Sweden's output has been lifted by an expanding labour force, investment and a recent pick-up in productivity.Unemployment is receding, although it remains relatively high for vulnerable groups, notably the foreign-born.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Finland. It finds that reviving productivity and increasing employment are essential for Finland's economy given weak growth, rising debt, and the highest government spending in the OECD. Productivity growth has stalled across industries, though this is a common trend. Unemployment is higher in Finland than other Nordic countries. The document recommends reforms to streamline product market regulations, shift taxes, and boost cooperation between businesses and universities to increase innovation and productivity. It also suggests stepping up activation policies for unemployment benefits and reducing incentives for early retirement to raise employment.
Netherlands 2016 OECD Economic Survey unleashing productivity The Hague 3 MarchOECD, Economics Department
The document is a 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands that discusses several key economic indicators and policies. It finds that while the Dutch economy has recovered from the global financial crisis and unemployment is decreasing, productivity growth has been flat. It recommends boosting private investment, increasing support for research and development, and strengthening skills training particularly for immigrants and disadvantaged groups to help unleash productivity. Overall the survey provides an assessment of the Dutch economy and policy areas that could be improved to further support growth, employment, and living standards.
Switzerland 2017 OECD Economic Survey boosting productivity and meeting skill...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland. It finds that while living standards are high, economic growth has been slow and productivity growth has stalled. It notes that employment is high but productivity has declined, and skills shortages exist. The survey makes several recommendations to boost productivity through improving framework conditions, better using women's and immigrant skills, and ensuring a dynamic skills training system.
The document discusses economic challenges and opportunities in Belgium. It finds that while Belgium has undertaken important reforms, productivity growth has weakened and public debt remains high. It recommends boosting productivity through increasing public investment, sustaining R&D spending, and reducing administrative burdens on firms. Making growth more inclusive will require further reducing high labor taxes and improving education and training opportunities for youth, seniors, immigrants and the low-skilled.
Luxembourg is an advanced economy with the highest per capita income in the OECD, reflecting the dynamic services sector, notably in banking and other financial services.
Belgium withstood the global financial crisis relatively well and has high levels of well-being. However, the country faces challenges including ensuring the sustainability of its public debt, improving competitiveness amid fast wage growth, and boosting low employment rates for immigrants. The OECD report recommends reforms such as raising the retirement age, modifying the wage setting process, reducing labor taxes and increasing other taxes, improving integration policies, and addressing issues in the education and housing systems.
This document provides an overview and summary of the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Ireland. It finds that while Ireland has recovered strongly from the crisis through reforms and growth, challenges remain around reducing high household debt levels, lowering the high rate of non-performing loans, and making growth more inclusive through measures such as improving access to affordable childcare and reducing disincentives for low-income families to work. The survey also recommends that Ireland can boost productivity growth further through intensifying competition in certain sectors, expanding support for research and development, and ensuring skills training programs are demand-driven.
This document summarizes the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Iceland. It finds that Iceland has made a remarkable economic recovery since the 2008 financial crisis. Unemployment and inflation are now low, and growth is the fastest in the OECD due to increases in tourism and favorable terms of trade. However, rapid growth also brings challenges, like overheating and rising housing prices. The report provides recommendations to preserve macroeconomic stability, make tourism more sustainable and inclusive, and improve effective and inclusive labor relations.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Finland. It finds that reviving productivity and increasing employment are essential for Finland's economy given weak growth, rising debt, and the highest government spending in the OECD. Productivity growth has stalled across industries, though this is a common trend. Unemployment is higher in Finland than other Nordic countries. The document recommends reforms to streamline product market regulations, shift taxes, and boost cooperation between businesses and universities to increase innovation and productivity. It also suggests stepping up activation policies for unemployment benefits and reducing incentives for early retirement to raise employment.
Netherlands 2016 OECD Economic Survey unleashing productivity The Hague 3 MarchOECD, Economics Department
The document is a 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Netherlands that discusses several key economic indicators and policies. It finds that while the Dutch economy has recovered from the global financial crisis and unemployment is decreasing, productivity growth has been flat. It recommends boosting private investment, increasing support for research and development, and strengthening skills training particularly for immigrants and disadvantaged groups to help unleash productivity. Overall the survey provides an assessment of the Dutch economy and policy areas that could be improved to further support growth, employment, and living standards.
Switzerland 2017 OECD Economic Survey boosting productivity and meeting skill...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Switzerland. It finds that while living standards are high, economic growth has been slow and productivity growth has stalled. It notes that employment is high but productivity has declined, and skills shortages exist. The survey makes several recommendations to boost productivity through improving framework conditions, better using women's and immigrant skills, and ensuring a dynamic skills training system.
The document discusses economic challenges and opportunities in Belgium. It finds that while Belgium has undertaken important reforms, productivity growth has weakened and public debt remains high. It recommends boosting productivity through increasing public investment, sustaining R&D spending, and reducing administrative burdens on firms. Making growth more inclusive will require further reducing high labor taxes and improving education and training opportunities for youth, seniors, immigrants and the low-skilled.
Luxembourg is an advanced economy with the highest per capita income in the OECD, reflecting the dynamic services sector, notably in banking and other financial services.
Belgium withstood the global financial crisis relatively well and has high levels of well-being. However, the country faces challenges including ensuring the sustainability of its public debt, improving competitiveness amid fast wage growth, and boosting low employment rates for immigrants. The OECD report recommends reforms such as raising the retirement age, modifying the wage setting process, reducing labor taxes and increasing other taxes, improving integration policies, and addressing issues in the education and housing systems.
This document provides an overview and summary of the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Ireland. It finds that while Ireland has recovered strongly from the crisis through reforms and growth, challenges remain around reducing high household debt levels, lowering the high rate of non-performing loans, and making growth more inclusive through measures such as improving access to affordable childcare and reducing disincentives for low-income families to work. The survey also recommends that Ireland can boost productivity growth further through intensifying competition in certain sectors, expanding support for research and development, and ensuring skills training programs are demand-driven.
This document summarizes the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Iceland. It finds that Iceland has made a remarkable economic recovery since the 2008 financial crisis. Unemployment and inflation are now low, and growth is the fastest in the OECD due to increases in tourism and favorable terms of trade. However, rapid growth also brings challenges, like overheating and rising housing prices. The report provides recommendations to preserve macroeconomic stability, make tourism more sustainable and inclusive, and improve effective and inclusive labor relations.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Chile that makes several recommendations. It finds that while growth has been resilient, inequality remains high due to uneven opportunities in education and the labor market. It recommends strengthening social policies and spending to promote greater inclusion, expanding early childhood education, boosting skills development, and improving productivity through initiatives like increasing R&D spending and reducing business regulations.
The document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Germany. It discusses Germany's strong economic recovery after the recession, low unemployment rate, and high levels of well-being. However, it notes investment is low compared to other countries, which contributes to low productivity growth. It recommends increasing investment in infrastructure and removing barriers in professional services to boost competition and productivity, especially in the services sector. It also addresses issues around population aging, increasing immigration, education outcomes for immigrants, and encouraging more women and older workers to remain in the labor force.
New Zealand 2017 OECD Economic survey Boosting productivity and adapting to t...OECD, Economics Department
This document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand. It finds that while New Zealand's well-being and economic growth are high, productivity growth is low and labor productivity continues to lag compared to other advanced economies. It provides several key policy recommendations to boost productivity growth, make economic growth more sustainable, and help workers and businesses adapt to changes in the labor market.
The document is a 2017 OECD Economic Survey of France that discusses key economic issues and makes policy recommendations. Some of the main points covered include: potential growth has slowed; too many people are excluded from the labor market; public spending is high but corporate tax revenues are low; developing a long-term strategy to reduce public spending and taxes; and fostering an inclusive development of skills and employment. The survey provides recommendations in several areas such as reducing public spending, improving skills training programs, and improving life in poor neighborhoods.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Norway that covers several topics:
1. Norway has a very high GDP per capita and low inequality compared to other OECD countries due to high employment and a narrow gender wage gap.
2. While economic growth has picked up recently, productivity growth has slowed and labor costs remain high.
3. The survey makes recommendations in several areas including normalizing monetary policy, fiscal restraint, improving business regulation, strengthening skills training, reforming disability programs, and enhancing cost-benefit analysis for transportation infrastructure projects.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Austria. It finds that while Austria's economy is growing again, digital adoption remains below expectations. Public debt is high but falling, though population aging will increase fiscal pressures. Gender imbalance in the labor force persists, and low-skilled workers face higher unemployment. The survey recommends Austria increase retirement ages, undertake spending reviews, streamline regulations to boost growth, and ensure an inclusive transition to the digital economy through skills training.
This document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Canada. It provides an overview of Canada's economy, discussing topics like economic growth, output in commodity sectors, inflation, housing prices, fiscal policy, productivity growth, regulation in various industries, carbon emissions, recommendations to enhance sustainability and productivity. Key recommendations include continuing to tighten macroprudential measures to reduce financial stability risks, increasing infrastructure investment to make growth stronger and more inclusive, ensuring an adequate carbon price, and reducing barriers to boost competition.
The document is a 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Latvia that provides an overview and analysis of Latvia's economy. Some key points:
- Latvia has experienced strong economic growth in recent years underpinned by economic reforms, but productivity and income gaps with high-income countries remain large.
- Poverty and unemployment are still high in some regions of Latvia despite falling overall. Access to affordable housing, jobs, and healthcare need improvement.
- Deeper integration into international trade could help boost productivity, but skills shortages are holding back participation in global value chains.
Lithuania 2016 OECD Economic Assessment more productive and inclusive Vilnius...OECD, Economics Department
The document is an OECD economic assessment of Lithuania that makes several recommendations:
1. Lithuania has made progress in productivity and weathering economic downturns, but challenges remain in further boosting productivity and making growth more inclusive.
2. Fiscal and tax policies should be adjusted to prepare for aging populations and potential shocks, and taxes shifted away from labor to reduce inequality.
3. Measures like improving education and skills training can help address low productivity, while strengthening social benefits and activating labor market policies can increase inclusive growth.
Economic growth of around 7½% makes India the fastest-growing G20 economy. The acceleration of structural reforms, the move towards a rule-based policy framework and low commodity prices have provided a strong growth impetus.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Latvia that discusses key economic challenges and recommendations. It finds that while Latvia has recovered from the financial crisis, growth has slowed and income inequality remains high. It recommends that Latvia reduce income inequality by targeting social benefits better, lower taxes on low-paid jobs, and strengthen tax collection. It also suggests raising productivity by improving regulation, vocational education, and R&D investment to support robust economic convergence. Further, Latvia should limit economic volatility by building fiscal reserves to cope with external shocks and continuing financial sector oversight.
Sweden has a highly developed economy built on natural resources and advanced industry. It has a skilled workforce and focuses heavily on research and development. While part of the EU, Sweden maintains its own currency and opted not to join the euro. The country also has a strong social welfare system and scores highly on quality of life metrics. Unemployment has fluctuated but currently stands around 8.7%.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Luxembourg that discusses several key topics:
1. Luxembourg has one of the highest GDP per capita and well-being outcomes in the OECD due to high incomes from the large financial sector.
2. However, the economy is highly dependent on the financial sector, creating vulnerabilities. Economic diversification could raise productivity and reduce risk.
3. Other sections evaluate strengthening the financial sector through regulation, raising productivity through more R&D investment, improving education, and increasing female labor participation to further diversify the economy.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Czech Republic. It finds that while the Czech economy is growing again and unemployment has returned to pre-crisis levels, business R&D spending and productivity growth have stalled. It also notes that the public administration could be more effective, procurement processes are not competitive enough, and infrastructure investment is low. The report recommends steps to boost innovation, improve bankruptcy proceedings, increase access to finance for startups, use performance indicators, enhance joint procurement, and coordinate public investments.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Turkey. It finds that while Turkey's growth has remained strong, productivity remains low due to rigid employment regulations, restrictive product market regulations, underdeveloped professional management, and under-use of information and communication technologies. The document recommends reforms to improve educational outcomes, strengthen the rule of law, reduce barriers to investment, and enhance labor market flexibility in order to strengthen resilience, boost productivity, and foster greater social cohesion.
A presentation of the main findings and recommendations of the OECD Economic Survey of Spain 2014 launched 8 September 2014 in Madrid, Spain.
Structural reforms (labour market, banking, fiscal) have put the economy on the road to recovery.
The document is an OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom from 2015 that discusses economic growth, productivity, and policy recommendations. Some key points:
1) Growth is strong in the UK at 2.6% in 2014, the fastest in the G7, but productivity and wages are still subdued.
2) Recommendations include implementing structural reforms to boost productivity, expanding infrastructure investment including through public-private partnerships, and pursuing fiscal consolidation in a fair manner.
3) The UK has a high level of well-being but needs to strengthen the real sector, ensure sustainable financing, and make macroeconomic policies like fiscal policy and interest rates support balanced and inclusive growth.
Portugal has undertaken an ambitious structural reform programme since 2011. Reforms have spanned across a wide range of policy areas, product markets, labour markets, taxes, regulations and the public sector.
This chartbook compares key economic and social statistics of Spain to OECD averages. It finds that while Spain's GDP per capita and spending on health, education, and R&D are below OECD averages, its life expectancy and percentage of women in parliament are higher. Unemployment rates, especially among youth, are much higher in Spain than the OECD average.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Sweden that contains the following key points:
1) Sweden's economy has been resilient and growth has been stronger than other European countries, while maintaining high levels of well-being.
2) Productivity growth has slowed, reflecting both cyclical and structural factors, so Sweden needs to focus on innovation to boost growth.
3) Educational achievement has declined, and immigrants and youth with low skills face high unemployment, so skills development is important.
Will risks-derail-the-modest-recovery-oecd-interim-economic-outlook-march-2017OECD, Economics Department
Global GDP growth is projected to pick up modestly to around 3½ per cent in 2018, from just under 3% in 2016, boosted by fiscal initiatives in the major economies. The forecast is broadly unchanged since November 2016. Confidence has improved, but consumption, investment, trade and productivity are far from strong, with growth slow by past norms and higher inequality.
Italy is recovering after a deep and long
recession. Structural reforms, accommodative
monetary and fiscal conditions, and low
commodity prices have helped the economy to turn
the corner.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Chile that makes several recommendations. It finds that while growth has been resilient, inequality remains high due to uneven opportunities in education and the labor market. It recommends strengthening social policies and spending to promote greater inclusion, expanding early childhood education, boosting skills development, and improving productivity through initiatives like increasing R&D spending and reducing business regulations.
The document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Germany. It discusses Germany's strong economic recovery after the recession, low unemployment rate, and high levels of well-being. However, it notes investment is low compared to other countries, which contributes to low productivity growth. It recommends increasing investment in infrastructure and removing barriers in professional services to boost competition and productivity, especially in the services sector. It also addresses issues around population aging, increasing immigration, education outcomes for immigrants, and encouraging more women and older workers to remain in the labor force.
New Zealand 2017 OECD Economic survey Boosting productivity and adapting to t...OECD, Economics Department
This document is the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand. It finds that while New Zealand's well-being and economic growth are high, productivity growth is low and labor productivity continues to lag compared to other advanced economies. It provides several key policy recommendations to boost productivity growth, make economic growth more sustainable, and help workers and businesses adapt to changes in the labor market.
The document is a 2017 OECD Economic Survey of France that discusses key economic issues and makes policy recommendations. Some of the main points covered include: potential growth has slowed; too many people are excluded from the labor market; public spending is high but corporate tax revenues are low; developing a long-term strategy to reduce public spending and taxes; and fostering an inclusive development of skills and employment. The survey provides recommendations in several areas such as reducing public spending, improving skills training programs, and improving life in poor neighborhoods.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Norway that covers several topics:
1. Norway has a very high GDP per capita and low inequality compared to other OECD countries due to high employment and a narrow gender wage gap.
2. While economic growth has picked up recently, productivity growth has slowed and labor costs remain high.
3. The survey makes recommendations in several areas including normalizing monetary policy, fiscal restraint, improving business regulation, strengthening skills training, reforming disability programs, and enhancing cost-benefit analysis for transportation infrastructure projects.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Austria. It finds that while Austria's economy is growing again, digital adoption remains below expectations. Public debt is high but falling, though population aging will increase fiscal pressures. Gender imbalance in the labor force persists, and low-skilled workers face higher unemployment. The survey recommends Austria increase retirement ages, undertake spending reviews, streamline regulations to boost growth, and ensure an inclusive transition to the digital economy through skills training.
This document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Canada. It provides an overview of Canada's economy, discussing topics like economic growth, output in commodity sectors, inflation, housing prices, fiscal policy, productivity growth, regulation in various industries, carbon emissions, recommendations to enhance sustainability and productivity. Key recommendations include continuing to tighten macroprudential measures to reduce financial stability risks, increasing infrastructure investment to make growth stronger and more inclusive, ensuring an adequate carbon price, and reducing barriers to boost competition.
The document is a 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Latvia that provides an overview and analysis of Latvia's economy. Some key points:
- Latvia has experienced strong economic growth in recent years underpinned by economic reforms, but productivity and income gaps with high-income countries remain large.
- Poverty and unemployment are still high in some regions of Latvia despite falling overall. Access to affordable housing, jobs, and healthcare need improvement.
- Deeper integration into international trade could help boost productivity, but skills shortages are holding back participation in global value chains.
Lithuania 2016 OECD Economic Assessment more productive and inclusive Vilnius...OECD, Economics Department
The document is an OECD economic assessment of Lithuania that makes several recommendations:
1. Lithuania has made progress in productivity and weathering economic downturns, but challenges remain in further boosting productivity and making growth more inclusive.
2. Fiscal and tax policies should be adjusted to prepare for aging populations and potential shocks, and taxes shifted away from labor to reduce inequality.
3. Measures like improving education and skills training can help address low productivity, while strengthening social benefits and activating labor market policies can increase inclusive growth.
Economic growth of around 7½% makes India the fastest-growing G20 economy. The acceleration of structural reforms, the move towards a rule-based policy framework and low commodity prices have provided a strong growth impetus.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Latvia that discusses key economic challenges and recommendations. It finds that while Latvia has recovered from the financial crisis, growth has slowed and income inequality remains high. It recommends that Latvia reduce income inequality by targeting social benefits better, lower taxes on low-paid jobs, and strengthen tax collection. It also suggests raising productivity by improving regulation, vocational education, and R&D investment to support robust economic convergence. Further, Latvia should limit economic volatility by building fiscal reserves to cope with external shocks and continuing financial sector oversight.
Sweden has a highly developed economy built on natural resources and advanced industry. It has a skilled workforce and focuses heavily on research and development. While part of the EU, Sweden maintains its own currency and opted not to join the euro. The country also has a strong social welfare system and scores highly on quality of life metrics. Unemployment has fluctuated but currently stands around 8.7%.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Luxembourg that discusses several key topics:
1. Luxembourg has one of the highest GDP per capita and well-being outcomes in the OECD due to high incomes from the large financial sector.
2. However, the economy is highly dependent on the financial sector, creating vulnerabilities. Economic diversification could raise productivity and reduce risk.
3. Other sections evaluate strengthening the financial sector through regulation, raising productivity through more R&D investment, improving education, and increasing female labor participation to further diversify the economy.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the Czech Republic. It finds that while the Czech economy is growing again and unemployment has returned to pre-crisis levels, business R&D spending and productivity growth have stalled. It also notes that the public administration could be more effective, procurement processes are not competitive enough, and infrastructure investment is low. The report recommends steps to boost innovation, improve bankruptcy proceedings, increase access to finance for startups, use performance indicators, enhance joint procurement, and coordinate public investments.
This document summarizes key findings from the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Turkey. It finds that while Turkey's growth has remained strong, productivity remains low due to rigid employment regulations, restrictive product market regulations, underdeveloped professional management, and under-use of information and communication technologies. The document recommends reforms to improve educational outcomes, strengthen the rule of law, reduce barriers to investment, and enhance labor market flexibility in order to strengthen resilience, boost productivity, and foster greater social cohesion.
A presentation of the main findings and recommendations of the OECD Economic Survey of Spain 2014 launched 8 September 2014 in Madrid, Spain.
Structural reforms (labour market, banking, fiscal) have put the economy on the road to recovery.
The document is an OECD Economic Survey of the United Kingdom from 2015 that discusses economic growth, productivity, and policy recommendations. Some key points:
1) Growth is strong in the UK at 2.6% in 2014, the fastest in the G7, but productivity and wages are still subdued.
2) Recommendations include implementing structural reforms to boost productivity, expanding infrastructure investment including through public-private partnerships, and pursuing fiscal consolidation in a fair manner.
3) The UK has a high level of well-being but needs to strengthen the real sector, ensure sustainable financing, and make macroeconomic policies like fiscal policy and interest rates support balanced and inclusive growth.
Portugal has undertaken an ambitious structural reform programme since 2011. Reforms have spanned across a wide range of policy areas, product markets, labour markets, taxes, regulations and the public sector.
This chartbook compares key economic and social statistics of Spain to OECD averages. It finds that while Spain's GDP per capita and spending on health, education, and R&D are below OECD averages, its life expectancy and percentage of women in parliament are higher. Unemployment rates, especially among youth, are much higher in Spain than the OECD average.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Sweden that contains the following key points:
1) Sweden's economy has been resilient and growth has been stronger than other European countries, while maintaining high levels of well-being.
2) Productivity growth has slowed, reflecting both cyclical and structural factors, so Sweden needs to focus on innovation to boost growth.
3) Educational achievement has declined, and immigrants and youth with low skills face high unemployment, so skills development is important.
Will risks-derail-the-modest-recovery-oecd-interim-economic-outlook-march-2017OECD, Economics Department
Global GDP growth is projected to pick up modestly to around 3½ per cent in 2018, from just under 3% in 2016, boosted by fiscal initiatives in the major economies. The forecast is broadly unchanged since November 2016. Confidence has improved, but consumption, investment, trade and productivity are far from strong, with growth slow by past norms and higher inequality.
Italy is recovering after a deep and long
recession. Structural reforms, accommodative
monetary and fiscal conditions, and low
commodity prices have helped the economy to turn
the corner.
1. A economia portuguesa está a recuperar, com o crescimento do PIB, redução do desemprego e aumento das exportações.
2. Persistem fragilidades como a elevada dívida pública e privada, crédito mal parado, e baixos níveis de investimento e produtividade.
3. É essencial aumentar as qualificações através da redução do abandono escolar precoce e da melhoria do sistema educativo e de formação profissional.
Italy 2017 OECD Economic Survey Le riforme stanno dando risultati, ma restano...OECD, Economics Department
L'economia italiana è in via di ripresa dopo una lunga e profonda recessione. A migliorare la situazione economica hanno contribuito le riforme strutturali, le politiche monetarie e di bilancio accomodanti e i prezzi contenuti delle materie prime.
This document summarizes the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of Australia. It finds that while Australia's macroeconomic policies are sound and incomes are rising, productivity growth has slowed due to declining commodity prices. Inequality has also risen in Australia. To address these challenges, the survey recommends boosting innovation through improving business conditions, strengthening R&D, and encouraging collaboration between businesses and research institutions. It also stresses the need to continue addressing high housing costs and widening income inequalities.
The document discusses trends in income growth, productivity, and structural reforms in OECD countries. It finds that most people have seen little income growth for a decade, productivity growth has slowed, and the pace of structural reform has been mixed. It recommends packages of reforms in skills, firms, and jobs to promote inclusive growth through priorities tailored for each country.
Northern Sparsely Populated Areas - OECD Report OECD Governance
The northern sparsely populated areas (NSPA) of Finland, Norway and Sweden are becoming increasingly important to the geopolitical and
economic interests of these countries and the European Union (EU). The NSPA regions are located on the periphery of Europe and are part of Europe’s gateway to the Arctic and eastern Russia.
A changing climate, access to hydrocarbon and mineral resources, and shifts in relations with Russia are changing the political and economic
landscape. The sustainable development of these regions is crucial to managing such strategic risks and opportunities.
The report sets out 179 policy recommendations at a cross-border, national and regional scale to enhance prosperity and wellbeing across the NSPA. For more inforamtion see www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/oecd-territorial-reviews-the-northern-sparsely-populated-areas-9789264268234-en.htm
Northern Sparsely Populated Areas - Launch of OECD report, Brussels, 13 March...OECD Governance
Presentation at the launch of the report on Northern Sparsely Populated Areas at the Committee of the Regions, Brussels. For more information see: http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/oecd-territorial-reviews-the-northern-sparsely-populated-areas-9789264268234-en.htm
Las reformas económicas en México han dado buenos resultados iniciales pero se necesitan más esfuerzos para abordar desafíos como la informalidad laboral, la pobreza, y la corrupción. El documento recomienda fortalecer la implementación de reformas, transformar el sector agrícola, mejorar la participación laboral de las mujeres, y combatir la pobreza a través de transferencias sociales y gasto público.
The document summarizes key findings from the OECD Economic Survey of Mexico 2017. It finds that economic reforms in Mexico have led to increased productivity growth, rising foreign investment, and a more resilient economy. However, it notes that implementation of reforms remains uneven, and additional reforms are needed in areas like reducing informality, improving gender equality, fighting corruption, and transforming the agricultural sector. The document provides recommendations in these areas to further boost Mexico's economic growth.
Exiting from the low-growth trap: Investment, OECD Parliamentary Days 9 Febru...OECD, Economics Department
Catherine L. Mann discusses how many economies remain trapped in a period of low growth, characterized by declining productivity growth and rising inequality. Real investment has also remained sluggish despite several economic recoveries. Reviving investment through policies that synchronize global demand could help stimulate productivity and trade. Both macroeconomic and micro-structural reforms, including using fiscal space to increase public investment, can provide long-term GDP gains and lift economies out of the low-growth trap.
Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016 - EC/OECD Launch eventinnovationoecd
The document summarizes key points from the OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016. It discusses 8 megatrends that will impact science and innovation like aging societies and resource constraints. It also profiles 10 emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, biotechnologies, and the internet of things that will be important. The outlook notes challenges for governments in funding research due to competing priorities and calls for building international cooperation and more responsible innovation policies.
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Norway finds that while Norway has a very high GDP per capita and levels of well-being, the economy faces challenges from its dependence on oil exports. The recent fall in oil prices highlighted Norway's economic vulnerabilities. To rebalance the economy, the survey recommends continuing prudent fiscal policies, boosting structural policies in areas like higher education and rural economies, improving public spending efficiency, and shifting agricultural support away from subsidies toward broader rural development.
United States 2016 OECD Economic Survey unleashing productivity and expanding...OECD, Economics Department
The document is the 2016 OECD Economic Survey of the United States. It finds that while the US recovery has strengthened and unemployment has returned to pre-crisis levels, productivity growth and business dynamism have slowed. It notes rising inequality and recommends boosting infrastructure investment, strengthening competition policies, and expanding programs to help displaced workers and reduce social disparities to make economic growth more inclusive and sustainable.
This document summarizes research on "zombie firms" - firms that are persistently unprofitable but remain in operation due to factors like weak insolvency regimes or impaired banking sectors. The research finds evidence that the prevalence and resources sunk in zombie firms has risen in some OECD countries since the financial crisis. Having more zombie firms can negatively impact productivity by crowding out investment and employment growth at healthy firms and deterring entry of new, potentially innovative firms. The study uses firm-level data to examine the relationship between zombie firm shares and productivity across industries and countries.
This document provides a summary of the first OECD Economic Assessment of Malaysia in 2016. It notes that Malaysia has experienced resilient GDP growth and rising incomes levels close to the OECD average. However, it also finds opportunities to boost productivity growth through improvements to education, reducing skills mismatches, strengthening competition, and liberalizing services. The assessment provides recommendations to foster more inclusive and sustainable growth through measures such as boosting social protection, addressing regional inequality, and reforming the pension system.
Escaping the-low-growth-trap-effective-fiscal-initiatives-avoiding-trade-pitf...OECD, Economics Department
1) The global economy remains trapped in low growth due to weak investment and trade weighing on consumption and productivity. While fiscal policy can modestly raise growth, structural reforms are also needed.
2) Expansionary fiscal initiatives in major economies like the US, China, and eurozone would boost global growth over the next two years according to OECD models. However, trade restrictions risk putting jobs in jeopardy.
3) A multi-pronged approach is recommended, using fiscal policy opportunities while interest rates are low combined with ambitious structural reforms, to strengthen inclusive long-term growth and share the gains of open trade.
This document summarizes the 2017 OECD Economic Survey of China. It finds that while China's growth remains strong, it is slowing. Financial risks from high corporate debt are rising and need addressing. The report recommends making growth more resilient and inclusive by reducing barriers to entrepreneurship, improving corporate governance, strengthening the social safety net, and increasing environmental taxation to make growth greener.
This document summarizes key points from the 2018 OECD Economic Survey of Australia. It notes that Australia has experienced 27 years of robust economic growth and rising incomes. Unemployment is falling and quality of life indicators are good. However, housing markets are beginning to cool, household debt remains high, and the country faces challenges in reducing greenhouse gas emissions to meet climate targets. The OECD provides recommendations in areas like monetary policy, fiscal reform, skills and training, inclusion, urban planning, and environmental policy to help ensure Australia's continued economic success.
The document is an OECD economic survey of Iceland that makes the following key points:
1) Iceland's economy is recovering steadily thanks to currency depreciation, a tourism boom, and higher consumer income and lower household debt.
2) Unemployment is low, life satisfaction is high, and wage inequality is relatively low in Iceland compared to other OECD countries.
3) The government plans to lift capital controls, which will help return Iceland to global capital markets, but macroeconomic stability will need to be maintained to prevent disorderly capital outflows.
4) Challenges remain in ensuring long-term fiscal sustainability, reviving productivity growth which has stalled, reducing barriers to entrepreneurship,
Sustaining prosperity and wellbeing OECD Economic Survey Denmark 2019 Copenha...OECD, Economics Department
The document provides an economic survey of Denmark by the OECD. Key points include:
- Denmark's economy is growing after a long recovery, though productivity growth is lagging, especially in the services sector.
- Public finances are sustainable if retirement ages continue to rise as planned.
- The financial sector is very large and household debt remains high despite decreases.
- High digitalization in Danish firms has not yet boosted productivity, and mark-ups are rising in some sectors.
The document is an economic survey of Australia from the OECD that discusses key findings and recommendations.
1) With the end of the mining boom, Australia must diversify its economy toward non-resource sectors for future growth.
2) Rebalancing taxes from income to consumption, addressing federal-state responsibilities, and reinforcing environmental programs are recommended.
The document provides an economic survey of Spain by the OECD. It summarizes that while growth has been robust, unemployment remains high. Productivity growth has stagnated and regional disparities exist. It provides recommendations to boost productivity, reduce inequality and regional disparities through measures like increasing spending on training, reducing barriers to entrepreneurship, strengthening innovation policies, and ensuring social benefits are portable across regions. Maintaining structural reforms, fiscal consolidation, and pension reforms are also recommended to ensure sustainable and inclusive growth.
Indonesia OECD Economic Survey 2018 promoting a more inclusive and resilient ...OECD, Economics Department
The document discusses promoting a more inclusive and resilient economy in Indonesia. It notes that living standards and access to infrastructure have risen, and poverty has receded, but pervasive informality traps many in low-quality jobs. It recommends deepening domestic financial markets, improving targeting of social assistance, reforming state-owned enterprises, and improving skills training to make the economy more resilient and inclusive. Two thematic chapters focus on raising revenues to meet spending needs and developing a stronger and sustainable tourism sector.
This document provides an economic overview and assessment of Germany by the OECD. It finds that while Germany has high well-being, robust growth, low poverty and unemployment, its productivity growth has slowed, many workers earn low wages, and CO2 emissions have not declined recently. It recommends using fiscal policy to support inclusive growth through tax reductions for low incomes and investing in education, lifelong learning, and green infrastructure. Overall the assessment finds the German economy is strong but faces challenges around inequality, emissions, and boosting productivity.
The document summarizes key findings from the 2015 OECD Economic Survey of New Zealand. It finds that (1) the economy has performed well recently and well-being is high, but housing shortages and infrastructure bottlenecks could limit future growth, and (2) greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and dairy farming is harming water quality, while (3) Māori, Pasifika and low-income households tend to have worse outcomes for income, housing, health and education. It recommends increasing housing and improving infrastructure, strengthening environmental policies and social spending to improve inclusion.
Since 2000, the quality of life of Colombians has improved markedly. Macroeconomic and social policies have sustained strong GDP growth and reduced poverty.
Presentation by OECD Chief Economist, Laurence Boone, on Inclusive Growth at the farewell conference in honor of Governor Karnit Flug, The Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem, 4 November 2018
Presentation by: Martine Durand (OECD Chief Statistician and Director of Statistics and Data)
OECD Conference on wealth inequalities: Measurement and policies
Paris, 26 April 2018.
Poland 2016 OECD Economic Survey investing in infrastructure and skills Warsa...OECD, Economics Department
The 2016 OECD Economic Survey of Poland document provides the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document summarizes Poland's economic growth and challenges, noting that investing in infrastructure and skills will support higher living standards. It recommends strengthening employment, enhancing skills through education reform, and raising infrastructure investment to prepare for demographic changes. The survey also stresses ensuring sound public finances, maintaining financial stability, and improving the business environment to support Poland's continued economic development.
1. The 2015 OECD Economic Survey of Slovenia report finds that while well-being is high in Slovenia, recovery from the crisis has been slow with long-term unemployment becoming entrenched.
2. Banking and corporate sector restructuring remains incomplete and public debt has risen steeply. Numerous rigidities in the labour market and product markets also hinder adjustment.
3. The report recommends further enhancing the role of the bank asset management company, increasing active labour market policies, fiscal and pension reforms, and continuing structural reforms to privatize companies and ease business regulations to boost growth.
Czech republic 2018-oecd-economic-survey-towards-more-sustainable-and-inclusi...OECD, Economics Department
The document provides an overview of the Czech Republic's economy and environmental performance based on reports from the OECD. It finds that the Czech economy is thriving with low unemployment and inflation around the target rate. However, productivity remains low compared to the OECD average. The population is aging, which will increase spending on pensions and healthcare. The health system performs well but could be improved by shifting to primary care, reducing hospitalization, and promoting healthy lifestyles. Key recommendations include addressing labor shortages, preparing for an aging society, and improving the healthcare system through payment reforms, reducing overuse of hospitals, and increasing the healthcare workforce.
The document provides an economic survey and environmental performance review of the Czech Republic by the OECD. It finds that the Czech economy is thriving with low unemployment and inflation around the target rate. However, productivity remains low and an aging population will increase age-related spending pressures. The health care system performs well but is hospital-centered with high rates of doctor consultations. Environmental performance is mixed, with good results on some sustainable development goals but high carbon intensity relative to GDP. Key recommendations include addressing labor shortages, pension and tax reforms, improving health care delivery and financing, and reducing carbon emissions.
This document summarizes key points from an OECD Economic Survey of Austria in 2015. It finds that while growth has stalled and unemployment is rising, productivity is weak in many services. Key policy recommendations include continuing banking sector reforms, reducing taxes for low-income workers, increasing retirement ages, reducing barriers to competition in services, and fostering gender equality. Gender equality could boost growth by increasing labor force participation and human capital, as Austria has a high gender pay gap and uneven distribution of family responsibilities.
This document discusses a framework for linking policies to living standards through inclusive growth. It proposes that the framework should provide a clear link between dimensions of welfare (like income, health, education) and policies, identify transmission channels, and make policy tradeoffs explicit while being adaptable. The framework models welfare as outcomes of a production function influenced by policies. The document then examines how specific policies influence key outcomes like income generation, health, and income distribution for different countries.
Costa Rica 2016 Economic Assessment making Costa Rica more productive and inc...OECD, Economics Department
Costa Rica has made progress in raising living standards and managing natural resources well. Current challenges include restoring fiscal sustainability by implementing tax reforms, making growth more inclusive by improving access to childcare and reducing inequality, and boosting productivity through greater investment in R&D and reducing barriers to competition.
The document is a 2014 economic survey of Portugal by the OECD that finds:
1) Fundamental reforms have helped Portugal emerge from recession, but unemployment remains high and full recovery is still a work in progress.
2) Exports are growing but productivity and competitiveness need further improvement to strengthen the recovery.
3) Public debt is declining but corporate and household debt remain too high, and poverty has increased, especially among children.
4) Further reforms are recommended in areas like services regulation, education, research and development, and the social safety net.
Similar to Sweden 2017 OECD Economic Survey Growing more-equal (19)
1) The project aims to develop a framework, indicators, and policy toolkit to help governments design coherent housing strategies that balance goals like affordable housing, economic resilience, labor mobility, and environmental sustainability.
2) Key activities will examine how policies can enhance housing outcomes and economic performance, promote labor mobility, incorporate local factors, and reduce inequality and environmental impacts.
3) The project will pull expertise from across the OECD to provide holistic and actionable policy advice to member countries.
This document discusses political norms and their importance for reforms. It begins by explaining what political norms are, using examples from principal-agent models of how beliefs and expectations shape political interactions. It then discusses insights from standard and strategic principal-agent models regarding incentives, selection of leaders, and the roles of non-cooperation, beliefs, and legitimacy. The document analyzes examples from India on electricity subsidies and measures of integrity and public service motivation among local leaders. It concludes by emphasizing the need for deep reforms, the challenges of reforming political institutions globally, and the opportunities for policy experiments and evaluation to strengthen trust in government.
The document discusses how emotions influence perceptions, values, and decisions. Emotions are communicated through facial expressions, voice, body language, and language, and are perceived and interpreted to identify specific emotions like jealousy and happiness. It also discusses how emotions have evolved to enhance survival and each emotion serves a purpose like anger for conflict or fear for danger. Facial expressions are an important way to measure emotional state and send emotional messages. When perceiving emotions in communication, it's important to consider the emotional messages and differentiate between experienced and signaled emotions.
This document summarizes research on how beliefs about fairness affect attitudes toward inequality and demands for redistribution. It finds that people are more opposed to inequality and support more redistribution when they believe inequality is due to luck rather than individual effort. Support for redistribution also depends on target-specific beliefs about the traits of taxpayers and recipients. For example, union members support taxes on the rich more than transfers to the poor, while those with college degrees show the opposite pattern. Overall, attitudes are conditional on beliefs about both the causes of inequality and the perceived worthiness of different social groups.
1. The document discusses the rise of political polarization and anti-establishment voting. It examines two perspectives on the origins: economic factors vs. cultural backlash.
2. It finds that distrust in institutions is common among all anti-establishment voters. This distrust correlates with lower life satisfaction and economic insecurity from factors like the financial crisis, globalization, and inequality.
3. Cultural values around trust in others also explain polarization, with progressive vs. conservative cultures split between radical left and right votes. Loneliness in post-industrial societies may also contribute as the yellow vest movement involved isolated workers.
This document discusses social investment and welfare reforms in Europe. It contains the following key points:
1. It examines employment trends and child poverty rates in European countries since the 1990s, finding mixed results regarding welfare states and social outcomes.
2. It argues for taking a "social investment" approach to welfare policy, using policies like early childhood education to support skills, employment, and gender equality across people's lifetimes.
3. The Great Recession showed the importance of automatic stabilizers and discretionary macroeconomic policies, as well as implementing social investment and reforms through cooperation across party lines.
This document discusses the political economy of reforms. It notes that initial reforms often generate winners and losers, increasing inequality, and this distributional impact can lead to public backlash and the rise of anti-reform populists. It also discusses how the 2008 financial crisis and expansion of the internet further eroded public trust in elites and established parties. To move forward, the document argues for policies promoting fair competition, redistribution, rebuilding trust in institutions, and better communication strategies to counter populist narratives online.
This document discusses challenges for implementing political and economic reforms. It notes that fragmented political landscapes and weak public finances make reforms difficult due to low returns on compromise and high costs of breaking promises. However, reforms are still needed that increase both efficiency and equality. Examples given include education, healthcare, competitive markets, tax collection, and policies to increase women's labor participation. The rise of populism and radical right parties is also discussed as contributing to political fragmentation by appealing to voters who distrust establishment parties. Evidence from Sweden links increased inequality and job insecurity to greater voter support for radical right parties. Reforms need to address the needs of young people to gain their engagement and support.
Laying the foundations for stronger and more inclusive growth OECD economic s...OECD, Economics Department
The document analyzes Argentina's economy and provides recommendations. It finds that while reforms since 2016 have benefited the economy, challenges remain. Continuing reforms are needed to achieve stronger, more inclusive growth by reducing imbalances, strengthening institutions, integrating globally, and completing structural changes in markets, workforce policies, and fiscal policy. Faster progress on reforms would help Argentina realize further gains from policies already enacted and lay the foundation for robust, shared prosperity.
This document discusses the debate around using the EU budget for economic stabilization. It provides an overview of current proposals, including the European Investment Stabilization Function and a euro area budgetary instrument for competitiveness and convergence. Specific risk sharing schemes are examined, including one based on compensating countries for export shocks. While risk sharing and risk reduction can complement each other, combining them poses challenges around enforcement. There is academic agreement that a central fiscal capacity is needed, but political agreement remains divided due to moral hazard concerns. The current strategy is to establish a small instrument focused on convergence and competitiveness that could expand over time.
This document discusses fiscal stabilization in the euro area. It contains the following key points:
1) Many euro area countries had high debt levels compared to their economic output prior to the global financial crisis, leaving them with little fiscal space to respond to economic downturns.
2) Countries that experienced large negative output gaps during the crisis period tended to have higher public debt levels.
3) A moderately sized central fiscal capacity could help provide meaningful countercyclical stabilization for euro area countries in response to economic shocks.
4) Many euro area countries did not reduce debt levels sufficiently during good economic times, leaving them vulnerable when recessions occurred.
The document summarizes data on economic convergence, resilience, governance, and education outcomes across EU member states from 1995-2017. It shows that while GDP per capita has converged, with many central and eastern European countries catching up to western European levels, resilience to economic shocks and human capital outcomes still vary substantially across the EU. The document also describes European Commission programs that provide support to member states for structural economic reforms.
1) The EU needs a fiscal tool for crisis management as private risk sharing is low compared to other monetary unions and failure to stabilize the economic cycle leaves long lasting scars.
2) More fiscal risk-sharing would improve coordination of monetary and fiscal policy, prevent pro-cyclical tightening, and help achieve a better aggregate fiscal stance.
3) Reforming the EU fiscal rules and designing a common fiscal capacity together could combine risk reduction through better rules with risk sharing through a fiscal capacity to help stabilize economies.
1) The European banking sector remains fragile with low bank capital and high non-performing loans. Financial integration in the euro area is still low.
2) Completing the Banking Union with a European deposit insurance and regulations on sovereign exposures can help address these issues. Introducing "safe assets" may also reduce bank risk.
3) Progress on Capital Markets Union has been slow. Expanding capital-based pension systems and standardizing rules can help foster capital markets.
4) Reforms are needed to stabilize the euro area through more market discipline and risk sharing, but they must be designed to maintain proper incentives.
This document discusses the European Commission's proposal for a European Stabilization Function (EISF) and debates around it. The EISF aims to prevent pro-cyclical fiscal tightening during economic shocks, reduce market overreactions, and contribute to EU cohesion. It would provide loans to Member States facing large unemployment shocks, proportionate to shock severity, to fund public investments with interest subsidies. While some are skeptical due to perceived lack of need, the document argues asymmetric shocks do occur and risk-sharing would be improved with public and private mechanisms. The design aims to target severe shocks and avoid moral hazard through eligibility conditions. Charts show many Member States could benefit from the EISF,
National governments face challenges in implementing structural reforms in the eurozone due to political considerations. There is a conflict between economic theory, which advocates for reforms like flexible prices and wages, and political realities. It is difficult to answer fundamental questions about what reforms to make, how to implement them, and when. While most reforms have positive economic impacts, they often backfire politically. Successful reforms require comprehensive plans to avoid targeting single sectors, income compensation mechanisms, and avoiding strategic political games. Communication and education are also important to build support.
The document summarizes the 2019 OECD Economic Survey of Portugal. It finds that while Portugal's economic recovery is well established, further improvements are needed to raise living standards. It provides several key policy recommendations to strengthen fiscal sustainability, improve financial stability, boost export performance, enhance judicial efficiency, increase labor utilization, and further reduce poverty.
Digital technologies have the potential to boost productivity but gains have been modest, with productivity growth slowing in major economies. The document examines why through three main points: 1) Low rates of digital adoption among firms, especially less productive ones. 2) Strong complementarities between digital investments, skills, and product market regulations that incentivize innovation. 3) Skill gaps negatively impact the productivity benefits of digital adoption, especially for less productive firms. To realize digital's potential, policies should promote broadband access, skills development, and encourage reallocation between firms.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
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Economic Risk Factor Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]Commonwealth
May’s reports showed signs of continued economic growth, said Sam Millette, director, fixed income, in his latest Economic Risk Factor Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
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In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
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Sweden 2017 OECD Economic Survey Growing more-equal
1. 2017 OECD ECONOMIC
SURVEY OF SWEDEN
Growing more equal
Stockholm, 8 February 2017
@OECD
@OECDeconomy
http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-sweden.htm
2. The economy is growing strongly
2
Note: For Denmark, Germany and Sweden, OECD projections for 2016 Q4
Source: OECD Economic Outlook database
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Real GDP
Sweden Germany Denmark United States
2005Q1=100
3. Unemployment is trending down
3
Source: OECD Economic Outlook database
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
% of labour force
Unemployment rate
Sweden Germany Denmark United States
4. Swedes enjoy a high quality of life
4
1. Each well-being dimension is measured by indicators from the OECD Better Life Indicator set.
Indicators are normalised to range between 0 (worst) and 10 (best).
Source: OECD Better Life Index database
5. Real housing prices continue to rise
5
Note: Prices are adjusted by the private consumption deflator
Source: OECD Analytical Housing Prices Database
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
2000=100
Spain Canada Sweden Denmark
6. Gross household debt is high
6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
DEU
ITA
FRA
FIN
ESP
USA
SWE
GBR
NOR
NLD
DNK
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
NOR
DNK
SWE
FIN
DEU
NLD
GBR
FRA
ESP
USA
ITA
Note: 2015 or latest
Source: OECD Economic Outlook database
Households GovernmentGross debt
% of GDP
Gross debt
% of GDP
7. Inequality is fairly low, but has risen
rapidly since the 1990s
7
Source: OECD Income Distribution and Poverty database
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
ISL
NOR
DNK
SVN
FIN
CZE
BEL
SVK
AUT
NLD
SWE
LUX
HUN
DEU
FRA
CHE
POL
KOR
IRL
CAN
ITA
AUS
JPN
NZL
PRT
GRC
ESP
LVA
GBR
ISR
EST
TUR
USA
MEX
CHL
IndexIndex
Gini coefficient post taxes and transfers (2013 or latest)
8. Women’s employment rate is almost as
high as men’s
8
Source: OECD Labour Force Statistics
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
TUR
GRC
MEX
ITA
CHL
ESP
KOR
SVK
POL
HUN
IRL
BEL
OECD
FRA
LUX
SVN
PRT
CZE
USA
ISR
JPN
AUS
AUT
FIN
GBR
EST
NLD
NZL
CAN
DEU
DNK
NOR
SWE
CHE
ISL
%%
Women's employment rate, age 15-64, 2015
9. 9
Key recommendations – Macroeconomic policies
Gradually withdraw monetary stimulus as inflation rises
towards the 2% target.
Continue to pursue prudent fiscal policy, while
accommodating temporary immigration-related spending to
facilitate integration.
10. 10
Key recommendations
– Housing and household debt
Introduce a cap on household debt-to-income ratios.
Reform the recurrent property tax to better align tax charges
with property values. Phase out the deductibility of mortgage
interest rate payments.
Enhance co-operation between central and local government
in land-use planning and increase incentives for
municipalities to facilitate the timely release of development
land. Simplify land-use planning procedures, balancing
economic, environmental and social considerations.
Ease rental regulations to incentivise rental housing supply,
mobility and better utilisation of the housing stock, while
maintaining tenant protection against abuse.
12. The wealthy have prospered
12
Record wealth data for analytical purposes.
Median disposable income within each group
Source: Statistics Sweden
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1991 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
1991=100
Top 5% Bottom 5%
13. Benefits have been lagging behind
13
Review annually the distributional consequences of raising
social benefits, taking equity, fiscal costs and work incentives
into consideration.
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1991 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
1991=100
Workers
Unemployed and sick
Source: Statistics Sweden
Disposable income within each group
14. Low skills reduce employment and wages
14
Consolidate wage subsidy schemes for the most vulnerable workers
and ease the related administrative burden to increase take-up.
Very low skills
Moderate to low
skills
Moderate to high
skills
Very high skills
10
12
14
16
18
20
50 60 70 80 90 100
Mean hourly
wages1
Employment rate, %
1. PPP adjusted USD
Source: OECD Survey of Adult Skills (2012)
Wages and employment by literacy skill level (2012)
15. 0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
50 90 130 170 210 250 290 330 370 410
Share of
graduates
PIAAC score points
Literacy - upper secondary graduates
Natives Migrants from high-income countries
Migrants from low-income countries
PIAAC level 1 and below
Disadvantaged immigrants need special
targeting
15
Build on successful experiences at the local level to enhance the
efficiency of integration.
1. The PIAAC literacy test was taken in Swedish for all groups
Source: OECD Survey of Adult Skills
16. High immigration poses challenges to
integration
16
Continue to simplify the procedures to help migrants get residence
and work permits.
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
180 000
0
20 000
40 000
60 000
80 000
100 000
120 000
140 000
160 000
180 000
PersonsPersons
Labour and students Refugees and family reunions
Asylum seekers
1. Excluding free movement immigrants from EEA countries
Source: Swedish Migration Agency
Gross migrant inflows1
17. Rental regulations hinder mobility
17
Ease rental regulations to incentivise rental housing supply, mobility and better
utilisation of the housing stock, while maintaining tenant protection against
abuse.
Consider some prioritisation of low-income households to municipal housing
with allocation rules designed to limit spatial segregation.
Source: Stockholm Housing Agency.
0
100 000
200 000
300 000
400 000
500 000
600 000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Persons
Waiting list for rental housing in Stockholm
18. 18
Key recommendations
– Income inequality and equal opportunities
Review annually the distributional consequences of uprating
social benefits, taking equity, fiscal costs and work incentives
into consideration.
Continue to simplify the procedures to help migrants get
residence and work permits.
Rationalise by merging and harmonising various wage
subsidy schemes to better target the most vulnerable workers,
ease the related administrative burden and increase take-up.
20. The gender wage gap is significant
20Source: OECD Employment Database
2014 or latest year available
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
HUN
NZL
BEL
NOR
LUX
DNK
ESP
POL
ITA
GRC
SVN
IRL
DEU
FRA
SVK
ISL
SWE
OECD
CZE
CHE
CHL
PRT
GBR
USA
AUS
AUT
MEX
CAN
TUR
FIN
NLD
ISR
EST
JPN
KOR
%%
21. Gender segregation across occupations
is substantial
21
Source: OECD Labour Force Statistics
Continue to develop methods to fight stereotypes in education. Address
gender-specific weaknesses in education, whether faced by girls or boys.
Share of women by main activities
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Human health and social work activities
Education
Public administration and defence, Compulsory social security
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Accommodation and food service activities
Financial and insurance activities
Administrative and support service activities
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Professional, scientific and technical activities
Real estate activities
Information and communication
Agriculture,hunting and forestry
Transportation and storage
Industry
%
Sweden Other Nordics
22. Only a third of business sole-proprietors
are women
22
Source: OECD Entrepreneurship database
Further promote female entrepreneurship through business promotion
programmes creating a level playing field irrespective of gender, age or
ethnic background. Develop data and analytical tools to evaluate these
programmes.
Latest year available
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
%%
23. Parental leave is fairly generous
23
Source: OECD Family Database
Encourage parents to split parental leave more equally by continuing
to increase the share reserved for each parent.
AUS
AUT
BEL
CAN
CHL
CZE
DNK
EST
FIN
FRA
DEU
HUN
ISL
ITA
JPN
KOR
LVA
LUX
NOR
POL
PRT
SVK
SVN
SWE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
OECD average
Months
% of national
average
earnings
Paid parental and home care leave to mothers
25. 25
Key recommendations – Gender equality
Encourage parents to split parental leave more equally by
continuing to increase the share reserved for each parent.
Enhance active labour market policy for foreign-born women
when the Introduction programme ends, to prevent them from
drifting away from the labour market.
26. 26
For more information
http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-sweden.htm
OECD
OECD Economics
Disclaimers:
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without
prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers
and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.