This document provides an overview of fractures and dislocations, including: - A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone, while a dislocation is the complete displacement of articular surfaces from one another. - Fractures can be classified based on etiology (traumatic, pathological, stress), displacement, relationship to external environment (closed, open), complexity of treatment (simple, complex), and pattern (transverse, oblique, etc.). - Pathological fractures occur through weakened bone from underlying disease. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause and stabilizing the fracture. - Dislocations can cause immediate complications like neurovascular injury or long-term issues like recurrence, stiffness and arthritis.

1. FRACTURES & DISLOCATIONS-
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
DR.SUNIL KUMAR
ASST.PROFESSOR
DEPTOF GEN.SURGERY
MNR MEDICAL COLLEGE ,SANGAREDDY
11-11-2018

2. • A fracture is a break in the continuity of a
bone.
Classification
• on the basis of aetiology,
• the relationship of the fracture with the
external environment,
• the displacement of the fracture, and the
pattern of the fracture.

3. ON THE BASIS OF AETIOLOGY
Traumatic fracture:
• A fracture sustained due to trauma is called a traumatic
fracture.
• Normal bone can withstand considerable force, and
breaks only when subjected to excessive force.
• Most fractures seen in day-to-day practice fall into this
category
e.g., fractures caused by a fall,
road traffic accident,
fight etc.

4. Pathological fracture:
A fracture through a bone which has been made
weak by some underlying disease is called a
pathological fracture.
• A trivial or no force may be required to cause
such a fracture
• e.g., a fracture through a bone weakened by
metastasis.
• Although, traumatic fractures have a predictable
and generally successful outcome, pathological
fractures often go into non-union.

5. Stress Fracture
• This is a special type of fracture sustained due
to chronic repetitive injury (stress) causing a
break in bony trabeculae.
• These often present as only pain and may not
be visible on X-rays.

6. ON THE BASIS OF DISPLACEMENTS
Undisplaced fracture:
• These fractures are easy to identify by the
absence of significant displacement.
Displaced fracture:
• The factors responsible for displacement are:
• (i) the fracturing force;
• (ii) the muscle pull on the fracture fragments;
and

7. • (iii) the gravity. While describing the
displacements of a fracture, conventionally, it
is the displacement of the distal fragment in
relation to the proximal fragment which is
mentioned.
• The displacement can be in the form of shift,
angulation or rotation (Fig-1.1).

9. ON THE BASIS OF RELATIONSHIP WITH
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Closed fracture:
• A fracture not communicating with the external
environment, i.e., the overlying skin and other
soft tissues are intact, is called a closed fracture.
• Open fracture: A fracture with break in the
overlying skin and soft tissues, leading to the
fracture communicating with the external
environment, is called an open fracture.
• A fracture may be open from within or outside,
the so called internally or externally open
fracture respectively.

10. a) Internally open (from within): The sharp fracture
end pierces the skin from within, resulting in an
open fracture.
b) Externally open (open from outside): The object
causing the fracture lacerates the skin and soft
tissues over the bone, as it breaks the bone,
resulting in an open fracture.
• Exposure of an open fracture to the external
environment makes it prone to infection. This risk
is more in externally open fracture.

11. ON THE BASIS OF COMPLEXITY OF
TREATMENT
Simple fracture:
• A fracture in two pieces, usually easy to treat,
is called simple fracture,
• e.g. A transverse fracture of humerus.
Complex fracture:
A fracture in multiple pieces, usually difficult to
treat, is called complex fracture,
e.g. a communited fracture of tibia.

12. ON THE BASIS OF QUANTUM OF FORCE
CAUSING FRACTURE
• High-velocity injury: These are fractures
sustained as a result of severe trauma force,
as in traffic accidents.
• In these fractures, there is severe soft tissue
injury (periosteal and muscle injury).
• There is extensive devascularisation of
fracture ends.
• Such fractures are often unstable, and slow to
heal.

13. LOW-VELOCITY INJURY
• These fractures are sustained as a result of mild
trauma force, as in a fall.
• There is little associated soft tissue injury, and
hence these fractures often heal predictably.
• Lately, there is a change in the pattern of
fractures due to shift from low-velocity to high-
velocity injuries.
• More complex fractures, which are difficult to
treat.

14. ON THE BASIS OF PATTERN
Transverse fracture:
• In this fracture, the fracture line is
perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.
• Such a fracture is caused by a tapping or
bending force (Fig-1.2).

16. Oblique fracture
• In this fracture, the fracture line is oblique.
• Such a fracture is caused by a bending force
which, in addition, has a component along the
long axis of the bone.

17. Spiral fracture:
• In this fracture, the fracture line runs spirally in
more than one plane.
• Such a fracture is caused by a primarily twisting
force.
Comminuted fracture:
• This is a fracture with multiple fragments.
• It is caused by a crushing or compression force
along the long axis of the bone.

18. SEGMENTAL FRACTURE
• In this type, there are two fractures in one
bone, but at different levels.
• A fracture may have a combination of two or
more patterns.
• For example, it may be a comminuted but
primarily a transverse fracture.

19. FRACTURES WITH EPONYMS
• Some fractures are better known by names,
mostly of those who first described them.
Monteggia fracture-dislocation:
• Fracture of the proximal third of the ulna,
with dislocation of the head of the radius.
Galeazzi fracture-dislocation:
• Fracture of the distal third of the radius with
dislocation of the distal radio-ulnar joint.

20. Night-stick fracture:
• Isolated fracture of the shaft of the ulna,
sustained while trying to ward off a stick blow.
Colles’ fracture:
• A fracture occurring in adults, at the cortico-
cancellous junction of the distal end of the
radius with dorsal tilt and other displacements
.

21. Smith's fracture
• A fracture occurring in adults, at the cortico-
cancellous junction of the distal end of the
radius with ventral tilt and other
displacements (reverse of Colles').

22. Barton's fracture (Marginal fracture):
• Intra-articular fractures through the distal
articular surface of the radius, taking a margin,
anterior or posterior, of the distal radius with
the carpals, displaced anteriorly or posteriorly
.
Chauffeur fracture:
• An intra-articular, oblique fracture of the
styloid process of the radius.

23. Bennett's fracture-dislocation:
• It is an oblique, intraarticular fracture of the
base of the first metacarpal with subluxation
of the trapezio-metacarpal joint.
Boxers' fracture:
• It is a ventrally displaced fracture through the
neck of the 5th metacarpal, usually occurs in
boxers.

24. Side-swipe fracture:
• It is an elbow injury sustained when one's
elbow, projecting out of a car, is ‘side swept’
by another vehicle.
• It has a combination of fractures of the distal
end of the humerus with fractures of proximal
ends of radius and/or ulna.
• It is also called baby car fracture.

25. Bumper fracture:
• It is a comminuted, depressed fracture of the
lateral condyle of the tibia.
Pott's fracture: Bimalleolar ankle fracture.
Cotton's fracture: Trimalleolar ankle fracture.
Massonaise's fracture:
• It is a type of ankle fracture in which fracture
of the neck of the fibula occurs.

26. Pilon fracture:
• It is a comminuted intra-articular fracture of
the distal end of the tibia.
Aviator's fracture: Fracture of neck of the talus.
Chopart fracture-dislocation: A fracture-
dislocation through inter-tarsal joints.

27. Jone's fracture:
Avulsion fracture of the base of the 5th
metatarsal.
Rolando fracture: Fracture of the base of the
first metacarpal (extra-articular).
Jefferson’s fracture: Fracture of the first cervical
vertebra.

28. • Whiplash injury: Cervical spine injury where
sudden flexion followed by hyperextension
takes place.
• Chance fracture: Also called seat belt fracture,
the fracture line runs horizontally through the
body of the vertebra, through and through, to
the posterior elements

29. • March fracture: Fatigue fracture of the shaft
of 2nd or 3rd metatarsal.
• Burst fracture: It is a comminuted fracture of
the vertebral body where fragments ‘‘burst
out’’ in different directions.
• Clay-Shoveller fracture: It is an avulsion
fracture of spinous process of one or more of
the lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebrae.

30. • Hangman's fracture: It is a fracture through
the pedicle and lamina of C2 vertebra, with
subluxation of C2 over C3, sustained in
hanging.
• Dashboard fracture: A fracture of posterior lip
of the acetabulum, often associated with
posterior dislocation of the hip.
• Straddle fracture: Bilateral superior and
inferior pubic rami fractures.

31. • Malgaigne's fracture: A type of pelvis fracture
in which there is a combination of fractures,
pubic rami anteriorly and sacro-iliac joint or
ilium posteriorly, on the same side.
• Mallet finger: A finger flexed at the DIP joint
due to avulsion or rupture of extensor tendon
at the base of the distal phalanx.

32. PATHOLOGICAL FRACTURES
• A fracture is termed pathological when it occurs
in a bone made weak by some disease (Fig-1.3).
• Often, the bone breaks as a result of a trivial
trauma, or even spontaneously.
CAUSES
• A bone may be rendered weak by a disease
localised to that particular bone, or by a
generalised bone disorder. Table–1.1 gives some
of the common causes of pathological fractures.

36. • Osteoporosis is the commonest cause of
pathological fracture.
• The bones most often affected are the
vertebral bodies (thoracic and lumbar).
• Other common fractures associated with
osteoporosis are fracture of the neck of the
femur and Colles' fracture.

37. • A local or circumscribed lesion of the bone,
responsible for a pathological fracture, may be
due to varying causes in different age groups
(Table–1.2).
• In children, it is commonly due to chronic
osteomyelitis or a bone cyst.
• In adults, it is often due to a bone cyst or giant
cell tumour.
• In elderly people, metastatic tumour is a
frequent cause.

38. DIAGNOSIS
• A fracture sustained without a significant
trauma should arouse suspicion of a
pathological fracture.
• The patient may be a diagnosed case of a
disease known to produce pathological
fractures (e.g., a known case of malignancy).

39. • At times, the patient may present with a
pathological fracture, the cause of which is
determined only after a detailed work up.

40. TREATMENT
• Treatment of a pathological fracture consists of:
• (i) detecting the underlying cause of the fracture;
• (ii) making an assessment of the capacity of the
fracture to unite, based on the nature of the
underlying disease.
• A fracture in a bone affected by a generalised
disorder like Paget's disease, osteogenesis
imperfecta or osteoporosis is expected to unite
with conventional methods of treatment.

41. • Fractures occurring in osteomyelitic bones
often take a long time, and sometimes fail to
unite despite best efforts.
• Fractures through metastatic bone lesions
often do not unite at all, though the union
may occur if the malignancy has been brought
under control with chemotherapy or
radiotherapy.

42. • With the availability of facilities for internal fixation,
more and more pathological fractures are now treated
operatively with an aim to:
• (i) enhance the process of union by bone grafting (e.g.
in bone cyst or benign tumour);
• or (ii) mobilise the patient by surgical stabilisation of
the fracture.
• Achieving stable fixation in these fractures is difficult
because of the bone defect caused by the underlying
pathology.
• The defect may have to be filled using bone grafts or
bone cement

43. DISLOCATION
• A joint is dislocated when its articular surfaces
are completely displaced, one from the other,
so that all contact between them is lost ( Fig-
1.4).

48. COMPLICATIONS
• As with a fracture, complications following a
dislocation can be immediate, early or late.
• Immediate complication is an injury to the
neurovascular bundle of the limb.
Early complications
(i) recurrence;
(ii) myositis ossificans;
(iii)persistent instability;
(iv) joint stiffness.

49. Late complications
(i) recurrence;
(ii) osteoarthritis;
(iii) avascular necrosis.

50. TREATMENT
• Treatment of a dislocation or subluxation
depends upon its type, as discussed below:
• Acute traumatic dislocation: In acute
traumatic dislocation, an urgent reduction of
the dislocation is of paramount importance.
• Often it is possible to do so by conservative
methods, although sometimes operative
reduction may be required.

51. a) Conservative methods: A dislocation may be
reduced by closed manipulative manoeuvres.
• Reduction of a dislocated joint is one of the most
gratifying jobs an orthopaedic surgeon is called
upon to do, as it produces instant pain relief to
the patient.
• Prolonged traction may be required for reducing
some dislocations.

52. b) Operative methods: Operative reduction may be
required in some cases.
Following are some of the indications:
• Failure of closed reduction, often because the
dislocation is detected late.
• Fracture-dislocation:
(i) if the fracture has produced significant incongruity of
the joint surfaces;
(ii) a loose piece of bone is lying within the joint;
(iii) the dislocation is difficult to maintain by closed
treatment.

53. OLD UNREDUCED DISLOCATIONS
• This often needs operative reduction. In some
cases, if the function of the dislocated joint is
good, nothing needs to be done.
• Recurrent dislocations; An individual episode
is treated like a traumatic dislocation.
• For prevention of recurrences, reconstructive
procedures are required.

54. THANK YOU