This document investigates the use of different blends of biodiesel produced from white grape seed oil and diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. White grape seed oil is converted to biodiesel using a catalytic cracking process with an alumina catalyst. The biodiesel is then blended with diesel in ratios of B25, B50, B75 and B100. The blended fuels are tested in a single cylinder diesel engine and their combustion, performance and emission characteristics are analyzed and compared with diesel fuel. Results show that B25 fuel blend provides performance characteristics very close to diesel fuel. However, as the percentage of biodiesel in the blend increases, properties start deviating more from diesel, with reductions in thermal efficiency and increases
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuelsijtsrd
On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. Many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine modification. The vegetable oils have very high density and viscosity, so we have used the methyl ester of the oil to overcome these problems. Their use in form of methyl esters in non-modified engines has given encouraging results.Coconut oil (copra), Waste vegetable oil, Karanja oil (Pongamia Pinnata) is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance characteristics and overall emissions of a diesel engine using different blends of these three methyl esters with mineral diesel. Methyl esters of these three oils were blended with diesel in proportions of 20% and 40% by mass and studied under various load conditions in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be higher than pure diesel. T. Pratheep Reddy | P. Charan Theja | B. Eswaraiah | J. Narendra Kumar"Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7044.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7044/performance-test-on-the-ci-engine-by-using--different-biofuels/t-pratheep-reddy
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuelsijtsrd
On the face of the upcoming energy crisis, vegetable oils have come up as a promising source of fuel. They are being studied widely because of their abundant availability, renewable nature and better performance when used in engines. Many vegetable oils have been investigated in compression ignition engine by fuel modification or engine modification. The vegetable oils have very high density and viscosity, so we have used the methyl ester of the oil to overcome these problems. Their use in form of methyl esters in non-modified engines has given encouraging results.Coconut oil (copra), Waste vegetable oil, Karanja oil (Pongamia Pinnata) is available abundantly in India. An experimental investigation was made to evaluate the performance characteristics and overall emissions of a diesel engine using different blends of these three methyl esters with mineral diesel. Methyl esters of these three oils were blended with diesel in proportions of 20% and 40% by mass and studied under various load conditions in a compression ignition (diesel) engine. The performance parameters were found to be very close to that of mineral diesel. The brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency were better than mineral diesel for some specific blending ratios under certain loads. The emission characteristics were also studied and levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydrocarbons were found to be higher than pure diesel. T. Pratheep Reddy | P. Charan Theja | B. Eswaraiah | J. Narendra Kumar"Performance Test on the C.I Engine by using Different Biofuels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd7044.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/7044/performance-test-on-the-ci-engine-by-using--different-biofuels/t-pratheep-reddy
Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of...ijtsrd
Owing to the rise in demand for petroleum and environmental concerns, the search for alternative fuels has gained prominence. This study examined the effect of the method of extraction of the base oil on the functional properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha, Yellow oleander and Castor oilseeds. The study revealed that the method of extraction had significant effect on the properties of the oil extracted and hence the biodiesel produced from the oil. Hydrogenation during oven heating after solvent extraction affected the unsaturation of the base oils and the biodiesels produced from them. The kinematic viscosities of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were generally higher than those obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The flash and fire points of the biodiesel samples obtained from the oil samples extracted by solvent extraction were higher than that obtained from the oil samples extracted by mechanical extraction. The pour points of the biodiesels produced from the oils extracted by mechanical extraction were lower than those produced from the oils extracted by solvent extraction. Gbashi M. Samuel | Yanshio T. Emmauel | Kingsley N. Nwankwo "Effect of Oil Extraction Method on the Functional Properties of Biodiesels of Selected Oilseeds" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25252.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/25252/effect-of-oil-extraction-method-on-the-functional-properties-of-biodiesels-of-selected-oilseeds/gbashi-m-samuel
Pongamia Pinnata is the scientific name of Karanja. It is a medium sized tree that is plentily found alloverOdisha. There are a lot of research is going on regarding production of Biodiesel from Karanja oil but the main objective of the paper is the production and implementation of Glycerol from Karanja oil. Alcohol glycerol, a clear, colorless, viscous, sweet-tasting liquid belonging to the family of organic compounds; molecular formula HOCH2CHOHCH2OH. In this experiment we have produced Biodiesel as well as Glycerol as a byproduct but we have focused mainly on the formation of the Glycerol and its application. So in a different view point,if the production of value added glycerol can be increased within the same cost of biodiesel production, overall cost of biodiesel can be reduced to an optimum level. The effective utilization of crude glycerol will contribute to the viability of biodiesel. In this experiment, we have taken non edible Karanja oil for preparation of Glycerol by transesterification of crude oil with methanol in presence of NaOH/KOH as catalyst and yielded of approximately 11% (w/w) glycerol.
Use of Jatropha Biodiesel in C.I. Engines- A reviewIJERA Editor
Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional energy sources. Along with their
increasing demands, these are also major contributors of air pollution which is contributing to greenhouse effect
and consequently to ozone layer depletion.
Major portion of today’s energy demand in India is being met with fossil fuels. Hence, it is high time that
alternative fuels for engines should be derived from different indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural
country, there is a wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) from different oil
seeds.
This paper is based on recommending an alternate fuel for diesel engines. Expectations have been high for the
production of biodiesel from the Jatropha oil-crop. Jatropha is promoted as a drought and pest resistant crop,
with the potential to grow on degraded soils with a low amount of inputs. These characteristics encourage hope
for positive environmental and socio-economic impacts from Jatropha biodiesel.
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...IJMER
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Day by day vehicle population in the world is increasing and usage of fossil fuel is also increasing. By using fossil fuel as a fuel in I C Engines will cause for health hazards, Global pollution, at the same time sources of fossil fuels are also decreasing. The countries like INDIA are depending on other countries for the petroleum based fuel and it will affect the development of the country also. The usage of Diesel fuel in India is six times greater than the Gasoline (petrol) fuel. The India has lot of resources to produce Liquid alternate fuels like Ethanol, Methanol, and Bio-Diesel etc... Bio-Diesel is a one of the Alternate fuel for Diesel fuel and it is produced from renewable sources (Plants). The pongamia tree is normally grown in the banks of canals, rivers etc... If the ripen and fallen seeds are collected that is sufficient to produce the bio fuel for the Indian farmers requirements. This paper presents a brief review about different research work done on the pongamia bio diesel. Plenty of researchers are doing their research on bio diesel by various innovative methods, fuel parameters like blending, pre '“ heating, dual fuel and engine parameters like compression ratio, fuel injection pressure, injection timing etc... In this paper various journals are collected from web resources and brief study has been done, concluded. N. Pavan Kumar | K. Hanumantha Rao | K. Radha Krishna"Pongamia Bio Diesel '“ A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14219.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/14219/pongamia-bio-diesel-'“-a-review/n-pavan-kumar
Experimental Analysis of a Diesel Engine Run on Different Biodiesel Fuel Blendsijtsrd
Ever increasing rate in the production of automotive vehicles and the significance of decreasing the pollutions in nature trigger numerous researches to find the alternative solution. Biodiesel has been considered a vital fuel for diesel engine view point. In the present study a single cylinder diesel engine was run fully on non-petroleum fuels blends. In this regard Jatropha methyl ester JME and waste transformer oil WTO were selected as a fuel for the replacement of diesel. diesel engines such as fuel direct injection method is used. The WTO at low percentages 10-40 at regular intervals of 10 on a volume basis , was blended with diesel, to get the fuel blends for the investigation. The performance and emission terms were compared, analyzed and presented in this article. Vidya Sagar Mishra | Dr. Nitin Tenguria "Experimental Analysis of a Diesel Engine Run on Different Biodiesel Fuel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21582.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/21582/experimental-analysis-of-a-diesel-engine-run-on-different-biodiesel-fuel-blends/vidya-sagar-mishra
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECTIVE USE OF MAHUA METHYL ESTER AS ALTERNATIVE TO D...AM Publications
There is an increased interest in many countries to search for suitable alternative fuels which are environmental friendly. Vegetable oils and their methyl esters are found to be good alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition engines. The major problem associated with the direct use of vegetable oils is their high viscosity and low volatility. The best possible method to reduce viscosity is transesterification which produces esters of respective oils. This work presents the results of investigations carried out in studying the properties of mahua methyl ester and its blends with diesel fuel from 20% to 100% by volume and running a diesel engine with these fuels. The engine tests have been carried out to determine the performance and emissions and to compute the behavior of diesel engine running with above mentioned fuels. The B-20 blend substantially reduces the emission level with acceptable efficiency. The properties of methyl ester of mahua oil are comparable with conventional diesel. Further, the tests have been carried out at a constant speed of 1500rpm at different brake power at three different injection pressures. The results show that mahua methyl ester blend (B-20) performs well in running a diesel engine at 200bar injection pressure which is higher than rated injection pressure of diesel engine which is 180bar. Based on this study the methyl ester of mahua oil can be used as a suitable additive with diesel in compression ignition engine.
What is biodiesel?,
Jatropha plant,
Why do we need biodiesel ?,
METHODOLOGY,
Process,
Advantages of biodiesel,
Disadvantages of biodiesel,
APPLICATIONS,
Biofuel production,
CONCLUSION,
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produce...IOSR Journals
The demand for consumption of petroleum products increased with vehicles population.For
addressing the present problem we discussed alternate fuel. Moreover, the alternate fuel must be produced in
such a manner that it can be used directly in present engines without much engine modifications. Edible and
non-edible oils are the main source for alternate fuel. In this paper we have discussed the performance
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with mahua oil using additive. Due to high viscosity and low volatility
of non-edible oils their prolonged use is not advisable. These problems can be minimised by the
transesterification process which is a reaction of triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce
mono alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and glycerol .The biodiesel was blended with additive in various
proportions to prepare a number of test fuels which are tested on a diesel engine to studyvarious parameters
like carbon residue, fire point, flash point, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cetane index etc. and compare
those with that of diesel . The result shows biodiesel with 10% additive (Dimethyl carbonate) is best suited for
diesel engine.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Production & Evaluation of Biodiesel from Karanja Seeds, A Seed Plentily Avai...IJMER
Energy is playing an important role in the development of economy and society both in developed and developing countries. As concern to the environment & vehicular population lead toward fuel crisis there is a trend begin to look for the alternative energy source which are more secure & less pollute. This paper is about the renewable source of Energy i.e. Biodiesel which is more secure & less pollutant as compared to fossil fuel (Diesel). This paper represent the biodiesel production from the Karanja oil which is plentily available in rural Odisha. We have set up a low cost experimental set up in which we have used the transesterification process to produce the Biodiesel and we have found out that the overall quality of the Biodiesel is optimum and satisfactory. The conversion of Crude Karanja oil to biodiesel in our experiment is around 3570 ml out of 5000 ml, which shows a good agreement in the other literature regarding the Biodiesel Production. Also in this paper we have focused on the crude glycerol formation as a byproduct and its utilization. The experiment has been conducted in a controlled environment where the temperature was around 63-67℃ and it has lasted around 92-95 min per experiment with the help of the catalyst KOH and MeOH in the proportion of 6:10 and 8:10 respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Day by day vehicle population in the world is increasing and usage of fossil fuel is also increasing. By using fossil fuel as a fuel in I C Engines will cause for health hazards, Global pollution, at the same time sources of fossil fuels are also decreasing. The countries like INDIA are depending on other countries for the petroleum based fuel and it will affect the development of the country also. The usage of Diesel fuel in India is six times greater than the Gasoline (petrol) fuel. The India has lot of resources to produce Liquid alternate fuels like Ethanol, Methanol, and Bio-Diesel etc... Bio-Diesel is a one of the Alternate fuel for Diesel fuel and it is produced from renewable sources (Plants). The pongamia tree is normally grown in the banks of canals, rivers etc... If the ripen and fallen seeds are collected that is sufficient to produce the bio fuel for the Indian farmers requirements. This paper presents a brief review about different research work done on the pongamia bio diesel. Plenty of researchers are doing their research on bio diesel by various innovative methods, fuel parameters like blending, pre '“ heating, dual fuel and engine parameters like compression ratio, fuel injection pressure, injection timing etc... In this paper various journals are collected from web resources and brief study has been done, concluded. N. Pavan Kumar | K. Hanumantha Rao | K. Radha Krishna"Pongamia Bio Diesel '“ A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14219.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/14219/pongamia-bio-diesel-'“-a-review/n-pavan-kumar
Experimental Analysis of a Diesel Engine Run on Different Biodiesel Fuel Blendsijtsrd
Ever increasing rate in the production of automotive vehicles and the significance of decreasing the pollutions in nature trigger numerous researches to find the alternative solution. Biodiesel has been considered a vital fuel for diesel engine view point. In the present study a single cylinder diesel engine was run fully on non-petroleum fuels blends. In this regard Jatropha methyl ester JME and waste transformer oil WTO were selected as a fuel for the replacement of diesel. diesel engines such as fuel direct injection method is used. The WTO at low percentages 10-40 at regular intervals of 10 on a volume basis , was blended with diesel, to get the fuel blends for the investigation. The performance and emission terms were compared, analyzed and presented in this article. Vidya Sagar Mishra | Dr. Nitin Tenguria "Experimental Analysis of a Diesel Engine Run on Different Biodiesel Fuel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21582.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/21582/experimental-analysis-of-a-diesel-engine-run-on-different-biodiesel-fuel-blends/vidya-sagar-mishra
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFECTIVE USE OF MAHUA METHYL ESTER AS ALTERNATIVE TO D...AM Publications
There is an increased interest in many countries to search for suitable alternative fuels which are environmental friendly. Vegetable oils and their methyl esters are found to be good alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition engines. The major problem associated with the direct use of vegetable oils is their high viscosity and low volatility. The best possible method to reduce viscosity is transesterification which produces esters of respective oils. This work presents the results of investigations carried out in studying the properties of mahua methyl ester and its blends with diesel fuel from 20% to 100% by volume and running a diesel engine with these fuels. The engine tests have been carried out to determine the performance and emissions and to compute the behavior of diesel engine running with above mentioned fuels. The B-20 blend substantially reduces the emission level with acceptable efficiency. The properties of methyl ester of mahua oil are comparable with conventional diesel. Further, the tests have been carried out at a constant speed of 1500rpm at different brake power at three different injection pressures. The results show that mahua methyl ester blend (B-20) performs well in running a diesel engine at 200bar injection pressure which is higher than rated injection pressure of diesel engine which is 180bar. Based on this study the methyl ester of mahua oil can be used as a suitable additive with diesel in compression ignition engine.
What is biodiesel?,
Jatropha plant,
Why do we need biodiesel ?,
METHODOLOGY,
Process,
Advantages of biodiesel,
Disadvantages of biodiesel,
APPLICATIONS,
Biofuel production,
CONCLUSION,
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biodiesel Produce...IOSR Journals
The demand for consumption of petroleum products increased with vehicles population.For
addressing the present problem we discussed alternate fuel. Moreover, the alternate fuel must be produced in
such a manner that it can be used directly in present engines without much engine modifications. Edible and
non-edible oils are the main source for alternate fuel. In this paper we have discussed the performance
characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with mahua oil using additive. Due to high viscosity and low volatility
of non-edible oils their prolonged use is not advisable. These problems can be minimised by the
transesterification process which is a reaction of triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce
mono alkyl ester which is known as biodiesel and glycerol .The biodiesel was blended with additive in various
proportions to prepare a number of test fuels which are tested on a diesel engine to studyvarious parameters
like carbon residue, fire point, flash point, viscosity, pour point, cloud point, cetane index etc. and compare
those with that of diesel . The result shows biodiesel with 10% additive (Dimethyl carbonate) is best suited for
diesel engine.
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteri...ijsrd.com
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. In this present work, experimentation was carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of desert date biodiesel and its blends. For this experiment a single cylinder, four strokes, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer Kirloskar diesel engine at 1500 rpm for variable loads. Initially, desert date biodiesel and its blends were chosen. The physical and chemical properties of desert date biodiesel were determined. The tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of load. The engine performance parameters studied were brake horse power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, exhaust temperature and mechanical efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, HC, NOx and smoke opacity. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the other results of neat oils available in the literature for validation. By analyzing the graphs, it was observed that performance characteristics are reduced and emission characteristics are lowered compare to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity and delayed combustion process. From the analysis of graphs it is observed that B10 and B20 blends are best suited for diesel engine. The present experimental results show that fish oil biodiesel and its blends can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Production and Application of Bio-diesel in Compression Ignition Engineijsrd.com
The continuous increasing demand for energy and diminishing tendency of petroleum resources has led to the search for alternative renewable and sustainable fuel. Biodiesel seems to be a solution for future and being viewed as a substitute of Diesel. The vegetable oil, fats, grease are source of feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Out of four methods viz. dilution, micro emulsion, thermal cracking and Transesterification, the last one is used to produce biodiesel and reduce viscosity. Biodiesel is more suitable for use as an engine fuel rather than straight vegetable oils for a number of reasons; the more notably is its low viscosity. The aim of the paper at hand is towards the production of biodiesel from vegetable oils viz. Karanja, Jatropha by Transesterification process. Fuels were manufactured by direct blending 5% of biodiesels, namely, Karanja and Jatropha and Rice Bran vegetable oil using Magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the fuels were also found out. Later, these fuels were run in Compression Ignition engines to test and compare the performance and pollution characteristics of fuels.
A Technical Review of Biodiesel Fuel Emissions and Performance on Industrial ...IJMER
Biofuels play an important role in many developing countries as a clean liquid fuel which helps
to address the energy, costs and global warming as compared to petroleum fuels. Biodiesel can be
blended to any level to any petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. Blending of biodiesel with small
amount of petroleum product gives control to air pollution. Additives plays and important role in
minimizing the NOx Emission which result in sigh of relief who are opting biodiesel as an alternative fuel.
In the future the biodiesel play an important role in reduce the greenhouse gases In this review article the
reports on regulated and non-regulated emission, durability, economy and performance on biodiesel by
various researchers have seen cited since 2000
Evaluation of Biodiesel as an Alternate Fuel to Compression Ignition Engine a...IJMER
To meet increasing energy requirements, there has been growing interest in alternate fuels like biodiesel to provide a suitable diesel oil substitute for internal combustion engines. Biodiesel offer a very promising alternate to diesel oil since they are renewable and have similar properties. Further it can be used with/without any modifications to the engine. It is an oxygenated fuel and emissions of carbon monoxide are less unlike fossil fuels, the use of biodiesel does not contribute to global warming as CO2 emitted is once again absorbed by the plants grown for vegetable oil/biodiesel production, thus CO2 balance is maintained. In the present work the Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil (Biodiesel) at various blends is used with pure diesel to study its effect on performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The performance of the engine under different operating conditions and blends are compared by calculating the brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption by using pure diesel and adding various blends of Honge and Jatropha Curcas oil to diesel. The exhaust gas analyzers and smoke meters are used to find the percentage of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions.
Ijaems apr-2016-2 Experimental Parametric Study of Biodiesel to Develop Econo...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this globalization realm, there in constant growth in the rate of expenditure of fossil fuels, consequent on ever increasing population and urbanization. This gives charge to depletion of finite resources in the near future. Fossil fuel emission causes global-warming also green-house gases are intangible factor which collectively degrading the planet. As such, the situation demands for an alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the conjectured energy crisis. In contrast to this, if the energy source is clean and renewable, it will reduce the environmental trouble as well. In the quest an alternate and renewable energy resources, scientists have plead with a variety of options among which biodiesel-diesel blends as alternative fuels has become a popular option and is getting the attention of many researchers. This is because scientists have enlist the properties of biodiesel prepared from vegetable oils are very close to commercial diesel and thus it has a promising future as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel being renewable, biodegradable and green fuel can reduce our dependence on conventional/non-renewable fossil fuels and it also helps to keep pure quality of air by reducing obnoxious automotive/vehicular emissions. Possible solution of this problem is to replace or find renewable and economically feasible fuel as an alternative source. Already a lot of work for source which fulfill the criteria of sustainability and economical carried out. But the effluent is critical issues. So characterization and formation of biodiesel with zero effluent is prime objective.
Experimental Investication of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteri...ijsrd.com
Modernization and increase in the number of automobiles worldwide, the consumption of diesel and gasoline has enormously increased. As petroleum is non renewable source of energy and the petroleum reserves are scarce now days, there is a need to search for alternative fuels for automobiles. The intensive search for alternative fuels for compression ignition engines has been focused attention on fuels which can be derived from bio mass in this regard karanja and jatropha seed oil is found to be a potential fuel for C.I Engines. The properties of karanja oil and jatropha oil are determined by using standard methods. The experiment is to be conduct when the engine fuelled with mixing of karanja oil(50%) and jatropha oil(50%) blend by volume and then investigate the performance and emission characteristics of Multi Cylinder Four Stroke Compressed Ignition Engine at different brake power outputs, and then compared with that of diesel.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Experimental investigation of neem methyl ester as Bio-Diesel in C.I EngineNishant Tyagi
Paper deals with investigation of Neem methyl ester as Bio diesel in Compression Ignition Engine and its effect on Power and Emission of the Engine. Concluded results shows about which blend of Bio Diesel is Best for Performance as well as Emission point of view for the Engine
Similar to Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed Biodiesel and Diesel on 4 - Stroke Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine (20)
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
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This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed Biodiesel and Diesel on 4 - Stroke Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine
1. C. Sreedhar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2( Part 3), February 2015, pp.18-23
www.ijera.com 18 | P a g e
Investigating On Use of Different Blends of White Grape Seed
Biodiesel and Diesel on 4 - Stroke Single Cylinder DI Diesel Engine
C. Sreedhar*, Dr. B. Durga Prasad**,
*Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg, Sri Krishnadevaraya Engg. College, Gooty, A.P, India.
**Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg., J.N.T.U.C.E., Anantapuramu, A.P, India.
ABSTRACT
Diesel engine is an internal combustion engine which has made life easy and faster in today's modern life. These
engines are consuming lot of diesel fuel and have been substantially increasing the atmospheric pollution. There
is a concern over the availability of diesel fuel a derivative of fossil fuel, as these sources are limited and in near
future they may get exhausted. Hence, there is a need for an alternative source of fuel which is abundant and
environmentally friendly. A promising renewable and clean burning diesel replacement is biodiesel fuel. This is an
alternative fuel made by different methods like standard base-catalysed transesterification, pyrolysis, thermal
cracking etc., An alternative method called catalytic cracking, a fast reaction process is investigated for production
of quantitative and qualitative biodiesel. Among many available catalysts, alumina catalyst is selected for
production of biodiesel. Catalytic cracking process is carried out on white grape seed oil to convert it into white
grape seed biodiesel. On production of biodiesel, physicochemical properties are tested and compared with diesel.
Biodiesel thus obtained is a very near quality diesel fuel as per ASTM standards this can be used in the existing
diesel engines. Experimental work is carried out on a single cylinder [Kirloskar TV-1 (DI), Water cooled,
4-Stroke] diesel engine with diesel fuel and also with biodiesel blended in various proportions with diesel at
different engine loads. On analysis, it is inferred that there is a minimal deviation in engine characteristics with
white grape seed biodiesel and with its blends when compared to characteristics of engine fueled with diesel. This
gives a scope for further research to be carried out with other catalysts to produce biodiesel with different vegetable
or animal fat based oils.
Key words: Alumina, Biodiesel, Catalytic cracking, Engine characteristics.
I. INTRODUCTION
The recent research shows renewed interest on
biodiesel as a fuel in diesel engines, concept of using
plant based derived oil as engine fuel. The lower cost
of the petroleum diesel has so far attracted the world
to use it as fuel in diesel engines. But nowadays due to
global political crises and other reasons, the cost of
petroleum diesel has been varying constantly.
Moreover, the emission norms are more stringent as
ever before. In this context, many biodiesels have
been used by different countries as an alternative fuel
to overcome dependency on crude oils and to convert
the unwanted biodegradable products into useful
products. Indian modern wine market is one such
promising solution, although it is very small
compared to international level. Indian economy
paving path towards globalisation, people are getting
opportunities to earn more, their exposure to different
cultures and its influence on them reignited the crave
for beverages thus increasing demand for them, as
well for raw material of beverage industry. This
demand leads to increase in grape plantations with
added advantage of favourable Indian climatic
conditions in some states like Andhra Pradesh,
Tamilnadu and Karnataka. Crop can be produced
twice a year from grapevines. In the month of
February harvesting is normally done by handpick.
From many years for wine manufacturing industry
tons of this unviable by-product grape seeds was a
concern. Concept of biodiesel is actually a brilliant
idea that can be considered for extracting oil by cold
pressing of white grape seeds and bringing into
utilization of this oil as biodiesel, which is
economically affordable to some developing nations
like India in particular.
Biodiesel is a fatty acid methyl ester or
mono-alkyl esters extracted from vegetable oils or
animal fat and from other sources of biomass that
satisfy certain standard specifications set by ASTM.
Transesterification is a chemical reaction process of
conversion of plant oils to mono-alkyl esters. Several
available methods are: acid, alkaline, enzyme
catalyzed or non-catalyzed. Reaction rate of
transesterification process catalyzed by acid catalysis
is much slower compared to that of alkaline catalysis.
This process of transesterification by alkaline
catalysts has its own limitations. Commonly used
alkaline catalysts (KOH, NaOH, CH3ONa) react with
free fatty acid content in the oil to form soap. This
reaction is undesirable because soap lowers the yield
of biodiesel, inhibits separation of esters from the
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. C. Sreedhar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2( Part 3), February 2015, pp.18-23
www.ijera.com 19 | P a g e
glycerol and also requires lot of water for washing to
remove residues. So, one among alternate production
methods of biodiesel is catalytic cracking to improve
quality of oil. This process is selected for production
of biodiesel from white grape seed oil.
II.LITERATURE SURVEY
C.M. Fernandez et al. [1] explained techniques to
extract grape seed oil from winery waste and usage
of transesterified grape seed oil as biodiesel, as ethyl
esters showed good flow properties. Morvarid Yousef
et al. [2] investigated two types of shahrodi grape
seed oil (Lal and Khalili) for their physico-chemical
properties, their oil content and concluded that Lal
variety is better than Khalili. Ester Foppa Pedretti et
al. [3] investigated production of bio ethanol from
hybrid varieties of grapes and also evaluated
greenhouse gas emissions in comparison with
European laws. Sophi damayanti et al. [4] using gas
chromatography identified, quantified linoleic acid
one of the main compounds of unsaturated fatty acids
in grape seed oil and also successfully transesterified
grape seed oil. Agarry, S.E et al. [5] evaluated the
citrus seeds (orange, grape, tangarine) as a potential
source of valuable oil due to presence of unsaturated
fatty acids, studied some of its properties and
concluded their suitability as a biodiesel. Silvia
mironeasa et al. [6] studied physico-chemical,
structural characteristics, content and quality of grape
seed oil. M.M.Yunus et al. [7] extracted oil from
african grape seed and tested its properties, compared
them with recommended standards of biodiesel for its
suitability as a fuel for running diesel engines. They
suggested the potential of wild grape seed oil as a
good source of biodiesel, which could be exploited as
an alternative source of fuel.. S Karthikeyan et al. [8]
investigated use of aluminium nano particles mixed
in blends of grape seed biodiesel fuel in a single
cylinder diesel engine of horizontal type. It is
concluded that there is improvement in brake thermal
efficiency and reduction in emissions.
III. CATALYTIC CRACKING
PROCESS
This method is able to crack complex
hydrocarbons to yield less complex structures. With
the help of a catalyst, the reaction is conducted at
lower temperatures and pressures, moreover the
quality and quantity of the product is very near to that
of diesel which is far more superior to oil produced by
transesterification process. In catalytic cracking
process, a batch reactor is filled with white grape seed
oil which has a highly bonded chemical structure
along with 50gms of alumina catalyst per litre of oil.
When heat is applied a rapid chemical reaction
process takes place, in the process complex structure
is broken down in the reactor to a simple structure
producing low density and low viscosity biodiesel.
Yielding of biodiesel starts at a temperature of 2750
C
and continues up to 310°C with some ten percent
residue remaining in the reactor.
Catalytic cracking biodiesel plant consists of a
batch reactor with oil inlet to pour grape seed oil
mixed with alumina catalyst, pressure gauge to
indicate pressure in the reactor, drain hole to remove
residue and safety valve to safe guard reactor.
Fig 3.1: Schematic diagram of Catalytic cracking
biodiesel plant
Heat is supplied at the bottom of the reactor by
using gas burner. Temperature indicator to display
temperature inside the reactor. Smoke produced in
the reactor passes through piping, condenser and
finally smoke is condensed into liquid called
biodiesel that is collected in the beaker.
IV. FUEL PROPERTIES
Table 4.1: Fuel blend percentages
Comparison of fuel properties of diesel and
different blends of white grape seed oil are given in
the table 4.2. Properties of B25 are close to diesel.
Notation
Fuel
Quantity
(litres)
Biodiesel
Quantity
(ml)
Diesel
Quantity
(ml)
B25 1 250 750
B50 1 500 500
B75 1 750 250
B100 1 1000 -
3. C. Sreedhar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2( Part 3), February 2015, pp.18-23
www.ijera.com 20 | P a g e
Table 4.2: Comparison of properties of Test fuels
V.EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
Investigation work is carried out on a naturally
aspirated Kirloskar TV-1, 5.2 kW. Diesel engine with
the specifications tabulated in table 3.
TYPE
Single Cylinder, Vertical,
Water cooled, Four
Stroke Diesel Engine
Loading Device Eddy current dynamometer
Dynamometer Arm
Length
0.195m
Stroke length 0.11m
Compression ratio 17.5:1
Bore diameter 0.0875m
Speed 1500 rpm
Power 5.2kW(7hp)
Orifice Diameter .02m
Mode of Starting Manually Cranking
Injection Pressure 215.7 bar
Injection Timing 230
C before TDC
Table5.1: Specifications of Kirloskar TV-1 Engine
Engine is fitted with eddy current dynamometer
for varying loads and to get accurate readings. Fuel
combustion characteristics of the engine are recorded
using 619 Indi meter hardware preloaded with Indwin
- software version2.2. Time is noted for 10cc fuel
consumption of the engine using stop watch indicated
by equivalent fuel drop in glass burette. Digital
tachometer is used to measure the speed of the engine.
Using AVL gas analyzer exhaust gas emissions CO,
HC, NOx are measured. Density of smoke is recorded
with AVL smoke meter. Before conducting tests on
the diesel engine it's important to check for
prevailing ambient conditions such as atmospheric
pressure and temperature. These conditions have
their own impact on fuel-air mixing ratios as well
combustion process. So it is necessary to conduct the
tests on engine at constant ambient atmospheric
conditions.
Figure 5.1: Schematic Diagram of Test Rig Set Up
VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1. Combustion Characteristics
Graph 6.1.1: Maximum cylinder pressure versus
Number of cycles
Graph 6.1.1 above is about occurrence of
maximum in cylinder pressures attained in diesel
engine for 100 cycles of operation of engine with all
test fuels. Maximum in cylinder pressures are
observed in case of diesel fuel because of better
atomization and complete combustion process. B25
has recorded near in cylinder pressures as its
properties nearly match with properties of diesel. B50
and B75 are exhibiting cylinder pressures in between
diesel and B100.Compared to all B100 is giving least
cylinder pressures of all tested fuels.
Properties Diesel
Catalytically Cracked White
Grape seed oil with Alumina
B25 B50 B75 B100
Kinematic
viscosity
@400
C
(c St)
2.56 2.61 4.74 7.35 9.82
Gross
calorific
value
(kcal/kg0
C)
10660 10404 10080 9756 9429
Sp.gravity
@15/15 0
C
0.835 0 .841 0.855 0.870 0.884
Flash point
(PMCC
method)0
C
44 48 54 61 68
Fire point
(PMCC
method)0
C
48 67 72 78 84
Pour point
0
C
-14 -12 -10 -8 -6
Density @
150
C
(gm/cc)
0 .834 0.840 0.855 0.869 0.883
4. C. Sreedhar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2( Part 3), February 2015, pp.18-23
www.ijera.com 21 | P a g e
Graph 6.1.2: Cylinder pressure against Crank angle
Graph 6.1.2 shows the rise in cylinder pressure
for different fuels at rated load with respect to crank
angle. Curves closeness tells that cylinder pressure
rise for all test fuels is similitude in nature. Pressure
rise is maximum for diesel compared to other test
fuels. B25 gives very close or equal pressure rise with
a maximum difference of approximately 2 to 3% due
to similar atomization. Increase in percentage of
grape seed biodiesel in diesel reduces the cylinder
pressure. This can be due to more density of
vegetable oils compared to fossil fuel derived diesel.
It is clear from the above graph cylinder pressure is
least for B100.
Graph 6.1.3: Heat Release Rate against Crank angle
The above graph is all about heat release rate
pattern per degree of crank angle for the fuels at full
load. The diesel curve is followed by that of B25,
B50, B75 and B100 at full load. Diesel accumulation
is more in the delay period, which releases the
maximum heat as it is having higher calorific value.
Heat release rates for B25, B50, B75 and B100 are
lower due to shorter ignition delays and higher
viscosities compared to diesel at full load. Heat
release rate of B100, B75, B50, and B25 is
approximately 50%, 35%, 20%, and 10% less than
diesel. B25 gives the maximum heat release rate and
B100 gives the least compared to other blends.
6.2 Performance Characteristics
Graph 6.2.1: Comparison of BTE between diesel,
white grape seed biodiesel and blends.
From graph 6.2.1, it is evident that Brake
Thermal Efficiency (BTE) in general of white grape
seed biodiesel blended with diesel and diesel is very
close in nature. The maximum brake thermal
efficiency is 27.1% for diesel and very next close
value recorded is for B25 that is 26.9%. Remaining
B50, B75 and B100 maximum brake thermal
efficiencies are 26.6%, 26.1%, and 25% at full load.
Percentage of white grape seed biodiesel in diesel
increases, there is reduction in brake thermal
efficiency compared to engine run by diesel fuel. This
can be attributed to low calorific value of white grape
seed biodiesel.
Graph 6.2.2: Specific fuel consumption versus Brake
power
Graph 6.2.2 is comparative analysis of Specific
Fuel Consumption (SFC) of test fuels against varying
load conditions. Specific fuel consumption of the
engine is decreasing for all test fuels on increasing
loads. The fuel consumption is increasing with white
grape seed biodiesel blends from B25 to B100 when
5. C. Sreedhar Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2( Part 3), February 2015, pp.18-23
www.ijera.com 22 | P a g e
compared to diesel to develop same power output.
This is because of lower calorific value of blends
leads to injection of more fuel to maintain power
output in comparison with diesel. B25 is giving
similar specific fuel consumption compared with
diesel and at 80% load it is equal to diesel. At full
load specific fuel consumption for B-100 is much
more than diesel. Reason is higher density of
vegetable oils leads to more fuel discharge with
respect to diesel fuel.
6.3 Emissions
Graph 6.3.1: Comparison of Oxides of nitrogen with
Brake power
From the graph 6.3.1 it is observed that
formation of oxides of nitrogen are increasing for all
test fuels up to 80% load and slightly decreasing at
full load. Diesel is emitting more NOx for all loads the
reason may be higher heat release due to higher
calorific value compared to blends of the white grape
seed biodiesel. Considerable reduction in NOx
emission is noticed with increase in biodiesel blend in
fuel. B100 recorded least NOx emissions among all
tested fuels.
Graph 6.3.2: Release of Hydrocarbon with increase in
Brake power
It is inferred from graph 6.3.2 that hydrocarbon
(HC) emissions are increased with increase in load or
brake power however, hydrocarbon emission for
diesel is less compared to all other test fuels. With
increasing percentage of white grape seed biodiesel
there is increment in hydrocarbons emissions the
reason could be due to the flow of fuel rich mixtures
at higher loads and escaping of unburned
hydrocarbons due to incomplete combustion of fuel
in the combustion chamber.
Graph 6.3.3: Release of Carbon monoxide with
increase in Brake power
Graph 6.3.3 reveals that carbon monoxide
emissions are increasing from B25 to B100 when
compared to diesel. At lower loads CO emissions are
close to that of diesel fuel but at higher loads CO
emissions are increasing this is clearly noticed with
widening gap of curves in the figure. In the catalytic
cracking process oxygen in biodiesel escapes out to
atmosphere or it might be consumed in the reaction
process for better oil yield depriving the complete
oxidation of carbon atom.
Graph 6.3.4: Smoke density versus Brake power
Graph 6.3.4 gives clear indication of increase in
smoke density from B25 to B100 compared to diesel.
At top load the smoke opacity is 71, 71.8, 73, 75 and
77 HSU for diesel, B25, B50, B75, and B100
respectively. This may be due to heavier molecular
structure, vegetable oil double bonded chemical
structure, and higher viscosity of white grape seed
biodiesel and their blends. The number of double
bonds present in the fatty acid is strongly related to
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ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 2( Part 3), February 2015, pp.18-23
www.ijera.com 23 | P a g e
emissions. These factors may be responsible for
incomplete and slow combustion resulting in higher
smoke emissions.
VII. CONCLUSION
Extracted oil from white grape seeds by cold
pressing is treated by catalytic cracking method using
alumina as catalyst with constant supply of heat for
breaking complex bond structure making it suitable
for biodiesel. White grape seed biodiesel and diesel
fuels are tested on the four stroke single cylinder
diesel engine. Test results are plotted and on analysis
it is inferred that performance characteristics such as
brake thermal efficiency for B25 is similar to diesel,
specific fuel consumption for B25 & B50 is similar at
full load but it is more in case of B100 when
compared to all other test fuels. A combustion
characteristic like maximum cylinder pressure of B25
is nearer to that of diesel. Emissions such as NOx are
reduced considerably whereas CO, HC and Smoke
density are increasing with the blend percentage of
white grape seed biodiesel in diesel compared to
diesel.
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