public spending and taxes; and fostering an inclusive development of skills and employment. The survey provides recommendations in several areas such as reducing public spending, improving skills training programs, and improving life in poor neighborhoods.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Austria. It finds that while Austria's economy is growing again, digital adoption remains below expectations. Public debt is high but falling, though population aging will increase fiscal pressures. Gender imbalance in the labor force persists, and low-skilled workers face higher unemployment. The survey recommends Austria increase retirement ages, undertake spending reviews, streamline regulations to boost growth, and ensure an inclusive transition to the digital economy through skills training.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Turkey. It finds that while Turkey's growth has remained strong, productivity remains low due to rigid employment regulations, restrictive product market regulations, underdeveloped professional management, and under-use of information and communication technologies. The document recommends reforms to improve educational outcomes, strengthen the rule of law, reduce barriers to investment, and enhance labor market flexibility in order to strengthen resilience, boost productivity, and foster greater social cohesion.
The OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom document makes several key points:
1) GDP growth in the UK has slowed, productivity is stagnant, and inflation has reduced real incomes. However, unemployment is at a 42-year low.
2) Regional productivity gaps exist within the UK, with London being significantly more productive than other areas. Lagging regions rely more on EU funds and have lower skills.
3) Many UK adults and youth have only basic skills. Participation in vocational education is low. Most workers on zero-hours contracts and in low-paid self-employment have low skills.
The document recommends policies to address Brexit challenges, boost regional productivity, and raise skills,
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of South Africa. It finds that while short-term fiscal and monetary policies have limited scope to boost growth, bold structural reforms are needed in areas like network sectors, education, energy infrastructure, and regional integration. Unemployment remains high in South Africa and poverty reduction has been slow. The report recommends reforms such as improving education and vocational training, reducing red tape for businesses, opening up more sectors to competition, deepening regional integration within the SADC, and boosting entrepreneurship.
Portugal has undertaken an ambitious structural reform programme since 2011. Reforms have spanned across a wide range of policy areas, product markets, labour markets, taxes, regulations and the public sector.
The document is an OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom from 2015 that discusses economic growth, productivity, and policy recommendations. Some key points:
1) Growth is strong in the UK at 2.6% in 2014, the fastest in the G7, but productivity and wages are still subdued.
2) Recommendations include implementing structural reforms to boost productivity, expanding infrastructure investment including through public-private partnerships, and pursuing fiscal consolidation in a fair manner.
3) The UK has a high level of well-being but needs to strengthen the real sector, ensure sustainable financing, and make macroeconomic policies like fiscal policy and interest rates support balanced and inclusive growth.
Sweden's output has been lifted by an expanding labour force, investment and a recent pick-up in productivity.Unemployment is receding, although it remains relatively high for vulnerable groups, notably the foreign-born.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Austria. It finds that while Austria's economy is growing again, digital adoption remains below expectations. Public debt is high but falling, though population aging will increase fiscal pressures. Gender imbalance in the labor force persists, and low-skilled workers face higher unemployment. The survey recommends Austria increase retirement ages, undertake spending reviews, streamline regulations to boost growth, and ensure an inclusive transition to the digital economy through skills training.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Turkey. It finds that while Turkey's growth has remained strong, productivity remains low due to rigid employment regulations, restrictive product market regulations, underdeveloped professional management, and under-use of information and communication technologies. The document recommends reforms to improve educational outcomes, strengthen the rule of law, reduce barriers to investment, and enhance labor market flexibility in order to strengthen resilience, boost productivity, and foster greater social cohesion.
The OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom document makes several key points:
1) GDP growth in the UK has slowed, productivity is stagnant, and inflation has reduced real incomes. However, unemployment is at a 42-year low.
2) Regional productivity gaps exist within the UK, with London being significantly more productive than other areas. Lagging regions rely more on EU funds and have lower skills.
3) Many UK adults and youth have only basic skills. Participation in vocational education is low. Most workers on zero-hours contracts and in low-paid self-employment have low skills.
The document recommends policies to address Brexit challenges, boost regional productivity, and raise skills,
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of South Africa. It finds that while short-term fiscal and monetary policies have limited scope to boost growth, bold structural reforms are needed in areas like network sectors, education, energy infrastructure, and regional integration. Unemployment remains high in South Africa and poverty reduction has been slow. The report recommends reforms such as improving education and vocational training, reducing red tape for businesses, opening up more sectors to competition, deepening regional integration within the SADC, and boosting entrepreneurship.
Portugal has undertaken an ambitious structural reform programme since 2011. Reforms have spanned across a wide range of policy areas, product markets, labour markets, taxes, regulations and the public sector.
The document is an OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom from 2015 that discusses economic growth, productivity, and policy recommendations. Some key points:
1) Growth is strong in the UK at 2.6% in 2014, the fastest in the G7, but productivity and wages are still subdued.
2) Recommendations include implementing structural reforms to boost productivity, expanding infrastructure investment including through public-private partnerships, and pursuing fiscal consolidation in a fair manner.
3) The UK has a high level of well-being but needs to strengthen the real sector, ensure sustainable financing, and make macroeconomic policies like fiscal policy and interest rates support balanced and inclusive growth.
Sweden's output has been lifted by an expanding labour force, investment and a recent pick-up in productivity.Unemployment is receding, although it remains relatively high for vulnerable groups, notably the foreign-born.
New Zealand 2017 OECD Economic survey Boosting productivity and adapting to t...OECD, Economics Department
This document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand. It finds that while New Zealand's well-being and economic growth are high, productivity growth is low and labor productivity continues to lag compared to other advanced economies. It provides several key policy recommendations to boost productivity growth, make economic growth more sustainable, and help workers and businesses adapt to changes in the labor market.
The global economy is stuck in a low growth trap according to the OECD Economic Outlook. Growth has declined in many advanced and emerging market economies. Productivity growth has also slowed and inequality has risen as wages are growing more slowly than productivity. Comprehensive collective action is needed including using fiscal policy to boost public investment while interest rates remain low, as well as structural reforms to increase productivity, wages, and equality. Monetary policy alone cannot break the global economy out of its low growth situation and may become overburdened.
The document discusses economic challenges and opportunities in Belgium. It finds that while Belgium has undertaken important reforms, productivity growth has weakened and public debt remains high. It recommends boosting productivity through increasing public investment, sustaining R&D spending, and reducing administrative burdens on firms. Making growth more inclusive will require further reducing high labor taxes and improving education and training opportunities for youth, seniors, immigrants and the low-skilled.
Economic growth of around 7½% makes India the fastest-growing G20 economy. The acceleration of structural reforms, the move towards a rule-based policy framework and low commodity prices have provided a strong growth impetus.
Short-term momentum: will it be sustained? OECD Economic Outlook presentation...OECD, Economics Department
The OECD interim economic report provides the following key points:
1) The short-term global economic momentum has become more broad-based across major economies due to improvements in the euro area and synchronised growth across countries.
2) However, strong and sustained medium-term growth is not assured as private investment remains weak and inflation and wage growth are still subdued.
3) Policymakers must pursue fiscal and structural reforms to rebalance support for inclusive growth through better tax and spending policies while managing financial risks.
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Greece document analyzes the impact of the economic crisis in Greece and the reforms undertaken. It finds that:
1) The crisis hit Greece hard, with poverty, youth poverty, unemployment, public debt, and financing needs sharply increasing while life satisfaction dropped.
2) Many reforms have been undertaken in areas like labor markets and fiscal policy, and the economy is slowly turning around with exports and GDP gradually improving.
3) However, further structural reforms are needed to strengthen tax administration, pensions, SME access to finance, product markets, regulation, infrastructure, and contract enforcement in order to boost inclusive growth, reduce debt, and improve well-being.
Luxembourg is an advanced economy with the highest per capita income in the OECD, reflecting the dynamic services sector, notably in banking and other financial services.
This document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Canada. It provides an overview of Canada's economy, discussing topics like economic growth, output in commodity sectors, inflation, housing prices, fiscal policy, productivity growth, regulation in various industries, carbon emissions, recommendations to enhance sustainability and productivity. Key recommendations include continuing to tighten macroprudential measures to reduce financial stability risks, increasing infrastructure investment to make growth stronger and more inclusive, ensuring an adequate carbon price, and reducing barriers to boost competition.
The document summarizes key findings from the OECD Economic Survey of Mexico 2017. It finds that economic reforms in Mexico have led to increased productivity growth, rising foreign investment, and a more resilient economy. However, it notes that implementation of reforms remains uneven, and additional reforms are needed in areas like reducing informality, improving gender equality, fighting corruption, and transforming the agricultural sector. The document provides recommendations in these areas to further boost Mexico's economic growth.
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Israel finds that while Israel has experienced strong growth and employment, productivity has been weak. Poverty and cost of living are high due to sheltered sectors, non-tariff barriers, and concentrated industries like banking. Reforms to boost competition in product and labor markets, improve education, lower regulations, and strengthen social inclusion could raise Israel's GDP by 3-6% through greater productivity and living standards. Targeted policies are also needed to reduce poverty, integrate disadvantaged groups, and ensure adequate retirement incomes.
The document discusses trends in income growth, productivity, and structural reforms in OECD countries. It finds that most people have seen little income growth for a decade, productivity growth has slowed, and the pace of structural reform has been mixed. It recommends packages of reforms in skills, firms, and jobs to promote inclusive growth through priorities tailored for each country.
The OECD Economic Survey of the Slovak Republic finds that while the Slovak economy is performing well with robust growth and low public debt, benefits are not equitably shared. Regional inequalities are high, the Roma population is poorly integrated, and long-term unemployment remains an issue. Public sector efficiency is also low, with weak education and health care system outcomes. The Survey recommends structural reforms to improve public sector efficiency, increase teachers' salaries, boost tertiary education quality, expand lifelong learning, rationalize hospital care, increase primary health care efficiency, and expand long-term care supply.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Czech Republic. It finds that while the Czech economy is growing again and unemployment has returned to pre-crisis levels, business R&D spending and productivity growth have stalled. It also notes that the public administration could be more effective, procurement processes are not competitive enough, and infrastructure investment is low. The report recommends steps to boost innovation, improve bankruptcy proceedings, increase access to finance for startups, use performance indicators, enhance joint procurement, and coordinate public investments.
Global growth is expected to modestly pick up due to increasing confidence and investment, but productivity and wage growth remain subdued and financial stability risks persist. While headline employment is improving, labour markets have not fully recovered. Structural changes in technology, trade, and consumer preferences have resulted in manufacturing and mid-level job losses concentrated in specific regions. An integrated policy approach is needed, including reforms to boost competition, skills, and innovation; targeted policies to help displaced workers; and efforts to make the international system more equitable to ensure globalization benefits all.
Estonia 2017 OECD Economic Survey acting for stronger and more inclusive growthOECD, Economics Department
This document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Estonia. It finds that while Estonia's economy is gaining momentum, inequality and poverty remain high due to weak redistribution. It recommends that Estonia boost inclusive growth through fiscal policy, increase benefits and sanctions, and implement policies to transition to a greener economy. It also suggests Estonia seize trade and investment opportunities by completing a one-stop shop for business, reforming its insolvency regime, and investing in skills, infrastructure and innovation to raise productivity.
Netherlands 2016 OECD Economic Survey unleashing productivity The Hague 3 MarchOECD, Economics Department
The document is a 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands that discusses several key economic indicators and policies. It finds that while the Dutch economy has recovered from the global financial crisis and unemployment is decreasing, productivity growth has been flat. It recommends boosting private investment, increasing support for research and development, and strengthening skills training particularly for immigrants and disadvantaged groups to help unleash productivity. Overall the survey provides an assessment of the Dutch economy and policy areas that could be improved to further support growth, employment, and living standards.
This document provides a summary of the first OECD Economic Assessment of Malaysia in 2016. It notes that Malaysia has experienced resilient GDP growth and rising incomes levels close to the OECD average. However, it also finds opportunities to boost productivity growth through improvements to education, reducing skills mismatches, strengthening competition, and liberalizing services. The assessment provides recommendations to foster more inclusive and sustainable growth through measures such as boosting social protection, addressing regional inequality, and reforming the pension system.
This document summarizes an OECD report on the French economy. It finds that while well-being is high in France, per capita growth has been weak for some time and unemployment remains high, especially among youth. It recommends that France speed up structural reforms to improve growth prospects, lower public spending substantially in the medium term to reduce taxes, reform the inflexible labor market, and strengthen vocational education. Fully implementing ambitious structural reforms across these areas could boost France's GDP by up to 4% by 2025.
Switzerland 2017 OECD Economic Survey boosting productivity and meeting skill...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland. It finds that while living standards are high, economic growth has been slow and productivity growth has stalled. It notes that employment is high but productivity has declined, and skills shortages exist. The survey makes several recommendations to boost productivity through improving framework conditions, better using women's and immigrant skills, and ensuring a dynamic skills training system.
can-pro-growth-policies-lift-all-boats-structural-reforms-and-income-distribu...OECD, Economics Department
This document discusses how economic growth has been associated with rising inequality across OECD countries since the 1980s. While GDP per capita and average incomes were expected to rise together, growth has disproportionately benefited those at the top of the income distribution. Structural reforms can impact GDP and household incomes differently, with some reforms lifting lower incomes more than GDP. Reforms to labor markets, product markets, education, and tax systems present opportunities for policies that promote both long-term growth and more equitable income distribution. However, some reforms like tightening unemployment benefits could present tradeoffs between equity and growth goals.
The document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Germany. It discusses Germany's strong economic recovery after the recession, low unemployment rate, and high levels of well-being. However, it notes investment is low compared to other countries, which contributes to low productivity growth. It recommends increasing investment in infrastructure and removing barriers in professional services to boost competition and productivity, especially in the services sector. It also addresses issues around population aging, increasing immigration, education outcomes for immigrants, and encouraging more women and older workers to remain in the labor force.
The document provides an economic survey of Spain by the OECD. It summarizes that while growth has been robust, unemployment remains high. Productivity growth has stagnated and regional disparities exist. It provides recommendations to boost productivity, reduce inequality and regional disparities through measures like increasing spending on training, reducing barriers to entrepreneurship, strengthening innovation policies, and ensuring social benefits are portable across regions. Maintaining structural reforms, fiscal consolidation, and pension reforms are also recommended to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth.
New Zealand 2017 OECD Economic survey Boosting productivity and adapting to t...OECD, Economics Department
This document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand. It finds that while New Zealand's well-being and economic growth are high, productivity growth is low and labor productivity continues to lag compared to other advanced economies. It provides several key policy recommendations to boost productivity growth, make economic growth more sustainable, and help workers and businesses adapt to changes in the labor market.
The global economy is stuck in a low growth trap according to the OECD Economic Outlook. Growth has declined in many advanced and emerging market economies. Productivity growth has also slowed and inequality has risen as wages are growing more slowly than productivity. Comprehensive collective action is needed including using fiscal policy to boost public investment while interest rates remain low, as well as structural reforms to increase productivity, wages, and equality. Monetary policy alone cannot break the global economy out of its low growth situation and may become overburdened.
The document discusses economic challenges and opportunities in Belgium. It finds that while Belgium has undertaken important reforms, productivity growth has weakened and public debt remains high. It recommends boosting productivity through increasing public investment, sustaining R&D spending, and reducing administrative burdens on firms. Making growth more inclusive will require further reducing high labor taxes and improving education and training opportunities for youth, seniors, immigrants and the low-skilled.
Economic growth of around 7½% makes India the fastest-growing G20 economy. The acceleration of structural reforms, the move towards a rule-based policy framework and low commodity prices have provided a strong growth impetus.
Short-term momentum: will it be sustained? OECD Economic Outlook presentation...OECD, Economics Department
The OECD interim economic report provides the following key points:
1) The short-term global economic momentum has become more broad-based across major economies due to improvements in the euro area and synchronised growth across countries.
2) However, strong and sustained medium-term growth is not assured as private investment remains weak and inflation and wage growth are still subdued.
3) Policymakers must pursue fiscal and structural reforms to rebalance support for inclusive growth through better tax and spending policies while managing financial risks.
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Greece document analyzes the impact of the economic crisis in Greece and the reforms undertaken. It finds that:
1) The crisis hit Greece hard, with poverty, youth poverty, unemployment, public debt, and financing needs sharply increasing while life satisfaction dropped.
2) Many reforms have been undertaken in areas like labor markets and fiscal policy, and the economy is slowly turning around with exports and GDP gradually improving.
3) However, further structural reforms are needed to strengthen tax administration, pensions, SME access to finance, product markets, regulation, infrastructure, and contract enforcement in order to boost inclusive growth, reduce debt, and improve well-being.
Luxembourg is an advanced economy with the highest per capita income in the OECD, reflecting the dynamic services sector, notably in banking and other financial services.
This document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Canada. It provides an overview of Canada's economy, discussing topics like economic growth, output in commodity sectors, inflation, housing prices, fiscal policy, productivity growth, regulation in various industries, carbon emissions, recommendations to enhance sustainability and productivity. Key recommendations include continuing to tighten macroprudential measures to reduce financial stability risks, increasing infrastructure investment to make growth stronger and more inclusive, ensuring an adequate carbon price, and reducing barriers to boost competition.
The document summarizes key findings from the OECD Economic Survey of Mexico 2017. It finds that economic reforms in Mexico have led to increased productivity growth, rising foreign investment, and a more resilient economy. However, it notes that implementation of reforms remains uneven, and additional reforms are needed in areas like reducing informality, improving gender equality, fighting corruption, and transforming the agricultural sector. The document provides recommendations in these areas to further boost Mexico's economic growth.
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Israel finds that while Israel has experienced strong growth and employment, productivity has been weak. Poverty and cost of living are high due to sheltered sectors, non-tariff barriers, and concentrated industries like banking. Reforms to boost competition in product and labor markets, improve education, lower regulations, and strengthen social inclusion could raise Israel's GDP by 3-6% through greater productivity and living standards. Targeted policies are also needed to reduce poverty, integrate disadvantaged groups, and ensure adequate retirement incomes.
The document discusses trends in income growth, productivity, and structural reforms in OECD countries. It finds that most people have seen little income growth for a decade, productivity growth has slowed, and the pace of structural reform has been mixed. It recommends packages of reforms in skills, firms, and jobs to promote inclusive growth through priorities tailored for each country.
The OECD Economic Survey of the Slovak Republic finds that while the Slovak economy is performing well with robust growth and low public debt, benefits are not equitably shared. Regional inequalities are high, the Roma population is poorly integrated, and long-term unemployment remains an issue. Public sector efficiency is also low, with weak education and health care system outcomes. The Survey recommends structural reforms to improve public sector efficiency, increase teachers' salaries, boost tertiary education quality, expand lifelong learning, rationalize hospital care, increase primary health care efficiency, and expand long-term care supply.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Czech Republic. It finds that while the Czech economy is growing again and unemployment has returned to pre-crisis levels, business R&D spending and productivity growth have stalled. It also notes that the public administration could be more effective, procurement processes are not competitive enough, and infrastructure investment is low. The report recommends steps to boost innovation, improve bankruptcy proceedings, increase access to finance for startups, use performance indicators, enhance joint procurement, and coordinate public investments.
Global growth is expected to modestly pick up due to increasing confidence and investment, but productivity and wage growth remain subdued and financial stability risks persist. While headline employment is improving, labour markets have not fully recovered. Structural changes in technology, trade, and consumer preferences have resulted in manufacturing and mid-level job losses concentrated in specific regions. An integrated policy approach is needed, including reforms to boost competition, skills, and innovation; targeted policies to help displaced workers; and efforts to make the international system more equitable to ensure globalization benefits all.
Estonia 2017 OECD Economic Survey acting for stronger and more inclusive growthOECD, Economics Department
This document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Estonia. It finds that while Estonia's economy is gaining momentum, inequality and poverty remain high due to weak redistribution. It recommends that Estonia boost inclusive growth through fiscal policy, increase benefits and sanctions, and implement policies to transition to a greener economy. It also suggests Estonia seize trade and investment opportunities by completing a one-stop shop for business, reforming its insolvency regime, and investing in skills, infrastructure and innovation to raise productivity.
Netherlands 2016 OECD Economic Survey unleashing productivity The Hague 3 MarchOECD, Economics Department
The document is a 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands that discusses several key economic indicators and policies. It finds that while the Dutch economy has recovered from the global financial crisis and unemployment is decreasing, productivity growth has been flat. It recommends boosting private investment, increasing support for research and development, and strengthening skills training particularly for immigrants and disadvantaged groups to help unleash productivity. Overall the survey provides an assessment of the Dutch economy and policy areas that could be improved to further support growth, employment, and living standards.
This document provides a summary of the first OECD Economic Assessment of Malaysia in 2016. It notes that Malaysia has experienced resilient GDP growth and rising incomes levels close to the OECD average. However, it also finds opportunities to boost productivity growth through improvements to education, reducing skills mismatches, strengthening competition, and liberalizing services. The assessment provides recommendations to foster more inclusive and sustainable growth through measures such as boosting social protection, addressing regional inequality, and reforming the pension system.
This document summarizes an OECD report on the French economy. It finds that while well-being is high in France, per capita growth has been weak for some time and unemployment remains high, especially among youth. It recommends that France speed up structural reforms to improve growth prospects, lower public spending substantially in the medium term to reduce taxes, reform the inflexible labor market, and strengthen vocational education. Fully implementing ambitious structural reforms across these areas could boost France's GDP by up to 4% by 2025.
Switzerland 2017 OECD Economic Survey boosting productivity and meeting skill...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland. It finds that while living standards are high, economic growth has been slow and productivity growth has stalled. It notes that employment is high but productivity has declined, and skills shortages exist. The survey makes several recommendations to boost productivity through improving framework conditions, better using women's and immigrant skills, and ensuring a dynamic skills training system.
can-pro-growth-policies-lift-all-boats-structural-reforms-and-income-distribu...OECD, Economics Department
This document discusses how economic growth has been associated with rising inequality across OECD countries since the 1980s. While GDP per capita and average incomes were expected to rise together, growth has disproportionately benefited those at the top of the income distribution. Structural reforms can impact GDP and household incomes differently, with some reforms lifting lower incomes more than GDP. Reforms to labor markets, product markets, education, and tax systems present opportunities for policies that promote both long-term growth and more equitable income distribution. However, some reforms like tightening unemployment benefits could present tradeoffs between equity and growth goals.
The document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Germany. It discusses Germany's strong economic recovery after the recession, low unemployment rate, and high levels of well-being. However, it notes investment is low compared to other countries, which contributes to low productivity growth. It recommends increasing investment in infrastructure and removing barriers in professional services to boost competition and productivity, especially in the services sector. It also addresses issues around population aging, increasing immigration, education outcomes for immigrants, and encouraging more women and older workers to remain in the labor force.
The document provides an economic survey of Spain by the OECD. It summarizes that while growth has been robust, unemployment remains high. Productivity growth has stagnated and regional disparities exist. It provides recommendations to boost productivity, reduce inequality and regional disparities through measures like increasing spending on training, reducing barriers to entrepreneurship, strengthening innovation policies, and ensuring social benefits are portable across regions. Maintaining structural reforms, fiscal consolidation, and pension reforms are also recommended to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth.
Poland 2016 OECD Economic Survey investing in infrastructure and skills Warsa...OECD, Economics Department
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Poland document provides the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document summarizes Poland's economic growth and challenges, noting that investing in infrastructure and skills will support higher living standards. It recommends strengthening employment, enhancing skills through education reform, and raising infrastructure investment to prepare for demographic changes. The survey also stresses ensuring sound public finances, maintaining financial stability, and improving the business environment to support Poland's continued economic development.
The document discusses senior citizens in the labor market across OECD countries. It finds that while employment rates for older workers have increased, opportunities still vary significantly between countries. Retention rates are more important than hiring rates in determining employment levels. Older unemployed also face higher risks of long-term unemployment. Further, there are still perceptions of age discrimination. The document outlines key policy actions needed to better promote longer working lives, including addressing discrimination, training, employment assistance, and improving job quality. While countries have implemented some policies, more comprehensive reforms are needed to improve practices and ensure older citizens are welcomed in labor markets.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Chile that makes several recommendations. It finds that while growth has been resilient, inequality remains high due to uneven opportunities in education and the labor market. It recommends strengthening social policies and spending to promote greater inclusion, expanding early childhood education, boosting skills development, and improving productivity through initiatives like increasing R&D spending and reducing business regulations.
Following years of unsustainable economic policies, Argentina has undertaken ambitious reforms. Further wide-ranging structural reforms are needed to respond to challenges still lying ahead. Protecting the poor and ensuring that growth is inclusive and sustainable are key priorities.
Since 2000, the quality of life of Colombians has improved markedly. Macroeconomic and social policies have sustained strong GDP growth and reduced poverty.
The OECD is examining how the two global mega-trends of population ageing and rising inequalities have been developing and interacting, both within and across generations. This work, and specifically a new report “Preventing Ageing Unequally” (to be released on 18 October), will take a life-course perspective, showing how inequalities in education, health, employment and income interact, and can result in large lifetime disparities across different groups. This discussion will focus on a policy agenda for more inclusive ageing to prevent, mitigate and cope with inequalities and ensure a better retirement for all, with policies coordinated across family, education, employment, social ministries and agencies.
Presentation by OECD Chief Economist, Laurence Boone, on Inclusive Growth at the farewell conference in honor of Governor Karnit Flug, The Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem, 4 November 2018
OECD Workshop: Measuring Business Impacts on People’s Well-being, Martine DurandStatsCommunications
OECD Workshop: Measuring Business Impacts on People’s Well-being, 23-24 February 2017, Paris, France, More information at: http://www.oecd.org/statistics/oecd-workshop-on-measuring-business-impacts-on-peoples-well-being.htm
- The document summarizes an OECD economic survey of Hungary, noting that while growth has recovered recently, public debt remains high, non-performing loans are still an issue, and labor market participation could be improved.
- Key recommendations include reducing spending to lower the deficit, increasing competition in banking, relying more on consumption taxes, removing barriers to investment, expanding early childhood programs, and increasing funding for education.
- Enhancing workforce skills through training programs, expanding parental leave incentives, and improving graduation rates were also emphasized.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Luxembourg that discusses several key topics:
1. Luxembourg has one of the highest GDP per capita and well-being outcomes in the OECD due to high incomes from the large financial sector.
2. However, the economy is highly dependent on the financial sector, creating vulnerabilities. Economic diversification could raise productivity and reduce risk.
3. Other sections evaluate strengthening the financial sector through regulation, raising productivity through more R&D investment, improving education, and increasing female labor participation to further diversify the economy.
Lithuania 2016 OECD Economic Assessment more productive and inclusive Vilnius...OECD, Economics Department
The document is an OECD economic assessment of Lithuania that makes several recommendations:
1. Lithuania has made progress in productivity and weathering economic downturns, but challenges remain in further boosting productivity and making growth more inclusive.
2. Fiscal and tax policies should be adjusted to prepare for aging populations and potential shocks, and taxes shifted away from labor to reduce inequality.
3. Measures like improving education and skills training can help address low productivity, while strengthening social benefits and activating labor market policies can increase inclusive growth.
Recent labour market developments and reforms in OECD countriesRockwool Fonden
Director for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs in OECD Stefano Scarpettas presentation at the ROCKWOOL Foundation conference "Øget beskæftigelse kalder på reformer, der virker" in February 2018.
The presentation was recorded and is available on the Youtube channel of the ROCKWOOL Foundation.
Skills are the foundation upon which the Netherlands must continue to build its growth and prosperity. Following an extended slowdown in the wake of the global economic crisis, the Netherlands has returned to growth. Employment and labour market participation are both strong, and the Netherlands continues to enjoy a good quality of life with a comparatively wealthy society and comparatively low income inequality. Despite this success, the Netherlands cannot afford to be complacent. Ensuring that the Netherlands continues to be a prosperous and inclusive society in the future will mean ensuring that the Netherlands has a highly skilled population that engages in continuous skills development in adulthood, and finds ways to put those skills to effective use in the economy and society.
Release of working better with age in denmarkSFI-slides
The document summarizes an OECD report on older workers in Denmark. It finds that while Denmark's employment rates for older workers are above the OECD average, they remain below the highest-performing countries. It identifies challenges such as lower employment among older age groups hit by the financial crisis. Key recommendations include making work more rewarding for older ages, encouraging age-neutral hiring practices, abolishing mandatory retirement ages, and improving training to strengthen older workers' employability.
Indonesia OECD Economic Survey 2018 promoting a more inclusive and resilient ...OECD, Economics Department
The document discusses promoting a more inclusive and resilient economy in Indonesia. It notes that living standards and access to infrastructure have risen, and poverty has receded, but pervasive informality traps many in low-quality jobs. It recommends deepening domestic financial markets, improving targeting of social assistance, reforming state-owned enterprises, and improving skills training to make the economy more resilient and inclusive. Two thematic chapters focus on raising revenues to meet spending needs and developing a stronger and sustainable tourism sector.
Market conditions are improving, but unemployment is still declining too slowly and unevenly across countries. It is projected to continue its slow decline, reaching 6.6% in the last quarter of 2016 while remaining above 20% in Greece and Spain. Weak real wage growth remains an issue of concern, particularly in the Euro area. Minimum wages can help underpin the income of low-paid workers, but must be closely coordinated with tax-benefit policies to be effective. Wage inequality has been rising in a large majority of OECD countries. To minimise the wage gap, investing in skills is crucial – particularly where skills are scarce relative to demand. In terms of job quality, emerging economies perform worse than OECD countries. Youth, low-skilled and informal workers typically hold the poorest quality jobs. To make labour markets more inclusive, activation policies have to be designed to improve the employability, expand the opportunities and maintain the motivation of jobseekers.
This document provides an economic overview and assessment of Germany by the OECD. It finds that while Germany has high well-being, robust growth, low poverty and unemployment, its productivity growth has slowed, many workers earn low wages, and CO2 emissions have not declined recently. It recommends using fiscal policy to support inclusive growth through tax reductions for low incomes and investing in education, lifelong learning, and green infrastructure. Overall the assessment finds the German economy is strong but faces challenges around inequality, emissions, and boosting productivity.
The document summarizes an OECD report on older workers in Denmark. It finds that while Denmark's employment rates for older workers are above average, they are still below the best performing countries. It identifies challenges such as lower hiring rates and higher long-term unemployment for older workers. It recommends making work more rewarding for older ages, encouraging age-neutral hiring practices, strengthening older worker employability through training and flexible work arrangements, and improving coordination between health and employment services.
Similar to France 2017 OECD Economic Survey towards more inclusive growth and employment (20)
1) The project aims to develop a framework, indicators, and policy toolkit to help governments design coherent housing strategies that balance goals like affordable housing, economic resilience, labor mobility, and environmental sustainability.
2) Key activities will examine how policies can enhance housing outcomes and economic performance, promote labor mobility, incorporate local factors, and reduce inequality and environmental impacts.
3) The project will pull expertise from across the OECD to provide holistic and actionable policy advice to member countries.
This document discusses political norms and their importance for reforms. It begins by explaining what political norms are, using examples from principal-agent models of how beliefs and expectations shape political interactions. It then discusses insights from standard and strategic principal-agent models regarding incentives, selection of leaders, and the roles of non-cooperation, beliefs, and legitimacy. The document analyzes examples from India on electricity subsidies and measures of integrity and public service motivation among local leaders. It concludes by emphasizing the need for deep reforms, the challenges of reforming political institutions globally, and the opportunities for policy experiments and evaluation to strengthen trust in government.
The document discusses how emotions influence perceptions, values, and decisions. Emotions are communicated through facial expressions, voice, body language, and language, and are perceived and interpreted to identify specific emotions like jealousy and happiness. It also discusses how emotions have evolved to enhance survival and each emotion serves a purpose like anger for conflict or fear for danger. Facial expressions are an important way to measure emotional state and send emotional messages. When perceiving emotions in communication, it's important to consider the emotional messages and differentiate between experienced and signaled emotions.
This document summarizes research on how beliefs about fairness affect attitudes toward inequality and demands for redistribution. It finds that people are more opposed to inequality and support more redistribution when they believe inequality is due to luck rather than individual effort. Support for redistribution also depends on target-specific beliefs about the traits of taxpayers and recipients. For example, union members support taxes on the rich more than transfers to the poor, while those with college degrees show the opposite pattern. Overall, attitudes are conditional on beliefs about both the causes of inequality and the perceived worthiness of different social groups.
1. The document discusses the rise of political polarization and anti-establishment voting. It examines two perspectives on the origins: economic factors vs. cultural backlash.
2. It finds that distrust in institutions is common among all anti-establishment voters. This distrust correlates with lower life satisfaction and economic insecurity from factors like the financial crisis, globalization, and inequality.
3. Cultural values around trust in others also explain polarization, with progressive vs. conservative cultures split between radical left and right votes. Loneliness in post-industrial societies may also contribute as the yellow vest movement involved isolated workers.
This document discusses social investment and welfare reforms in Europe. It contains the following key points:
1. It examines employment trends and child poverty rates in European countries since the 1990s, finding mixed results regarding welfare states and social outcomes.
2. It argues for taking a "social investment" approach to welfare policy, using policies like early childhood education to support skills, employment, and gender equality across people's lifetimes.
3. The Great Recession showed the importance of automatic stabilizers and discretionary macroeconomic policies, as well as implementing social investment and reforms through cooperation across party lines.
This document discusses the political economy of reforms. It notes that initial reforms often generate winners and losers, increasing inequality, and this distributional impact can lead to public backlash and the rise of anti-reform populists. It also discusses how the 2008 financial crisis and expansion of the internet further eroded public trust in elites and established parties. To move forward, the document argues for policies promoting fair competition, redistribution, rebuilding trust in institutions, and better communication strategies to counter populist narratives online.
This document discusses challenges for implementing political and economic reforms. It notes that fragmented political landscapes and weak public finances make reforms difficult due to low returns on compromise and high costs of breaking promises. However, reforms are still needed that increase both efficiency and equality. Examples given include education, healthcare, competitive markets, tax collection, and policies to increase women's labor participation. The rise of populism and radical right parties is also discussed as contributing to political fragmentation by appealing to voters who distrust establishment parties. Evidence from Sweden links increased inequality and job insecurity to greater voter support for radical right parties. Reforms need to address the needs of young people to gain their engagement and support.
Laying the foundations for stronger and more inclusive growth OECD economic s...OECD, Economics Department
The document analyzes Argentina's economy and provides recommendations. It finds that while reforms since 2016 have benefited the economy, challenges remain. Continuing reforms are needed to achieve stronger, more inclusive growth by reducing imbalances, strengthening institutions, integrating globally, and completing structural changes in markets, workforce policies, and fiscal policy. Faster progress on reforms would help Argentina realize further gains from policies already enacted and lay the foundation for robust, shared prosperity.
This document discusses the debate around using the EU budget for economic stabilization. It provides an overview of current proposals, including the European Investment Stabilization Function and a euro area budgetary instrument for competitiveness and convergence. Specific risk sharing schemes are examined, including one based on compensating countries for export shocks. While risk sharing and risk reduction can complement each other, combining them poses challenges around enforcement. There is academic agreement that a central fiscal capacity is needed, but political agreement remains divided due to moral hazard concerns. The current strategy is to establish a small instrument focused on convergence and competitiveness that could expand over time.
This document discusses fiscal stabilization in the euro area. It contains the following key points:
1) Many euro area countries had high debt levels compared to their economic output prior to the global financial crisis, leaving them with little fiscal space to respond to economic downturns.
2) Countries that experienced large negative output gaps during the crisis period tended to have higher public debt levels.
3) A moderately sized central fiscal capacity could help provide meaningful countercyclical stabilization for euro area countries in response to economic shocks.
4) Many euro area countries did not reduce debt levels sufficiently during good economic times, leaving them vulnerable when recessions occurred.
The document summarizes data on economic convergence, resilience, governance, and education outcomes across EU member states from 1995-2017. It shows that while GDP per capita has converged, with many central and eastern European countries catching up to western European levels, resilience to economic shocks and human capital outcomes still vary substantially across the EU. The document also describes European Commission programs that provide support to member states for structural economic reforms.
1) The EU needs a fiscal tool for crisis management as private risk sharing is low compared to other monetary unions and failure to stabilize the economic cycle leaves long lasting scars.
2) More fiscal risk-sharing would improve coordination of monetary and fiscal policy, prevent pro-cyclical tightening, and help achieve a better aggregate fiscal stance.
3) Reforming the EU fiscal rules and designing a common fiscal capacity together could combine risk reduction through better rules with risk sharing through a fiscal capacity to help stabilize economies.
1) The European banking sector remains fragile with low bank capital and high non-performing loans. Financial integration in the euro area is still low.
2) Completing the Banking Union with a European deposit insurance and regulations on sovereign exposures can help address these issues. Introducing "safe assets" may also reduce bank risk.
3) Progress on Capital Markets Union has been slow. Expanding capital-based pension systems and standardizing rules can help foster capital markets.
4) Reforms are needed to stabilize the euro area through more market discipline and risk sharing, but they must be designed to maintain proper incentives.
This document discusses the European Commission's proposal for a European Stabilization Function (EISF) and debates around it. The EISF aims to prevent pro-cyclical fiscal tightening during economic shocks, reduce market overreactions, and contribute to EU cohesion. It would provide loans to Member States facing large unemployment shocks, proportionate to shock severity, to fund public investments with interest subsidies. While some are skeptical due to perceived lack of need, the document argues asymmetric shocks do occur and risk-sharing would be improved with public and private mechanisms. The design aims to target severe shocks and avoid moral hazard through eligibility conditions. Charts show many Member States could benefit from the EISF,
National governments face challenges in implementing structural reforms in the eurozone due to political considerations. There is a conflict between economic theory, which advocates for reforms like flexible prices and wages, and political realities. It is difficult to answer fundamental questions about what reforms to make, how to implement them, and when. While most reforms have positive economic impacts, they often backfire politically. Successful reforms require comprehensive plans to avoid targeting single sectors, income compensation mechanisms, and avoiding strategic political games. Communication and education are also important to build support.
The document summarizes the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Portugal. It finds that while Portugal's economic recovery is well established, further improvements are needed to raise living standards. It provides several key policy recommendations to strengthen fiscal sustainability, improve financial stability, boost export performance, enhance judicial efficiency, increase labor utilization, and further reduce poverty.
Digital technologies have the potential to boost productivity but gains have been modest, with productivity growth slowing in major economies. The document examines why through three main points: 1) Low rates of digital adoption among firms, especially less productive ones. 2) Strong complementarities between digital investments, skills, and product market regulations that incentivize innovation. 3) Skill gaps negatively impact the productivity benefits of digital adoption, especially for less productive firms. To realize digital's potential, policies should promote broadband access, skills development, and encourage reallocation between firms.
Budgeting as a Control Tool in Government Accounting in Nigeria
Being a Paper Presented at the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) Budget Office Staff at Sojourner Hotel, GRA, Ikeja Lagos on Saturday 8th June, 2024.
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcripttscdzuip
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
How Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank’s Co-Branded RuPay Credit Card Cater...beulahfernandes8
The eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, a strategic collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank, represents a significant advancement in India's digital financial landscape. Spearheaded by Abhay Bhutada, MD of Poonawalla Fincorp, the card leverages deep customer insights to offer tailored features such as no joining fees, movie ticket offers, and rewards on UPI transactions. IndusInd Bank's solid banking infrastructure and digital integration expertise ensure seamless service delivery in today's fast-paced digital economy. With a focus on meeting the growing demand for digital financial services, the card aims to cater to tech-savvy consumers and differentiate itself through unique features and superior customer service, ultimately poised to make a substantial impact in India's digital financial services space.
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
How to Invest in Cryptocurrency for Beginners: A Complete GuideDaniel
Cryptocurrency is digital money that operates independently of a central authority, utilizing cryptography for security. Unlike traditional currencies issued by governments (fiat currencies), cryptocurrencies are decentralized and typically operate on a technology called blockchain. Each cryptocurrency transaction is recorded on a public ledger, ensuring transparency and security.
Cryptocurrencies can be used for various purposes, including online purchases, investment opportunities, and as a means of transferring value globally without the need for intermediaries like banks.
2. • A long-term strategy would help to reduce public
spending and improve its impact on equity
• Fostering an inclusive development of skills and
employment
• Improving life in poor neighbourhoods
• Improving the efficiency of the health-care
2
Main messages
4. Too many people are excluded from the
labour market
4
Source: OECD (2016), OECD Education at a Glance 2016 Database.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ISL
NLD
CHE
LUX
DEU
SWE
NOR
JPN
AUT
DNK
AUS
CZE
EST
LVA
CAN
NZL
GBR
BEL
ISR
FIN
USA
OECD
SVN
PRT
POL
HUN
IRL
FRA
SVK
KOR
CHL
MEX
ESP
GRC
ITA
TUR
Youths not in employment, education or training (NEET), 2015
% of the 15-29 population
5. Public spending is high
5
Per cent of GDP, 2016
Source : OECD (2017), OECD Economic Outlook 101 Database.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
IRL
CHE
USA
JPN
CZE
EST
CAN
OECD
POL
SVK
GBR
ESP
NLD
DEU
PRT
SVN
HUN
EA16
GRC
ITA
SWE
AUT
BEL
DNK
FIN
FRA
7. Without policy changes the debt-to-GDP is
set to increase further
7
Debt simulations (per cent of GDP)
Source: OECD calculations based on OECD (2017), OECD Economic Outlook 101 Database.
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030
Business as usual¹
Higher interest rate² (+1.4% points)
Further improvement in the primary balance (+0.5% points) and higher GDP growth (+0.5% points)
8. Pension spending and the wage bill explain
most of the gap in public spending
8
1. Numbers may not add to totals because of rounding, overlapping across selected spending categories and non-universal
coverage of all spending categories.
2. Excluding pre-primary education.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook 101 Database; OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX); OECD Education at a Glance
2016 Database.
Composition of public spending by main component
9. The average effective age of labour-
market exit is low
9
Average effective age of labour-market exit in 20141
1. The effective retirement age shown is for the five-year period 2009-2014. The official pension age is shown for 2014,
assuming labour market entry at age 20.
2. Belgium introduced a certain number of measures in 2015 to raise the effective age of labour market exit, focusing on
conditions for accessing early retirement.
Source : OECD (2015), OECD Pensions at a Glance 2015, OECD Publishing, Paris.
Iceland
Men Women
Korea
Mexico
Turkey
Japan
Chile
Israel
New Zealand
Portugal
Switzerland
United States
Ireland
Australia
Sweden
Norway
Spain
OECD
Canada
United Kingdom
Estonia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Netherlands
Germany
Hungary
Slovenia
Austria
Belgium²
France
Poland
Luxembourg
Finland
Italy
Greece
Slovak Republic
50 55 60 65 70 75505560657075
10. Corporate tax rates are high
10
Source: Oxford Centre for Business Taxation (2017), CBT Database.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
IRL
SVN
CZE
POL
TUR
CHE
ISL
FIN
KOR
GBR
HUN
NLD
SVK
SWE
DNK
ISR
AUT
OECD
NOR
CAN
EST
ITA
LUX
CHL
PRT
GRC
NZL
MEX
AUS
DEU
ESP
BEL
JPN
FRA
USA
Average effective corporate tax rates
Per cent, 2016
11. But corporate income tax revenues are low
11
Source: OECD (2017), OECD Revenue Statistics Database.
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
SVN
LVA
TUR
DEU
POL
HUN
GRC
ITA
EST
FRA
FIN
USA
AUT
ESP
GBR
DNK
IRL
NLD
OECD
ISL
SWE
ISR
CHE
CAN
PRT
KOR
MEX
BEL
SVK
CZE
JPN
LUX
NZL
NOR
AUS
CHL
Corporate income tax revenues
As a percentage of GDP, 2015
12. The personal income tax represents a low
share of total tax revenues
12
1. 2014 for the OECD.
2. Including the contribution sociale généralisée.
Source: OECD (2017), OECD Revenue Statistics Database.
Personal income tax²,
18.9%
Corporate
income
tax,
4.6 %
Social
security
contributions,
37.1 %Taxes on payroll
and workforce,
3.5 %
Taxes
on
property,
8.9 %
Taxes on
goods and
services,
24.4%
Other taxes, 2.7%
A. France
Personal income tax²,
24.0%
Corporate
income
tax,
8.8 %
Social
security
contributions,
26.2 %
Taxes on payroll
and workforce,
1.1 %
Taxes
on
property,
5.6 %
Taxes on
goods and
services,
32.6%
Other taxes, 1.8%
B. OECD
2015¹
13. Exemptions and VAT tax breaks lead to a
substantial shortfall
13
1 Ratio between the actual value-added tax (VAT) revenue collected and the revenue that would theoretically be raised if VAT
was applied at the standard rate to all final consumption. It implicitly measures the share of potential tax revenues lost due to
the existence of preferential tax treatments.
Source: OECD (2016), Consumption Tax Trends 2016: VAT/GST and excise rates, trends and policy issues, OECD Publishing,
Paris.
VAT revenue ratio1 (%), 2014
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
MEX
GRC
ITA
ESP
TUR
POL
GBR
ISL
BEL
NLD
SVK
PRT
FRA
IRL
AUS
CAN
LVA
FIN
DEU
OECD
NOR
HUN
SWE
CZE
DNK
AUT
SVN
CHL
ISR
KOR
JPN
EST
CHE
NZL
LUX
14. Main recommendations to reduce public
spending and taxes
Meet the ambitious targets to reduce public spending and taxes
Move towards a single pension system to improve labour mobility and lower
management costs
Then, gradually increase the minimum retirement age in line with life expectancy
Lower social contribution rates and corporate income tax rates, as planned
Use lower social contributions as an opportunity to give a bigger role to the
progressive income tax, e.g. by lowering the basic allowance
Remove personal tax breaks on capital income, and lower the tax rate
Withdraw reduced rates for VAT, and increase green taxes
14
16. Too many adults have weak basic skills
16
Source: OECD (2016), Skills Matter: Further Results from the Survey of Adult Skills, OECD Skills Studies, OECD Publishing, Paris.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
JPN
FIN
SVK
NLD
CZE
NZL
NOR
AUS
KOR
EST
SWE
BEL
AUT
DNK
CAN
GBR
IRL
USA
DEU
POL
OECD
FRA
SVN
GRC
ISR
ESP
ITA
TUR
CHL
% %
Share of adults 16-65 scoring below level 2 in PIAAC's reading proficiency scale
2012-2015
17. Strengthen apprenticeships and public
employment services
17
Source: Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, DEPP.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Number of apprentices with a low level of education
At year-end, thousands
18. It is difficult to get a permanent contract
18
1. Employees on temporary contract in year t-1 but declaring having been hired on a permanent contract in year t.
Source : Eurostat.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ESP
FRA
GRC
ITA
POL
EU28
FIN
PRT
SVK
DEU
LUX
HUN
BGR
SWE
BEL
NLD
SVN
CZE
IRL
LTU
NOR
EST
AUT
DNK
ISL
ROU
LVA
GBR
Transition rates from temporary to permanent contracts, 2015 (%, 16-64)¹
19. Unionisation is low
19
Source : OECD (2017), Labour Force Statistics Database.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
EST
TUR
FRA
KOR
HUN
USA
CZE
POL
SVK
MEX
AUS
CHL
CHE
OECD
ESP
JPN
NLD
DEU
NZL
PRT
SVN
GRC
ISR
GBR
CAN
IRL
AUT
LUX
ITA
NOR
BEL
DNK
SWE
FIN
ISL
Trade union density, 2014
Trade union members in per cent of employees,%
20. But the collective bargaining
coverage rate is very high
20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
TUR
KOR
USA
MEX
POL
LVA
NZL
JPN
CHL
HUN
EST
SVK
ISR
CAN
GBR
GRC
OECD
CZE
CHE
DEU
LUX
AUS
SVN
NOR
PRT
ESP
ITA
DNK
NLD
ISL
SWE
FIN
BEL
AUT
FRA
Collective bargaining coverage rate, 2013
Per cent of all wage earners with right to bargaining
Source: Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies (2017), ICTWSS Database.
21. Main recommandations to foster an inclusive
development of skills
21
Simplify the personal training account (CPF), and reduce the number of similar
schemes
Improve information about providers by strengthening the quality label system
Develop apprenticeships in vocational lycées
Continuously evaluate active labour market policies
Introduce professional judges to guide lay assessors in labour courts
Merge inactive sectors and those that lack the critical mass for effective bargaining
Ensure that the extension procedure for sectoral agreements takes account of their
economic and social impacts, and authorise exemptions
Encourage sectoral agreements that are differentiated by the size or age of the
business, for example
Reduce the number of institutions that represent workers
Ensure better protection for workers that represent colleagues
23. Residents of poor neighbourhoods face
various social handicaps
23
1. Percentage point gap in the odds of unemployment for poor neighborhoods' residents versus residents of surrounding
urban areas; employed native-born women aged 30 to 49 with a baccalauréat only are identified as the reference group.
2. Refers to post lower secondary education vocational qualifications such as: Certificat d’aptitude professionnelle (CAP) and
Brevet d’études professionnelles (BEP)
Source : ONPV (2016), Rapport annuel 2015.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
≤ Lower secondary Below upper secondary ² Upper secondary Tertiary
Poor neighbourhoods Surrounding urban areas
Likelihood of unemployment by place of residence and education
Adjusted for personal characteristics, education and immigrant status¹, 15-64 (%)
24. Reducing inequalities in educational
opportunities
24
1. Percentage variance in the PISA reading score for children aged 15 years explained by family environment (parents’ level of education
and income, social and occupational status, cultural possessions, books and education resources available at home).
Source: OECD (2016), PISA 2015 Results (Vol. II): Excellence and Equity in Education, OECD Publishing, Paris.
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
ISL
NOR
EST
CAN
USA
TUR
GBR
LVA
FIN
KOR
ISR
JPN
DNK
AUS
ITA
NLD
SWE
SVN
NZL
MEX
OECD
GRC
IRL
ESP
POL
DEU
CHE
PRT
CHL
AUT
SVK
BEL
FRA
CZE
LUX
HUN
Impact of socio-economic background on pupils' reading performance¹ (per cent, 2015)
26. Improving access to higher-quality housing
for the poor
26
1. The first income decile includes households with average annual income below EUR 8 000, while the 10th decile refers to
households with average annual income above EUR 39 000.
Source : INSEE, Housing Survey 2013.
Housing tenure across households by income decile¹
Metropolitan France, primary residences, 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Total
Social rental dwellings Market rented dwellings Owner-occupied dwellings Other
Income deciles
27. Main recommendations for improving life in
poor neighbourhoods
Continue awareness campaign for recruiters
Better target public spending at transportation, childcare services and face-to-
face public services in poor neighbourhoods
Offer attractive salaries and career prospects to excellent teachers in schools
with many pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds
Promote an innovative range of different practices in teacher training in order to
meet the different needs of pupils
Use urban renewal in poor neighbourhoods as an entry point to offer practical
training in firms and basic skills courses
Reduce registration fees, and increase taxes on immovable properties
Tighten obligations to pay higher rents and encourage occupants whose income
rises above the eligibility ceiling to move houses
27
29. Health-care quality is high
29
Source: Eurostat (2016), Amenable and Preventable Deaths Statistics.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
CHE
FRA
LUX
NLD
ESP
NOR
ITA
BEL
SWE
DNK
AUT
IRL
DEU
FIN
PRT
GBR
SVN
GRC
EU28
POL
CZE
HRV
SRB
EST
SVK
HUN
BGR
LTU
ROU
LVA
Deaths avoidable through better health-care, 2014
Per 100 000 inhabitants
30. But expenditures are high and likely to
increase
30
Source: OECD (2017), OECD Health Statistics Database.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
FRANCE Germany Italy Spain
Current health-care spending, 1990-2016
Per cent of GDP
31. There is room to improve prevention
31
1. The scope of institutional spending is different from the entirety of spending on prevention in France, especially for ordinary
consultations, which amount to 9.3 billion euros in 2014 according to Drees, i.e. 3.9% of health spending, compared to 2.0% in 2014
according to OECD figures.
Source : OECD (2017), OECD Health Statistics Database.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ISR
GRC
BEL
PRT
AUS
FRA
ESP
LVA
SVK
AUT
ISL
CHE
LUX
DNK
HUN
SVN
POL
IRL
CZE
JPN
OECD
USA
NOR
DEU
SWE
EST
MEX
KOR
NLD
FIN
ITA
GBR
CAN
Spending on prevention, 2015
Per cent of health-care spending ¹
32. Coordination between different care
providers is insufficient
32
Source : Drees (2017), Les établissements de santé – édition 2017.
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Use of emergency departments Population
Hospital emergency departments' use
Index, 1996=100
33. Hospital expenditures are high
33
Source : OECD (2017), OECD Health Statistics database.
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
LVA
MEX
CZE
KOR
EST
PRT
CAN
ISR
SVK
HUN
POL
ESP
GBR
SWE
OECD
FIN
IRL
SVN
ITA
AUS
NOR
DNK
BEL
USA
DEU
NLD
JPN
CHE
FRA
GRC
AUT
In-patient curative and rehabilitative care, 2015
Per cent of GDP
34. Developing the use of generics would cut
costs
34
Source : OECD (2017), OECD Health Statistics database.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
LUX ITA GRC CHE FRA BEL IRL PRT ESP AUT TUR DNK SVK NLD NZL DEU GBR
Value Volume
Use of generics, 2015
Share in the reimbursed pharmaceutical market, %
35. Main recommendations to improve the
efficiency of the health-care system
35
Increase health practitioners’ remuneration for prevention and complex chronic
diseases, which would help reduce the volume of treatments, prescriptions and
drug sales
Make it easier for insurers to contract with group practices
Develop electronic health records
Adjust the activity-based system for hospital funding (Diagnosis Related
Groups) to increase rewards for efficiency and quality for public and private
hospitals
Strengthen the autonomy of public hospital managers by allowing them to
develop their own human resource policies
Lower pharmaceutical spending by developing the use of generics, developing
targeted information for hospitals and primary-care providers to promote
appropriate prescribing and applying capped reimbursement amounts to a wider
range of drugs
36. For more information
Disclaimers:
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of
the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries
and to the name of any territory, city or area.
36
http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-france.htm
@OECDeconomy
@OECD
Editor's Notes
Principaux messages d’abord
Pourquoi et comment réduire la dépense publique tout en maintenant la protection sociale?
Construire un marché de travail plus inclusif, notamment pour les jeunes et les peu qualifiés
Deux thèmes approfondis
Quoi faire pour améliorer la vie dans les quartiers pauvres?
Comment maintenir les bons résultats du système de santé, tout en contrôlant les dépenses?
La croissance se raffermit enfin et le chomage a commencé à baisser
Mais les gains de productivité sont trop faibles pour maintenir la protection sociale à long terme
Les principaux freins à une productivité plus forts sont: 1) des faibles compétences parmi un grand nombre d’adultes; 2) malgré des avancés une faible concurrence dans plusieurs secteurs de services, 3) une fiscalité trop lourde et complexe
Le chomâge a commencé à baisser, mais à 9.5% il reste plus élevé que dans la plupart des pays de l’OCDE
Notamment les jeunes (nombre des jeunes ni en emploi, en formation ou en éducation très élevé) et les travailleurs à faibles compétences sont souvent exclus du marché de travail
Les habitants des quartiers défavorisés sont encore plus pénalisées par un mauvais accès aux moyens de transports et la discrimination (à compétences égales risque de chômage beaucoup plus élevé)
Poids des dépenses publics le plus élevé dans l’OCDE – cela implique une lourde fiscalité, qui pèse notamment sur l’emploi et les investissements en France
La fiscalité est également trop complexe – beaucoup de différents taxes à faibles revenues et différents mode de collecte; beacoup d’exemptions
Les réductions des dépenses jusqu’ici n’ont pas suffisamment ciblé les inefficiences (point d’indice); des re
La dette publique reste sur une trajectoire ascendante
La faiblesse des taux d’intérêt a permis de limiter la hausse de la dette ces dernières années malgré des déficits importants. Cela dit, à plus long terme, le niveau élevé de la dette (près de 100 % du PIB) rend celle-ci très vulnérable aux fluctuations des taux d’intérêt
Par exemple, dans cette exercice de projections de dette, on peut voir qu’à politique inchangée (en excluant cependant les plans du gouvernement à venir, par exemple le projet de loi de finances et le plan d’investissement de 50 milliards d’euros), la dette continuera d’augmenter - scénario rouge - et on peut voir que ce profil de dette est sensible à une hausse des taux – scénario orange.
1. Le scénario du maintien des conditions actuelles est conforme aux projections tirées des Perspectives économiques de l’OCDE de juin 2017 jusqu’en 2018, et repose par la suite sur l’hypothèse d’une hausse annuelle du PIB réel de 1.2 %, d’un taux d’intérêt effectif de 2.7 %, d’une inflation annuelle du déflateur du PIB remontant progressivement jusqu’à 1.75 % d’ici 2020 et d’un déficit primaire s’améliorant pour s’établir à 0.5 % du PIB à compter de 2020.
2. Dans l’hypothèse d’une hausse constante du taux d’intérêt effectif qui passerait à 4.1 % d’ici 2019.
Dans ce tableau, on peut voir l’écart de dépenses publiques avec des économies comparables, l’Allemagne et la Suède.
Par ex. , les dépenses publiques représentent 56 % du PIB en France, contre 44 % en Allemagne et 50 % en Suède.
Comparé à l’Allemagne, l’écart provient des dépenses de retraite et de la masse salariale de la fonction publique
Dans cette Étude, nous proposons plusieurs pistes de réformes pour limiter la dépense publique. Pour mémoire, le gouvernement souhaite diminuer la dépense publique de 3 points de PIB d’ici 2022 ce qui nous semble un rythme approprié.
Par exemple, nous pensons que la rationalisation des collectivités locales pourrait être poussée plus en avant en fusionnant les plus petites communes. Bien qu’on observe un début de mouvement de fusion des communes, cela se déroule à un rythme plutôt lent si bien que plus de 50 % des communes ont moins de 500 habitants. Il faudrait également repenser l’articulation entre métropoles et départements pour éviter les doublons de responsabilité. (NB: Macron souhaite fusionner certains départements dans son programme)
Les politiques d’aides au logement sont également couteuses (environ 2 points de PIB) et peuvent avoir des effets négatifs au sens ou elles peuvent conduire à une hausse des prix des logements ou des loyers.
De manière générale, mieux vaut éviter des baisses généralisées de dépenses qui sont peu soutenables à long terme et privilégier une baisse ciblée des dépenses qui ont plus de chance d’être maintenue à plus long terme
Les dépenses de retraite représentent à peu près 14 points de PIB, soit environ un quart de la dépense publique. Il semble donc difficile de diminuer les dépenses publiques de manière significative sans toucher aux retraites
D’autant plus que le dernier rapport du COR souligne que l’équilibre financier des régimes de retraite semble incertain à situation inchangée
Le graphique montre aussi que la France a un âge effectif de sortie du marché du travail très bas en comparaison avec les autres pays de l’OCDE (Attention, ce graphique date de 2014 donc il n’inclut pas les dernières réformes)
Passer à un système de retraite universel permettrait de diminuer les couts de gestion et de favoriser la mobilité de la main d’œuvre ce qui semble opportun après les réformes du marché du travail au sens ou ces réformes (régime universel de retraite + réforme du marché du travail) se complètent bien
Une fois que le régime universel de retraite a été mis en place, il faudrait relever l’âge minimum de départ à la retraite en lien avec l’espérance de vie. Les deux autres leviers (taux de remplacement + trimestres ont déjà été largement utilisés)
La fiscalité des sociétés se caractérise par des taux élevés, variant selon la taille de l’entreprise, et par un faible rendement. Ces caractéristiques créent des distorsions en matière de financement ainsi que des entraves à l’investissement, à l’entrée des entreprises sur le marché et à la croissance de la productivité.
Ramener le taux statutaire de l’impôt sur les sociétés de 33.3 % à 25 % comme le prévoit le nouveau gouvernement est souhaitable tout comme le serait l’élargissement de la base d’imposition.
L’efficacité des crédits d’impôt généreux accordés au titre de la R&D mériterait d’être évaluée plus profondément compte tenu de leurs couts et du nombre limité d’études d’impact sur le sujet.
La fiscalité des sociétés se caractérise par des taux élevés, variant selon la taille de l’entreprise, et par un faible rendement. Ces caractéristiques créent des distorsions en matière de financement ainsi que des entraves à l’investissement, à l’entrée des entreprises sur le marché et à la croissance de la productivité.
Ramener le taux statutaire de l’impôt sur les sociétés de 33.3 % à 25 % comme le prévoit le nouveau gouvernement est souhaitable tout comme le serait l’élargissement de la base d’imposition.
L’efficacité des crédits d’impôt généreux accordés au titre de la R&D mériterait d’être évaluée plus profondément compte tenu de leurs couts et du nombre limité d’études d’impact sur le sujet.
L’IR a un poids relativement faible dans les recettes fiscales comme peu de ménages paient cet impôt, environ 43 % en 2016.
La hausse annoncée de la CSG au 1er janvier 2018 va encore plus renforcer le poids de la CSG, un impôt proportionnel, par rapport à celui de l’IR.
Il nous semble qu’un système fiscal moderne devrait inclure un impôt progressif qui joue un rôle plus important. Idéalement, on combinerait les caractéristiques de la CSG, impôt avec une assiette très large, avec celles de l’IR, impôt progressif qui joue un rôle important dans tout système fiscal qui se veut pleinement inclusif.
Une occasion ratée de donner un rôle plus important à l’IR est la suppression de l’assurance chômage et assurance maladie qui sera compensée par une hausse de la CSG et non pas un renforcement du poids de l’IR
Concernant, le passage à un prélèvement libératoire unique sur le K prévue par le gouvernement, cela nous semble utile mais cela devrait accompagner de la suppression des exonérations (notamment, les nombreux livrets préférentiels et autres instruments de placement)
On peut aussi noter que le passage du prélèvement à la source pour l’IR en 2019 facilitera les conditions d’une fusion entre IR et CSG
Comme nous avons vu dans le graphique précédent, la taxe sur la valeur ajoutée représente une part relativement faible des recettes fiscales et le manque à gagner dû aux exonérations et aux réductions de taux est considérable
Certaines exonérations et réductions de taux bénéficient davantage aux ménages les plus aisés, par exemple dans le cas des restaurants et des hôtels
Néanmoins, un rôle plus important de la TVA peut compromettre la progressivité du système d’imposition. Ce problème est mieux traité par une augmentation des transferts dont bénéficient les ménages à faible revenu et en donnant un rôle plus important à l’impôt progressif sur le revenu.
XXX To be expanded XXX
Le système de formation reste trop complexe, la réforme de 2014 n’a pas remédier à ce problème.
Monter le nouveau CPF et le créditer avec les heures accumulé avec le dispositif précédent est très complexe
L’introduction du CPF est une occasion raté d’éliminer des dispositifs proches
Trouver une formation adaptée est très difficle; via le CPF les travailleurs ont seulement accès à une liste limité de formation qui dépend de leur secteur
Pas d; information sur la qualité des prestataires
Il y a une liste de labels reconnu, mais elle est utile seulement pour les grands acheteurs;
il faudrait un label lisible pour les individus; ils devraient avoir accès à tous les formations labelisées
La réforme de 2014 a mis en place un système d’orientation, mais essayez de trouver votre conseiller
L’apprentissage est plus efficace que la filière scolaire, mais en dépit de nombreuses aides, il ne s’est pas développé dans l’enseignement secondaire où on en a le plus besoin -> rationnaliser les aides et les concentrer sur le secondaire
Engager les entreprises pour qu’ils collaborent avec les lycées, reçoivent des apprentis et aident à concevoir les programmes
Mieux coordonner les différents services (maison de l’emploi, missions locales) via des groupes de travail et une infrastructure informatique commune
Le nombre de conseillers par demandeurs d’emploi est souvent autour de 100; bonne pratique est plus autour de 30
La réorganisation de l’assurance chômage prévu demande aussi plus de contrôles – une opportunité de revoir le nombre et la formation des conseillers
La pratique d’évaluer et de perfectionner les programmes d’accompagnement (e.g. la garantie jeune) est bonne; il faudrait continuer sur cette voie
La part des contrats courts est stable, mais les CDI représentent seulement 15% des nouvelles embauches (2015 contre 23% en 2009)
Les contrats courts sont souvent des pièges, notamment en France, et l’accès à la formation est mauvaise
Les procédures suivant un licenciements sont longs, 70% font l’objet d’un appel et environ la moitié de ces jugements n’est pas confirmé par les cours d’appels; les indemnités sont très variables, plus que dans d’autres pays
C’est pourquoi un les plafonds et les planchers peuvent améliorer la sécurité juridique et inciter les entreprises à plus embaucher en CDI
Plus important encore: améliorer le fonctionnnement de la justice de travail; seul la France et le Méxique ne travaillent qu’avec des juges non-professionnel en première instance.
Les conditions pour utiliser les contrats courts sont devenus très souples. Nos recherches montrent qu’une taxe sur les contrats courts, e.g. via des contributions à l’assurance chômage qui reflèteraient leurs coûts sociaux, peut améliorer l’accès à des CDIs et à la formation avec des effets positifs sur la productivité.
La part des contrats courts est stable, mais les CDI représentent seulement 15% des nouvelles embauches (2015 contre 23% en 2009)
Les contrats courts sont souvent des pièges, notamment en France, et l’accès à la formation est mauvaise
Les procédures suivant un licenciements sont longs, 70% font l’objet d’un appel et environ la moitié de ces jugements n’est pas confirmé par les cours d’appels; les indemnités sont très variables, plus que dans d’autres pays
C’est pourquoi un les plafonds et les planchers peuvent améliorer la sécurité juridique et inciter les entreprises à plus embaucher en CDI
Plus important encore: améliorer le fonctionnnement de la justice de travail; seul la France et le Méxique ne travaillent qu’avec des juges non-professionnel en première instance.
Les conditions pour utiliser les contrats courts sont devenus très souples. Nos recherches montrent qu’une taxe sur les contrats courts, e.g. via des contributions à l’assurance chômage qui reflèteraient leurs coûts sociaux, peut améliorer l’accès à des CDIs et à la formation avec des effets positifs sur la productivité.
Forte concentration de pauvreté dans certains quartiers; chômage et inactivité élevés, beaucoup de parents isolés, immigrés et des enfants en difficulté
Est-ce qu’il y a des effets de quartiers? Ce n’est pas si claire; les résultats des États Unis ne sont pas forcément transposables en France
On sait qu’il y a de la discrimination sur le marché de travail –> campagnes pour sensibiliser les recruteurs, parrainages, faciliter le contact direct – demandeurs d’emploi en risque de discrimination devraient être prioritaires pour bénéficier des programmes qui comprennent une expérience professionnelle en entreprise; régions, lycées et CFAs devraient activement présenter des candidats pour l’apprentissage
On sait que la distance à l’emploi peut aggraver les risques de chômage – meilleures services de transports sont cruciales dans les quartiers souvent enclavés; les travailleurs peu qualifiés ont souvent des horaires inhabituels, mais sont plus susceptibles de ne pas avoir le permis de conduire ou de voiture
Les services publics en personnes sont nécessaire dans les quartiers pauvres compte tenus des publics qui n’ont souvent pas des capacités ou l’équipement pour des services en ligne
Les services d’accueil d’enfants sont encore plus importants qu’ailleurs compte tenu des nombreux parents isolés et des besoins des enfants
L’information sur la qualité des services de transports, d’accueil de la petite enfance et des services comme Pôle emploi et la CAF sont insuffisants, ainsi que l’information sur les dépenses dans ces domaines qui bénéficient ces quartiers
Besoin d’objectifs quantitatifs et d’un suivi des dépenses
Éducation prioritaire depuis le début des années 80, mais faibles résultats, pourquoi?
Tous les ressources ne sont pas arrivés dans les écoles ciblés (liberté des recteurs d’allouer les professeurs, non-transparence des budgets)
Les réformes, notamment pour renforcer le soutien individuel, n’ont pas été accompagnés d’une formation et d’un soutien suffisants pour assurer une mise en oeuvre efficace
Les nouveaux écoles supérieurs du professorat et de l’éducation devraient renforcer le diagnostique et les réponses aux difficultés d’apprentissage
Renforcer la formation continue et créer une culture de collaboration et de perfectionnement continus des équipes pédagogiques
Au Singapour les professeurs sont évalué sur base de leur contribution au développement scolaire et personnel des élèves et à la performance de leur collègues
La prime pour l’éducation prioritaire a été relevé à 10% environ du salaire moyen des professeurs – 30%-50% sont nécessaire pour retenir les professeurs dans les écoles qui acceuillent des nombreux enfants pauvres
Certains avantages pour les professeurs en éducation prioritaire leur permettent de partir plus vite – contreproductive
Offrir des salaires et des carrières attractifs pour des professeurs qui veulent rester en éducation prioritaire
La rénovation urbaine (depuis 2003 45 milliards d’euros pour le premier progranmme jusqu’à 2020; programme de suivi de 22 milliards d’euros environ) s’est en premier lieu focalisé sur l’urbanisme; 65% des dépenses à la rénovation et souvent démolition et la reconstruction des logements sociaux
Les habitants sont contents avec les résultats, en général, mais les plus jeunes voient les programmes souvent comme une attaque contre leur mode de vie
Elle devrait être plus utilisé comme point d’entrée pour offrir des formations (apprentissage dans le secteur du bâtiment, formation en compétences de base et de langues lors des consultations avec les habitants concernés)
Depuis 2014 des conseils citoyens contribuent à l’élaboration des documents stratégiques (contrat de ville)
Soumettre les démolitions à un vote des habitants concernés et leur donner un droit de retour dans le quartier, comme aux Choice Communities aux États-Unis
Rénovation plus douce comme en Allemagne (fournir des matériaux et de l’aide pour que les habitants puissent auto-gérer les travaux)
Résultats sur la mixité sociale plus douteuse; habitants sont souvents relogés dans d’autres quartiers pauvres
Voisins de différents milieux socio-économiques n’interagissent souvent pas
65% de la populationont des revenues en dessous du plafond
Mais la part des ménages du quintile plus bas de la distribution des revenus est passé de 21% en 1973 à 50% en 2013
Cependant les ménages du décile plus bas de la distribution des revenus sont plus susceptibles de devoir se loger dans le secteur privé où les loyers sont de 30-50% plus élevés en moyenne.
Peu de mobilité dans le logement social – attribution opaque et local avec beaucoup de différents acteurs, chacun avec ses propres critères; droit de maintien dans les lieux à vous
La loi d’égalité et de citoyenneté a durci un peu les obligations de partir quand les revenus dépassent les plafonds de revenus pour l’attribution d’un logement social pendant plus de deux and (de 200% a 150%), mais les communes peuvent toujours déroger à ces règles. Étant donné les plafonds très élevés, on pourrait être obligé de partir quand les revenus les dépassent pendant plusieurs années
Pour le moins le loyer devrait être aligné progressivement au loyer du marché, le plafonnement à 30% des revenus du locataire indépendamment de la qualité, la taille et les conditions sur le marché local sont difficile à justifier
Des études montrent que les aides à la personne et à la pierre ont souvent pour effet principale d’augmenter les prix; les travaux de l’OCDE montrent que l’offre est peu sensible à la demande
Flexibiliser l’offre en assurant une aménagement du territoire coordonné à l’échelle de l’intercommunalité et des métropoles; c’est le cas par défaut depuis cette année, mais les communes ont toujours un droit d’opposition
Augmenter la taxe foncière et réduire les droits de mutations
L’espérance de vie de la population française, des femmes notamment, est parmi les plus élevées de l’OCDE (après le Japon pour les femmes) et la France affiche l’une des meilleures espérances de vie en bonne santé de l’Union européenne selon les données de l’OMS
Les dépenses de santé en France sont élevés et représentent environ 10 % du PIB.
Il est difficile de prévoir quels seront les besoins futurs en matière de santé et de soins de longue durée, mais le vieillissement de la population tout comme l’évolution des prix et le progrès technique risquent de tirer les dépenses vers le haut selon tous les scénarios formulés par l’OCDE, la Commission européenne ou la DG Trésor. Outre l’évolution de la démographie et de la situation économique, les dépenses de santé dépendent des éléments suivants :
degré de vieillissement en bonne santé de la population
L’incidence du progrès technologique sur le coût des services de santé
L’élasticité de la demande de soins par rapport à la hausse des revenus
La tendance des rémunérations dans le secteur de la santé,
Des réformes, par exemple du suivi des affections de longue durée et de la rémunération des professionnels de santé.
L’espérance de vie de la population française, des femmes notamment, est parmi les plus élevées de l’OCDE (après le Japon pour les femmes) et la France affiche l’une des meilleures espérances de vie en bonne santé de l’Union européenne selon les données de l’OMS
Les dépenses de santé en France sont élevés et représentent environ 10 % du PIB.
Il est difficile de prévoir quels seront les besoins futurs en matière de santé et de soins de longue durée, mais le vieillissement de la population tout comme l’évolution des prix et le progrès technique risquent de tirer les dépenses vers le haut selon tous les scénarios formulés par l’OCDE, la Commission européenne ou la DG Trésor. Outre l’évolution de la démographie et de la situation économique, les dépenses de santé dépendent des éléments suivants :
degré de vieillissement en bonne santé de la population
L’incidence du progrès technologique sur le coût des services de santé
L’élasticité de la demande de soins par rapport à la hausse des revenus
La tendance des rémunérations dans le secteur de la santé,
Des réformes, par exemple du suivi des affections de longue durée et de la rémunération des professionnels de santé.
Les dépenses de prévention institutionnelles restent faibles en comparaison internationale
Augmenter la rémunération des professionnels de santé liée à la prévention et au traitement des maladies chroniques permettrait de réduire le nombre de soins, des ordonnance et des ventes de médicaments.
La prévention des conduites addictives (tabac-alcool) et la prévention de l’obésité des jeunes enfants sont perfectibles. Le pourcentage de la population qui fume quotidiennement en France demeure très supérieur à la moyenne de l’OCDE, notamment pour les femmes. Le tabagisme quotidien demeure aussi particulièrement élevé chez les jeunes
La consommation d’alcool a diminué en France au cours des 30 dernières années, mais demeure parmi les plus importantes de l’OCDE. Elle est à l’origine de quelque 49 000 décès par an en France.
Utilisation des urgences hospitalières a augmenté de manière disproportionnée par rapport à l’ensemble de la population
Les urgences sont souvent utilisées pour des soins de routine, qui pourraient être pris en charge par un médecin généraliste
La mise en place d’une garde en dehors des horaires normaux dans la médecine de ville, dans le cadre de nouvelles formes d’organisation – comme les maisons médicales de garde – par exemple, et une sensibilisation accrue du public et des médecins sont essentielles
Au minimum, la participation financière des assurés devrait être modulée en fonction des soins.
Promouvoir les maisons de santé et d’autres groupements de prestataires (via une contractualisation plus facile de l’assurance maladie avec ces groupements et que cela améliore la coordination et la lutte contre les déserts médicaux)
Dans le secteur des soins hospitaliers, des gains d’efficience sont possibles.
Les admissions sont nombreuses et coûteuses, en partie encouragées par un système de paiement à l’activité (Panel A).
En France, les hôpitaux de court séjour, à l’exclusion des hôpitaux psychiatriques, sont financés par un système de paiement fondé sur les groupes homogènes de séjours (GHS). Ce système alloue des financements aux hôpitaux en fonction du nombre de séjours, des pathologies, des patients et des tarifs. Le régime d’assurance maladie obligatoire affecte chaque séjour à un GHS. Les hôpitaux perçoivent ensuite une somme qui dépend du nombre de patients dans chaque GHS et des tarifs associés.
Les paiements par GHS, fondés sur les coûts moyens, peuvent accroître les risques de sélection des patients, la spécialisation dans les procédures les plus rentables et réduire l’attention portée à la qualité au sein des groupes de GHS.
Renforcer la gestion des ressources humaines améliorerait la prise en charge des patients et les conditions de travail.
La rigidité de la gestion des ressources humaines essentiellement due au statut de fonctionnaire de la plupart des salariés des hôpitaux a entraîné une hausse du recours aux contrats temporaires avec des praticiens de santé indépendants, particulièrement coûteux, ce qui a dégradé les soins des patients et les conditions de travail.
Un recours accru aux médicaments génériques permettrait de réduire encore les coûts (partie A). Les autorités françaises définissent les médicaments auxquels les génériques peuvent se substituer sur la base du répertoire des médicaments génériques, plus restrictif que celui d’autres pays puisque le groupage se fait avec les spécialités de même principe actif, de même dosage et avec le même mode d’administration, au lieu du seul principe actif par exemple (Caby et Zafar, 2017).
Par conséquent, en France, la part globale des génériques dans l’usage pharmaceutique est restée inférieure à un tiers en 2015, malgré un taux de substitution proche de 80 % dans les classes de médicaments autorisées (partie B).
Élargir la liste des médicaments que les génériques peuvent remplacer et, plus généralement, permettre une plus grande utilisation des génériques seraient utiles. En effet, les autorités prévoient un développement limité de la liste des médicaments que les génériques peuvent remplacer.
Réformer la rémunération des pharmaciens serait bénéfique pour le développement des génériques et pour encourager l’amélioration de la qualité de leur service.
Il serait également utile de renforcer les incitations des médecins généralistes à prescrire des médicaments génériques. La CNAMTS a mis en place de telles incitations par le biais de son système de rémunération aux résultats lancé en 2009, et les a quelque peu renforcées en 2012.