1) The project aims to develop a framework, indicators, and policy toolkit to help governments design coherent housing strategies that balance goals like affordable housing, economic resilience, labor mobility, and environmental sustainability.
2) Key activities will examine how policies can enhance housing outcomes and economic performance, promote labor mobility, incorporate local factors, and reduce inequality and environmental impacts.
3) The project will pull expertise from across the OECD to provide holistic and actionable policy advice to member countries.
"Productivity: Why it matters", by Catherine L. Mann, OECD Chief Economist and G20 Deputy, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity,: Towards an OECD productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Institutional arrangements to promote productivity_Jackson De Toni_Productivi...Structuralpolicyanalysis
"Institutional arrangements to promote productivity" by Jackson De Toni, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Governance as an SDG Accelerator: Country Experiences and ToolsOECD Governance
Delivering on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a formidable governance challenge for countries at all levels of development. It requires governments to co-ordinate, consult and work across policy areas – as well as with the businesses sector and civil society – in an unprecedented way. This report provides evidence from OECD countries and partner economies on how public governance practices can be strengthened to help implement the SDGs. For more information see:http://www.oecd.org/gov/pcsd/governance-as-an-sdg-accelerator-0666b085-en.htm
"Productivity: Why it matters", by Catherine L. Mann, OECD Chief Economist and G20 Deputy, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity,: Towards an OECD productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Institutional arrangements to promote productivity_Jackson De Toni_Productivi...Structuralpolicyanalysis
"Institutional arrangements to promote productivity" by Jackson De Toni, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Governance as an SDG Accelerator: Country Experiences and ToolsOECD Governance
Delivering on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is a formidable governance challenge for countries at all levels of development. It requires governments to co-ordinate, consult and work across policy areas – as well as with the businesses sector and civil society – in an unprecedented way. This report provides evidence from OECD countries and partner economies on how public governance practices can be strengthened to help implement the SDGs. For more information see:http://www.oecd.org/gov/pcsd/governance-as-an-sdg-accelerator-0666b085-en.htm
The Future of Productivity_Dan Andrews_Chiara Criscuolo_Productivity Summit_6...Structuralpolicyanalysis
"The Future of Productivity" by Dan Andrews and Chiara Criscuolo, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Productivity Summit_6-7 July 2015_Mexico
Rethinking regional development policymakingOECDregions
Presentation on rethinking regional development policymaking made at the Regional Studies Association Conference held in Seville, Spain on 27 September 2018. Presentation by Dorothée Allain-Dupré, Head of Decentralisation, Public Investment and Subnational Finance Unit, OECD
More information: http://www.oecd.org/regional/
Regional productivity catching up: the role of EU cohesion policy and the OEC...OECD CFE
Presentation by Alexander LEMBCKE, Economist, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities, OECD at the OECD session on "Regional productivity catching up: the role of EU cohesion policy and the OECD perspective", 3 June 2018, Trento, Italy
More information https://oe.cd/festival
Regional productivity catching up: the role of EU cohesion policy and the OEC...OECD CFE
Presentation by Lewis Dijkstra, Head of the Economic Analysis Sector, DG for Regional and Urban Policy at the OECD session on "Regional productivity catching up: The role of the EU cohesion policies and the OECD perspective", 3 June 2018, Trento, Italy
More info https://oe.cd/festival
The OECD supports Habitat III and the New Urban Agenda through several policy agendas, including National Urban Policies, local leadership for inclusive growth in cities, urban governance, subnational finance and organisation, in addition to advancing global goals such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and COP21 through urban policies. For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/habitat-3-and-a-new-urban-agenda.htm
Public Governance Review of Estonia & Finland - Preliminary Findings on Whole...OECD Governance
Preliminary findings on developing a whole of government strategy from the OECD publication 'Public Governance Review of Estonia and Finland'. For more information please see www.oecd.org/gov/launch-of-the-public-governance-review-of-estonia-and-finland.htm
Presentation by Christian Kastrop on 'Productivity and Public Sector Performa...OECD Governance
This presentation by Christian Kastrop, Director, Policy Studies Branch, Economics Department, OECD, was made at the joint meeting of the Senior Budget Official Performance and Results Network and the Public Employment and Management Expert meeting on 26 November 2015. For further information, please see http://www.oecd.org/gov/pem/.
Policy Highlights from the publication Regional Outlook 2016, Productive Regions for Inclusive Societies. For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/oecd-regional-outlook-2016-9789264260245-en.htm
The Future of Productivity_Dan Andrews_Chiara Criscuolo_Productivity Summit_6...Structuralpolicyanalysis
"The Future of Productivity" by Dan Andrews and Chiara Criscuolo, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Productivity Summit_6-7 July 2015_Mexico
Rethinking regional development policymakingOECDregions
Presentation on rethinking regional development policymaking made at the Regional Studies Association Conference held in Seville, Spain on 27 September 2018. Presentation by Dorothée Allain-Dupré, Head of Decentralisation, Public Investment and Subnational Finance Unit, OECD
More information: http://www.oecd.org/regional/
Regional productivity catching up: the role of EU cohesion policy and the OEC...OECD CFE
Presentation by Alexander LEMBCKE, Economist, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities, OECD at the OECD session on "Regional productivity catching up: the role of EU cohesion policy and the OECD perspective", 3 June 2018, Trento, Italy
More information https://oe.cd/festival
Regional productivity catching up: the role of EU cohesion policy and the OEC...OECD CFE
Presentation by Lewis Dijkstra, Head of the Economic Analysis Sector, DG for Regional and Urban Policy at the OECD session on "Regional productivity catching up: The role of the EU cohesion policies and the OECD perspective", 3 June 2018, Trento, Italy
More info https://oe.cd/festival
The OECD supports Habitat III and the New Urban Agenda through several policy agendas, including National Urban Policies, local leadership for inclusive growth in cities, urban governance, subnational finance and organisation, in addition to advancing global goals such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and COP21 through urban policies. For more information see www.oecd.org/gov/habitat-3-and-a-new-urban-agenda.htm
Public Governance Review of Estonia & Finland - Preliminary Findings on Whole...OECD Governance
Preliminary findings on developing a whole of government strategy from the OECD publication 'Public Governance Review of Estonia and Finland'. For more information please see www.oecd.org/gov/launch-of-the-public-governance-review-of-estonia-and-finland.htm
Presentation by Christian Kastrop on 'Productivity and Public Sector Performa...OECD Governance
This presentation by Christian Kastrop, Director, Policy Studies Branch, Economics Department, OECD, was made at the joint meeting of the Senior Budget Official Performance and Results Network and the Public Employment and Management Expert meeting on 26 November 2015. For further information, please see http://www.oecd.org/gov/pem/.
Policy Highlights from the publication Regional Outlook 2016, Productive Regions for Inclusive Societies. For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/oecd-regional-outlook-2016-9789264260245-en.htm
In the last ten-year, Sierra Leone has made some gains in terms of economic performance. However, this economic gain has not been sustainable given the fact that access to basic services such as health, education and housing continues to be aproblem.
Housing is an important part of the Sierra Leone economy but it provision remains a huge challenge. Therefore,this project looks at housing problem, the need for investing in housing and possible solutions to mitigate this problem.
The target audience include policy makers, investors and nonprofit making institutions and anyone interested in achievingthe SDGs.
Housing Affordability for the Next Generation in Hong KongEric Stryson
Housing in Hong Kong is the city’s single most important policy concern. Hong Kong recently became the most unaffordable major housing market in the world – it would take a skilled service worker 18.5 years to afford a 60 square-meter apartment near the city center.
According to government projections, the overall housing demand will reach one million units by 2046, requiring an overall land supply of 1,670 hectares (around 1.5% of the total land area of Hong Kong). Hong Kong, unlike most major cities, has a large amount of public housing. Approximately half of Hong Kong's population currently rents or owns an apartment constructed by the government. Such housing was built in the 1960s in response to a housing crisis, caused by an influx of migrants from Mainland China.
Hong Kong has not constructed any major new public housing projects since the early 2000s. Waiting lists for public housing can extend for over five years, leaving people to rely on an expensive private market.
The Hong Kong government set a five-year target to construct 140,000 public housing units, but is unlikely to achieve that target. Based on the land currently earmarked for public housing, there will still be a shortage of 44,000 public housing units.
Financial Geographies of Real Estate and HousingAI Publications
This article is about new governments for financial recovery after the financial crisis. The focus on tracing the creation of an active class derived from the security of rental income for detached houses has become rent. The study strategically combines conceptual agendas, and is discussed separately. Market formation theories rooted in scientific and technical studies provide information on the analytical method to pay attention to the work of realizing markets, the role of computer devices in market formation and the conditional and conditional aspects of markets. This analysis shows that renting families in an active class is a practical achievement. However, a broader framework rooted in the political economy is needed to address the broader meaning of the working class in terms of power, politics and the dynamics of capital accumulation. The article focuses in particular on the historical and geographical events that make it possible to invent a large-scale SFR market, the work of state and capital market players to reformulate single-family homes restored as rental properties, and the role of accounting practices in this process, and the strategies of issuers and credit rating agencies to develop a new asset class for institutional investors. The working-class points to the fundamental role for housing in the ideology of capital, and talks about new implications of financial role players and domestic life, as financial accumulation adapts to the context after the crisis. In addition to the financial financing of housing after the crisis, the article also shows how economic geographers can carefully integrate the theoretical perspectives to critically examine the conditions of market formation and the social, spatial and political consequences of markets.
Presentation by: Gabriela Ramos (OECD Chief of Staff, Sherpa to the G20 and Head of the Inclusive Growth Initiative)
OECD Conference on wealth inequalities: Measurement and policies
Paris, 26 April 2018.
The most important medium term challenge in the region is how to manage the growth of cities without compromising the environment, the economy, its governance and quality of life of its citizens. Urban transformation cannot be improvised and sustainable growth requires planning to face the future. An in order to be sustainable planning requires assuming a regional and metropolitan strategy. Planning should be inclusive, allowing all members of society to share their vision of the future of the city. This vision should at least aim at reducing vulnerability and should be based on democratic principles and equity; should promote the protection of undeveloped land; the preservation of cultural heritage; and strengthening the economy. Improve the quality of life for residents, maintaining and strengthen the representativeness, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of authorities and city government is indispensable.
Stanlee's presentation on affordable housingStanLee GeorGe
Urbanization has resulted in people increasingly living in slums and squatter settlements and has deteriorated the housing conditions of the economically weaker sections of the society. This is primarily due to the skyrocketing prices of land and real estate in urban areas that have forced the poor and the economically weaker sections of the society to occupy the marginal lands typified by poor housing stock, congestion and obsolescence.
In this dissertation, we will explore major issues in the development of affordable housing in India and steps taken by the Government and private sector to address them inclusively.
Principles for effective public investment across levels of governmentOECD Governance
Presentation on Principles for Effective Public Investment Across Levels of Government made at the conference "New funding models for local governments: how to effectively mobilize resources?" held in Paris France, 3-4 July 2014.
Presentation made by Claire Charbit, Deputy Head, Regional Development Policy Division. For more information please see www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/recommendation-effective-public-investment-across-levels-of-government.htm.
Synergies between policy tools for provision of affordable housingfond admin
Презентація "Synergies between policy tools for provision of affordable housing.
Reflection on S106 and PSLA" Агати Краузе.
Доповідь з круглого столу «Кращі практики житлової політики та можливості їх застосування в Україні», проведеного Держмолодьжитлом за підтримки Секції по житловому господарству та землекористуванню ЕЄК ООН і Програми розвитку ООН в Україні 26 квітня 2018 року.
An Evaluation of the Impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs)...theijes
Housing investment has been considered as a major contributor to economic growth with many social and economic benefits. This research work was carried out to evaluate the impact of Government Assisted Housing Programmes (GAHPs) in Bauchi State. The methodology employed were Oral interview, Self-assessment, Checklist and Questionnaires. Two target groups were considered for this research: the first group was construction professionals such as Architects, Engineers, Quantity surveyors, Builders and Service Engineers involved in the construction of such housing programmes, while the second group was family heads/occupants of government housing programmes. The research was conducted using completed Tambari housing estate and 1000-units of two bedrooms semi-detached / three bedrooms under construction at Dungal as case studies. The information obtained from these case studies were analysed using relative index, linear correlation, regression and one - way ANOVA (Analysis of variance). The research revealed that the first five critical impact of housing programmes were employment for skilled and unskilled workers (RI = 0.77); increase demand for building materials market (RI =0. 75); Generates income and employment in a number of related /non-related industry (RI = 0.75); increases income to land owners due to compensation paid for land acquisition (RI=0.74) and attracts infrastructural facilities to such localities (RI = 0.72). It also revealed that most of the respondents were satisfied with the impact of GAHPs within their vicinity.
Integrating health and resilience into the design of African cities. Case stu...Dr. Ebele Mogo
A presentation co-authored with Jørgen Eskemose at Health: The Design, Planning and Politics of How and Where We Live
Organisers: World Health Organisation, collaborating Centre and the Department of Architecture, UWE Bristol, with AMPS. In collaboration with the Public Health Film Society.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
**Key Sections Covered:**
1. **Economic Impact:** Understand the profound economic impact of Latino consumers on the U.S. economy. Discover how their increasing purchasing power is fueling growth in key industries and contributing to national economic prosperity.
2. **Buying Power:** Dive into detailed analyses of Latino buying power, including its growth trends, key drivers, and projections for the future. Learn how this influential group’s spending habits are shaping market dynamics and creating opportunities for businesses.
3. **Entrepreneurial Contributions:** Explore the entrepreneurial spirit within the Latino community. Examine how Latino-owned businesses are thriving and contributing to job creation, innovation, and economic diversification.
4. **Workforce Statistics:** Gain insights into the role of Latino workers in the American labor market. Review statistics on employment rates, occupational distribution, and the economic contributions of Latino professionals across various industries.
5. **Media Consumption:** Understand the media consumption habits of Latino audiences. Discover their preferences for digital platforms, television, radio, and social media. Learn how these consumption patterns are influencing advertising strategies and media content.
6. **Education:** Examine the educational achievements and challenges within the Latino community. Review statistics on enrollment, graduation rates, and fields of study. Understand the implications of education on economic mobility and workforce readiness.
7. **Home Ownership:** Explore trends in Latino home ownership. Understand the factors driving home buying decisions, the challenges faced by Latino homeowners, and the impact of home ownership on community stability and economic growth.
This SlideShare provides valuable insights for marketers, business owners, policymakers, and anyone interested in the economic influence of the Latino community. By understanding the various facets of Latino buying power, you can effectively engage with this dynamic and growing market segment.
Equip yourself with the knowledge to leverage Latino buying power, tap into their entrepreneurial spirit, and connect with their unique cultural and consumer preferences. Drive your business success by embracing the economic potential of Latino consumers.
**Keywords:** Latino buying power, economic impact, entrepreneurial contributions, workforce statistics, media consumption, education, home ownership, Latino market, Hispanic buying power, Latino purchasing power.
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
3. Building an OECD Housing Strategy
Why is housing important?
Housing market bubbles are at the root of many
financial crises. Indeed, during 2007-08, house prices
collapsed in several countries, marking the onset of the
global financial crisis (Figure 1). In the past few years,
house prices have been increasing rapidly in many
countries, and they are now above their pre-crisis
level. In addition, the growing importance of housing
in household balance sheets raises the sensitivity of
aggregate consumption and investment to changes
in house prices. Housing policies also influence
economic developments through their impact on
the mobility of workers, access to quality jobs and
education. Furthermore, housing developments
affect environmental outcomes, including through
interactions with urban land-use patterns, residential
energy consumption and transport systems.
Rising house prices undermine housing affordability,
particularly for low-income households and in fast-
growing urban areas (Figure 2). Access to affordable
housing is crucial for achieving a number of key policy
objectives, including poverty and homelessness
reduction, equality of opportunities and sustainable
growth. Access to affordable housing is also
important in a context where population ageing is
likely to lead to structural shifts in housing demand.
Source: OECD Economic Outlook database and OECD Analytical House
Price database.
Figure 2. The cost of buying a flat in large cities has
increased considerably for middle-income families
Number of years of annual income needed to buy a 60 square
meter flat in the country’s capital city or financial centre, for a
median income couple with two children.
Source: Under Pressure: The Squeezed Middle Class, OECD 2019.
Housing market developments influence the
distributionofincomeandwealthashousingisoneof
thelargestspendingitemsinhouseholdbudgetsand
often the largest asset in household balance sheets
(Figure 3). Housing is, therefore, a fundamental
driver of the accumulation and the distribution of
wealth and debt within and across generations.
Figure 3. Housing is the chief asset of the middle
class
Source: Housing, wealth accumulation and wealth distribution: evidence
and stylized facts, OECD (2019) forthcoming.
Figure 1. House price and business cycles are tightly
linked
Annual real percentage change, OECD average
BUIILDING AN OECD HOUSING STRATEGY 3
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
2017
House price GDP
6.8 7.4
10.3 10.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1985 1995 2005 2015
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
DEU
AUT
USA
CAN
FRA
NLD
GBR
FIN
AUS
OECD
IRL
BEL
LUX
PRT
NOR
ITA
EST
GRC
LVA
ESP
SVN
POL
HUN
SVK
Housing (main residence) Other real estate
Other real assets Other financial assets
Deposits
4. How can policies affect housing?
Tackling the challenge policy-makers face in
delivering affordable quality housing while
addressing financial stability risks and economic
efficiency goals requires the development
of multi-pronged housing policy strategy. It
requires addressing issues that cut across many
policy areas, including social housing, urban land
use regulation, financial regulation, taxation,
local public finance, welfare support, transport
policies, housing standards, rental regulation
and the enforcement of competition in related
activities (e.g. construction, real estate). Some
issues are specific to regions or groups of countries.
For example, in many central and eastern
European countries, formerly government
owned housing was sold to individuals or
households who are not able to maintain the
buildings or up-grade their energy efficiency.
A successfulhousingstrategywillalsohavetobridge
the different interests of multiple stakeholders.
Moreover, the growing importance of
digital platforms in the housing market
has implications for efficiency and welfare.
While platforms have reduced entry costs of
providers of short-term accommodation, they
may reduce supply of affordable housing and
drive up house prices and rents. This has raised
new regulatory issues in a number of cities.
The Horizontal Project “Building an OECD Housing
Strategy” responds to the 2018 MCM Statement of
the Chair encouraging the OECD to strengthen its
work in the housing area with a view to developing
a comprehensive approach in analysing housing
marketsandprovidingpolicyadvice.Italsoresponds
to the 2017 Ministerial Council Statement calling
on the OECD to help governments improve their
policies in a number of areas, including housing.
Horizontal Housing Project: Objectives and
expected outcomes
The objective of the Horizontal Project is to develop
a framework, indicators and a policy toolkit to help
governments design and implement coherent
policy strategies to ensure that housing sector
developments are consistent with policy goals such
as a better functioning housing market in terms
of housing supply, quality, affordability, poverty
reduction, access to public services, labour market
efficiency, economic resilience and a clean urban
environment.The framework will highlight potential
trade-offs and synergies between policy goals when
designing housing policies. New indicators to be
assembled as part of the Horizontal Project include
more granular, internationally comparable data
on house prices, including across regions within
countries, rents and land-use regulations, building
on earlier OECD work. Household wealth surveys
will also be used to measure the contribution
of housing to gross and net wealth inequality
between different socioeconomic groups.
4 BUIILDING AN OECD HOUSING STRATEGY
5. Key outcomes through better policy settings are
greater resilience at the macro and micro levels
(i.e. preventing excessive mortgage leverage at
the household level), the removal of policy-related
obstacles to labour mobility, reductions in housing-
related inequalities and improved environmental
quality. The indicators identified as most pertinent
willenrichthehousingdimensionoftheOECD’swork
on measuring well-being.The framework, indicators
and toolkits underpinning the Housing Strategy will
be developed with a view to mainstream them into
core OECD economic advice, in particular through
the Economic Surveys under the aegis of the
Economic and Development Review Committee.
Main activities
The project will take a cross-cutting approach to how policies can enhance housing outcomes at
the country, regional and household level. Avenues for policy action will be explored along the
following lines.
Housing, economic
resilience and performance
The housing sector has been experiencing boom-
and-bust episodes creating large distortions
and adverse externalities in many countries. The
combination of inelastic housing supply with the
very elastic lending capacity of financial institutions
and other frictions makes the housing sector
particularly prone to price bubbles and painful
corrections. These characteristics of the housing
market are often exacerbated by policy distortions.
In a majority of countries, the tax treatment
of housing, which is biased in favour of both
homeownership and debt financing, is conducive
to excessive mortgage borrowing and leverage. At
the same time, regulations, including of land use,
and other distortions (e.g. lack of competition in
construction) that restrict the supply of housing
further contribute to fuelling house prices beyond
levels that would be consistent with underlying
factors. This limits access to affordable housing.
The work will scrutinise the evidence to identify
multidimensional policy actions to achieve greater
economic resilience and more affordable housing.
Housing, labour mobility
and the modern job market
The ease of moving residence geographically
has implications for the functioning of the labour
market as it affects the job-matching process and
use of human resources. Policies magnifying the
cost of moving, which range from high transaction
taxes to non-transferable, or simply uneven access
to preferentially priced housing, including social
housing, can trap workers in unemployment or
low-productivity jobs. This poses an obstacle to the
mobility of workers towards dynamic markets and,
as a result, affects economic efficiency. The already
high economic and human cost of such obstacles
to mobility may rise in the coming decades, as
the transformation of labour markets increases
the premium on mobility and adaptability.
BUIILDING AN OECD HOUSING STRATEGY 5
A key expected output of the project is to bring
together the insights that the OECD bodies and
directorates have developed in the area of housing
to enhance policy coherence across the many
dimensions of housing challenges. The OECD has
been building expert knowledge in key areas of
housing, including the project on Housing and
the Economy, the Affordable Housing Database,
the project on Spatial Planning Instruments and
the Environment (SPINE) and the work on the
Governance of Land Use. The Horizontal Project
will pull together, expand and cross-fertilise
these contributions to deliver holistic, whole-of-
government,actionablepolicyadvicethatwilllayout
policycomplementaritiesaswellaspolicytrade-offs.
6. Going local. Housing is local
by nature
While some housing-relevant policies are set across
the economy (such as mortgage regulation, a large
part of housing-related taxation, some of housing
regulation), many policy decisions that drive
housing outcomes are set at the local level. A key
example is land-use policy, which is overwhelmingly
under the purview of local governments, whereas
rental-market regulation and housing-related
taxation are also often under the control of local
authorities, but to a varying extent. Land-use
regulations indeed play an important role in driving
house prices, especially in the most expensive cities.
Theworkwillincreaseknowledgeonthelocaldrivers
ofhousingoutcomessothatOECDadviceinthearea
of housing can mobilise local policy levers as part
of integrated strategies across government levels.
To support the analyses, additional sub-national
housing-related indicators, in particular house price
indices, will need to be gathered for the countries
where statistical offices do not yet provide them.
6 BUIILDING AN OECD HOUSING STRATEGY
Housing is at the core of
Sustainable Development
Goals No. 11 and 13
Efficient, climate-compatible, green housing
policies are at the core of meaningful progress
towards Sustainable Development Goals No. 11
of sustainable cities and communities and 13
of climate action. Policies such as quantitative
restrictions, including on building height, urban
growth boundaries and other types of zoning can
render housing less affordable and influence urban
sprawl, with consequences for energy use and
pollutant emissions. The OECD’s integrated land
use and transport model (Multi-Objective Local
Environmental Simulator, MOLES) can be extended
andtailoredtoshedlightontheseeffects,contributing
to the design of integrated housing strategies that
fully incorporate the environmental dimension.
Housing and inequality
Housing outcomes and policies have distributional
effects and can in particular influence equality
of opportunities through access to quality jobs,
schools and public services. Equality of opportunity
is therefore an important determinant of social
mobility within and across generations. Policy
drivers of housing outcomes are multiple. They
include housing-related taxation, public cash and
in-kind transfers through housing allowances and
the availability of social housing, monetary policy
and institutional features of credit markets, and
the regulation of rental markets and of land use. All
have implications for access to adequate housing
and the distribution of wealth across households.
The work will deliver an in-depth assessment of the
extent to which housing shapes the distribution
of wealth. The Horizontal Project will also shed
new light on the influence of housing on the
joint distribution of income and wealth. It will
investigate the role of homeownership, housing
wealth, housing inheritance and housing debt
in shaping the accumulation of wealth and its
distribution. Policy lessons would be drawn, in
particular on finding an appropriate balance
between the objectives of promoting affordable
housing and access to homeownership and that
of preventing the build-up of excess leverage,
not least among low-income households.
7. Collaborative ventures
across OECD policy
communities
TheHorizontalProjectwillpulltogether,expandand
cross-fertilise contributions from different bodies
within the OECD Secretariat to deliver holistic,
whole-of-government, actionable policy advice.
The work will also bring together the expertise
and collective experience of Member and Partner
countries through various OECD committees,
including the Economic Policy Committee (EPC),
which leads the project, the Committee on Statistics
and Statistical Policy (CSSP), the Employment,
Labour and Social Affairs Committee (ELSAC), the
Environment Policy Committee (EPOC), and the
Regional Development Policy Committee (RDPC).
The project will also involve coordination with the
Committee on Fiscal Affairs (CFA), the Committee
on Financial Markets (CMF) and the Network on
Fiscal Relations across Levels of Government.
Housing questionnaire
To underpin the policy analysis of the housing
market, the OECD Questionnaire on Affordable
and Social Housing (QuASH) is being updated
and extended. The QuASH questionnaire collects
qualitative and quantitative information on
outcomes and policies to promote affordable
and social housing in OECD countries (such
as spending, eligibility for social housing and
benefit amounts). As part of the Horizontal
Project, the next wave of the questionnaire will
cover a broader set of housing-related policies,
including rental regulation and transaction costs.
A blueprint for achieving an
inclusive housing strategy
A key deliverable of the Horizontal Project is to
develop a framework for addressing the various
housing policy challenges. This framework will
evaluate policy measures and objectives across
multiple policy dimensions in a coherent way rather
than evaluating measures within separate silos.
Main deliverables
The key outputs of the Horizontal Project include indicators and evidence on the effects of
policy on housing-related outcomes, advice on housing policies tailored to country-specific
circumstances,thematicreportsonthespecificaspectsofhousing,aswellaspolicybriefsandnotes.
BUIILDING AN OECD HOUSING STRATEGY 7
8. Contacts
Economics Department
Asa Johansson: Asa.Johansson@oecd.org,
Head of Structural Surveillance Division
Peter Hoeller: Peter Hoeller@oecd.org,
Head of Public Economics Division