Maxillofacial fractures usually occur as the result of massive facial trauma and can include fractures of the mandible, nasal bones, maxilla, and zygomatic bones. Cervical spine fractures include fractures of C1-C2 as well as burst, compression, and teardrop fractures of the lower cervical vertebrae. Humerus fractures are classified as one, two, three, or four-part fractures. Distal radius fractures include Colles', Smith's, Barton's, and Galeazzi fractures. Hip fractures are classified as femoral neck, intertrochanteric, or subtrochanteric fractures. Common foot fractures are Lisfranc fractures and fractures of the metatarsals

2. Basilar skull fracture
Blowout fracture - a fracture of the walls or floor of the orbit
A severe blow to the orbit (as from a baseball) may cause the contents
of the orbital cavity to explode downward through the floor of the orbit
into the maxillary sinus. Damage to the infraorbital nerve, resulting in
altered sensation to the skin of the cheek, upper lip, and gum, may
occur.
Mandibular fracture
Nasal fracture
Fractures of the nasal bones, because of the prominence of the nose,
are the most common facial fractures; the overlying skin may also be
lacerated. Although most are simple fractures and are reduced under
local anesthesia, some are associated with severe injuries to the nasal
septum and require careful treatment under general anesthesia.

3. Le Fort fracture of skull - facial fractures
involving the maxillary bone and surrounding
structures in a usually bilateral and either
horizontal, pyramidal or transverse way.
Maxillofacial fractures usually occur as the
result of massive facial trauma. There is
extensive facial swelling, midface mobility of
the underlying bone on palpation, malocclusion
of the teeth with anterior open bite, and
possibly leakage of cerebrospinal fluid

5. Cervical fracture
Fracture of C1, including Jefferson fracture
Fracture of C2, including Hangman's fracture
Flexion teardrop fracture - a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect
of a cervical vertebral
Clay-shoveler fracture - fracture through the spinous
process of a vertebra occurring at any of the lower cervical
or upper thoracic vertebrae
Burst fracture - in which a vertebra breaks from a high-
energy axial load
Compression fracture - a collapse of a vertebra, often in
the form of wedge fractures due to larger compression
anteriorly.
Chance fracture - compression injury to the anterior portion
of a vertebral body with concomitant distraction injury to
posterior elements
Holdsworth fracture - an unstable fracture dislocation of
the thoracolumbar junction of the spine

6. Rib fracture
Sternal fracture
Shoulder fracture
Clavicle fracture
Classification is based on fracture location:
– Fracture located at medial, middle (most common), or distal third of
the clavicle.
Clinical Features
• Pain in the shoulder region
• May or may not have an obvious deformity
Scapular fracture
Scapular fractures commonly occur in association with other serious
injuries. The diagnosis
often is easily missed on the initial exam.
• Mechanism typically is a direct blow to the shoulder usually after a
significant, highvelocity trauma (MVA, motorcycle accident).
• Associated with other significant injuries such as rib fractures,
pulmonary contusions, pneumothorax/hemothorax.
• Fracture sites: glenoid, glenoid rim, coracoid, scapular neck and
body, acromion

7. Arm fracture
Humerus fracture (fracture of upper arm)
Holstein-Lewis fracture - a fracture of the distal third
of the humerus resulting in entrapment of the radial
nerve.
Posadas fracture – transcondylar fracture of the
elbow

8. Four-Part Classification
One-part humeral fracture: nondisplaced,
impacted fractures. All parts still in alignment.
Two-part humeral fracture: one fragment is
displaced with respect to the other three.
Three-part humeral fracture: two fragments are
displaced.
Four-part humeral fracture: all fragments are
displaced.

10. Radius fracture
Essex-Lopresti fracture - a fracture of the radial
head with concomitant dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar
joint with disruption of the interosseous membrane.
Radial Head Fracture
• Dislocations of the elbow are commonly associated with radial
head fractures
Classification
• Type I: nondisplaced
• Type II: marginal radial head fracture, minimal displacement
• Type III: comminuted fracture

12. Distal radius fracture
 Galeazzi fracture - a fracture of the radius with
dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint
 Colles' fracture - a distal fracture of the radius with
dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand
 Smith's fracture - a distal fracture of the radius with
volar (ventral) displacement of the wrist and hand
 Barton's fracture - an intra-articular fracture of the distal
radius with dislocation of the radiocarpal joint

14. Ulnar fracture
Monteggia fracture - a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna
with the dislocation of the head of the radius
Hume fracture - a fracture of the olecranon with an
associated anterior dislocation of the radial head
Night Stick fracture – fracture of the shaft of the ulna
Olecranon Fracture
• Direct blow to the elbow such as a fall onto the elbow with the elbow
flexed.
• Fall on an outstretched arm in association with a dislocation.
Classification
• Nondisplaced
• Displaced
Clinical Features
• Swelling and ecchymosis with an obvious deformity.
• Pain on gentle range of motion.
• Numbness and paresthesias with radiation distally to the fourth and
fifth digits with ulnar nerve involvement.

15. SCAPHOID FRACTURE
General
• One of the most common fractures of the wrist
comprising 70% of carpal bone fractures.
Mechanism of Injury
• A fall or blow on a hyperextended (dorsiflexed) wrist.
• Osteonecrosis of the bone may develop secondary to
its blood supply.
• The majority of the blood supply is to the distal 1/3 of
the bone. Therefore, the middle and proximal portion of
the bone have a large nonunion rate (1/3 developing
osteonecrosis).

16. HAMATE FRACTURES
General
• Body fractures often from direct trauma.
• Fractures of the hook of the hamate can occur at end swing while
holding a racquet, bat,
or club.
Clinical Features
• Ulnar and palmar wrist pain with racquet, bat, or club swing.
• Pain over the hook of the hamate.
• Pain over the dorsoulnar hamate.
TRAPEZIUM FRACTURES
General
• Isolated fractures are rare.
• May occur when the base of the thumb metacarpal is forced by axial
load into the trapezium.
• Can occur also as an avulsion fracture.

17. Rolando fracture - a comminuted intra-
articular fracture through the base of the
first metacarpal bone
Bennett's fracture - a fracture of the base of the first
metacarpal bone which extends into
the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint.
Boxer's fracture - a fracture at the neck of
a metacarpal

18. Pelvic fracture
Duverney fracture - an isolated pelvic fracture
involving only the iliac wing.
HIP FRACTURES
General
• Osteoporosis of the hip carries increased incidence of
fracture.
• Osteoporosis of the hip is associated with both fixed
and modifiable risk factors.
– Fixed risk factors include age, sex, and race.
Approximately 60% of hip fractures occur in patients >
75 years of age.
Females have higher incidence of hip fracture than
males.

19. Classification is based on the anatomy of the
proximal femur and consists of 3 main types:
intracapsular, intertrochanteric, and
subtrochanteric

20. INTRACAPSULAR OR FEMORAL NECK
FRACTURES
• Morbidity associated with the fracture involves
disruption of the blood vessels to the femoral head
causing necrosis.
• Postoperatively, complications can include a nonunion
or osteonecrosis.

21. • Fractures of the femoral neck are classified by Garden
Classification
– Stage I: incomplete, nondisplaced with occasional valgus
angulation.
– Stage II: complete, nondisplaced, occasionally unstable.
– Stage III: displaced with the hip joint capsule partially intact.
– Stage IV: displaced with the hip joint capsule completely
disrupted.

22. INTERTROCHANTERIC HIP FRACTURES
General
• This is the most common type of hip fracture.
• Highly fragmented fractures may result in significant blood loss and
hypovolemia.
• Postoperatively, a leg length discrepancy may result due to comminution
status postfixation.
• Moderately high forces are generated in this area, and a strong fixation is
required.
• Fractures may be undisplaced, displaced 2-part fractures, or unstable 3-
part fractures.

23. SUBTROCHANTERIC HIP FRACTURES
General
• This region is subjected to very high mechanical
stresses and is the most difficult to stabilize
surgically.
• Fractures may be simple, fragmented, or
comminuted.

24. Patella fracture
Crus fracture
Tibia fracture
Bumper fracture - a fracture of
the lateral tibial plateau caused by a
forced valgus applied to the knee
Segond fracture - an avulsion fracture of
the lateral tibial condyle
Gosselin fracture - a fractures of the
tibial plafond into anterior and posterior fragments
Toddler's fracture - an undisplaced and spiral
fracture of the distal third to distal half of the tibia

25. Fibular fracture
Maisonneuve fracture - a spiral fracture of the
proximal third of the fibula associated with a tear
of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the
interosseous membrane.
Le Fort fracture of ankle - a vertical fracture of
the antero-medial part of
the distal fibula with avulsion of the anterior
tibiofibular ligament.
Bosworth fracture - a fracture with an associated
fixed posterior dislocation of the proximal fibular
fragment which becomes trapped behind
the posterior tibial tubercle. The injury is caused
by severe external rotation of the ankle.[10]

26. Trimalleolar fracture - involving the lateral
malleolus, medial malleolus and the distal
posterior aspect of the tibia
Bimalleolar fracture - involving the lateral
malleolus and the medial malleolus.
Pott's fracture

27. Foot fracture
Lisfranc fracture - in which one or all of
the metatarsals are displaced from the tarsus
Jones fracture - a fracture of the proximal end of
the fifth metatarsal
March fracture - a fracture of the distal third of one
of the metatarsals occurring because of recurrent
stress
Nutcracker fracture: cuboid fracture
Calcaneal fracture