This document discusses radiological examination and x-rays. It notes that x-rays are used to diagnose fractures and dislocations, evaluate displacements, and study the nature of force causing fractures. It provides guidance on requesting x-rays, including specifying the area of suspicion and requesting appropriate views. It also discusses special views that better show fractures in some cases, such as oblique views for wrist fractures. Finally, it lists important points to note when reading an x-ray, such as the affected bone and part, fracture level and pattern, and whether it is fresh or old.

2. WHY RADIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION?
 FOR DIAGNOSIS OF #/DISLOCATION
 EVALUATION OF displacements, if
any
 Studying the nature of force causing
fracture

3. ASKING FOR AN X-RAY
• Following points should be kept in mind
 Both, antero-posterior and lateral views
should be requested in most situations
 Joint above and below should be included
 For x-ray of hands and feets, antero-posterior
and oblique views (not lateral) are requried

4. ASKING FOR AN X-RAY
• X-ray requisition must specify the area
of suspicion
• Eg- if and injury to D12 is suspected , ask for
an X-ray of the dorso-lumbar spine focussing
D12.
• Eg- In cases of suspected pelvic injury X-ray of
the pelvis with both hip joint

5. ASKING FOR AN X-RAY
• Special views shows fractures better in some
cases

6. SPECIAL VIEWS
• Oblique view wrist for scaphoid fracture

7. SPECIAL VIEWS
• Judet view for acetabular fracture

8. SPECIAL VIEWS
• Merchant view for patello-femoral joint

9. SPECIAL VIEWS
• Skyline view for calcaneum fracture

11. READING AN X-RAY
• One must note following points:
1. Which bone is affected?
2. Which part of bone is affected?
3. What level is the fracture? (1/3rd)
4. What is the pattern of fracture?

12. READING AN X-RAY
5. Is the fracture displaced?
6. Is the fracture line extending into the
nearby joint?
7. Does the underlying bone appear
pathological?
8. Is it fresh or an old fracture?