The document discusses the important role of soil microorganisms in nutrient management and cycling. It explains that microbes are actively involved in decomposing organic matter, producing humus, and increasing the availability of nutrients like phosphorus. Certain microbes also support plant growth by producing vitamins, hormones, and stimulating natural defenses against pathogens. Microorganisms are key players in soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization. The document also discusses different types of biofertilizers containing beneficial microbes.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
This ppt includes all the various important aspects of bacteria in Agricultural purposes.
Bacteria are found everywhere.The soil provides a favourable environment for various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Therefore, these microbes are abundantly and sometimes densely found in the soil. It is estimated that there are almost one to ten million microorganisms per gram of soil. Among all these microorganisms, bacterias and fungi are the most common. All these microorganisms in the soil interact with each other to create constantly altering conditions. The interactions between these multiple factors are responsible for various types of soil in a particular place and constitute a distinct branch of agriculture microbiology called soil microbiology.
The agricultural industry consists of anything grown or raised for human use, such as livestock, lumber, flowers, and harvesting plants to feed or sell, etc. It is one of the oldest industries in the world, almost thousands of years old. The agricultural industry has changed a lot in the last 100 years. Now, agriculturalists can grow more crops in small spaces. The cost of farming is reduced. Advance study in soil microbiology and biotechnology has brought many changes in agriculture like better quality and quantity crops, improvement in soil fertilisation, etc.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Plant microbe interaction by dr. ashwin chekeAshwin Cheke
PLANT MICROBE – INTERACTIONS AND THEIR MUTUAL BENEFITS IN ENHANCING SOIL HEALTH AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,
IT ALSO INCREASE CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND IMPROVE SOIL HEALTH
This ppt includes all the various important aspects of bacteria in Agricultural purposes.
Bacteria are found everywhere.The soil provides a favourable environment for various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. Therefore, these microbes are abundantly and sometimes densely found in the soil. It is estimated that there are almost one to ten million microorganisms per gram of soil. Among all these microorganisms, bacterias and fungi are the most common. All these microorganisms in the soil interact with each other to create constantly altering conditions. The interactions between these multiple factors are responsible for various types of soil in a particular place and constitute a distinct branch of agriculture microbiology called soil microbiology.
The agricultural industry consists of anything grown or raised for human use, such as livestock, lumber, flowers, and harvesting plants to feed or sell, etc. It is one of the oldest industries in the world, almost thousands of years old. The agricultural industry has changed a lot in the last 100 years. Now, agriculturalists can grow more crops in small spaces. The cost of farming is reduced. Advance study in soil microbiology and biotechnology has brought many changes in agriculture like better quality and quantity crops, improvement in soil fertilisation, etc.
Biofertilizers is one such component of organic farming that keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of micro- and macro-nutrients via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilisation or mineralization, release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil. When biofertilizers are applied as seed or soil inoculants, they multiply and participate in nutrient cycling and benefit crop productivity. In general, 60% to 90% of the total applied fertilizer is lost and the remaining 10% to 40% is taken up by plants. Biofertilizers improve soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen and solubilising insoluble phosphates and produce plant growth-promoting substances in the soil.
This presentation will cover mainly Bio-Fertilizers, This presentation is given by Miss Khunsha Fatima, Bio-Fertilizers, thier classification and importance discussed in detail.
Certain beneficial microorganisms, present in the soil, are known to influence the plant growth, development and yield. These bacteria and fungi may provide growth-promoting products to plants or inhibit the growth of soil pathogenic microorganisms (phytopathogens), which hinder the plant growth. The former is the direct effect while the latter is the indirect effect of growth- promoting bacteria in plants.
The growth-promoting activity of microorganisms and the biotechnological approaches are described briefly with respect to the following aspects:
1. Biological nitrogen fixation.
2. Bio-control of phytopathogens.
3. Bio-fertilizers.
1. Mycorrhiza plays an important role to establish forest in unfavourable location, barren land, waste lands etc.
2. Trees with facultative endomycorrhiza act as first invader in waste lands as pioneer in plant succession.
3. The application of mycorrhizal fungi in forest bed enhances the formation of mycorrhizal association that prevents the entry of fungal root pathogens. This method is very much effective in the root of Pinus clausa against Phytophthora cinnamoni infection.
4. Mycorrhiza mixed nitrogenous compounds such as nitrate; ammonia etc. is available to the plants. Thus it helps in plant growth, especially in acid soil.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...
Importance of microorganisms in nutrient management
1. IMPORTANCE OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS IN
NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
Presented By:
K.Santhiya
2016-11-095
2.
3. Active role in nutrient cycling
Decomposition of the organic matter
Soil microbes create humus
Certain soil microorganisms such as mycorrhizal fungi
increase the availability of mineral nutrients (e.g. phosphorus)
Microorganisms improve the fertility status of the soil and
contribute plant growth-biofertilizers
microorganisms produce - vitamins and plant
hormones(phytostimulators)
soil microorganisms are pathogenic to plants and may cause
considerable damage to crops
4. Antagonism against plant pathogens competition for nutrients
and production of secondary metabolites (antimicrobial
metabolites and antibiotics) and extracellular enzymes
soil microorganisms produce compounds stimulate the natural
defense mechanisms of the plant and improve its resistance to
pathogens ( biopesticides)
Azospirillum induces the proliferation of plant root hairs which
can result in improved nutrient uptake
Mycorrhizal fungi colonize the root systems of many plants and
aid in the uptake of nutrients by the plant, thereby improving
plant growth and overall health
5. Soil microbes create soil structure, fix nitrogen, control pests
and diseases
Dehydrogenase enzyme is often used as a measure of any
disruption caused by pesticides, trace elements or management
practices to the soil, as well as a direct measure of soil
microbial activity.
6.
7.
8. Role of Microorganisms in Carbon Cycle
Many fungi , bacteria attack cellulose and release carbon
Trichoderma, Aspergillus, and Penicillum attack cellulose
Marasmius, Ganoderma, Psalliotta attack lignin
In less acid , neutral condition .Bacteria degrade cellulose
and hemicellulose
Actinomycetes also attack lignin.
9.
10.
11. Nitrogen Fixation:
The process of converting N2 into biologically
available nitrogen is called nitrogen fixation.
1. Nitrogenase Enzyme
2. Bacterial activity
3. Microorganisms involved
Four ways to fix atmospheric nitrogen:
1. Biological fixation, 2. Industrial Nitrogen Fixation
3. Combustion 4. Ligtening
12. Biological Nitrogen Fixation
• microorganisms fix 60% nitrogen for requirement of plants
• Two groups of microorganisms are involved in the process of BNF
Non-symbiotic (free living)
1. Aerobic heterotrophs - Azotobacter, Pseudomonas,
Achromobacter
2. Aerobic autotrophs - Nostoc, Anabena, Calothrix, BGA
3. Anaerobic heterotrophs - Clostridium, Kelbsiella.
Desulfovibrio
4. Anaerobic Autotrophs - Chlorobium, Chromnatium,
Rhodospirillum, Meihanobacterium
Symbiotic (Associative)
1. Rhizobium, in legumes
15. Role of microorganisms in Nitrogen cycle
Nitrification:
The first step is the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite
carried out by microbes known as ammonia-oxidizers-
Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, and Nitrosococcus
The second step in nitrification is the oxidation of
(NO2
-) to (NO3
-)
This step is carried out by nitrite-oxidizing Bacteria,
include Nitrospira, Nitrobacter, Nitrococcus, and
Nitrospina.
19. Role of Microorganisms in Phosphorous
Cycle
The activity of microorganisms in phosphate
solubilization is influenced by various soil factors such as
pH, moisture, and aeration.
Many fungi and bacteria (Aspergillus, Penicillum,
Bacillus) are potential solubilizers of bound phosphates.
20.
21.
22. 1. Mineralization
2. Oxidation
3. Reduction
4. Assimilation
Oxidation:
Oxidation of elemental sulphur and inorganic sulphur
compounds (such as H2S, sulphite and thiosulphate) to
sulphate (SO4) is brought about by chemoautotrophic and
photosynthetic bacteria.
The major Sulphur Oxidiser microorganisms are:
Thiobacillus, Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, Thioploca,
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Microsporum
Role of microorganisms in sulphur cycle
23. Reduction:
Sulphate can be reduced to hydrogen sulphide
(H2S ) by sulphate reducing bacteria
(eg.Desulfovibrio and Desulfatomaculum)
Hydrogen sulphide produced by the reduction of
sulphate and sulphur containing amino acids
decomposition is further oxidized by some
species of green and purple phototrophic
bacteria (eg. Chlorobium, Chromatium) to release
elemental sulphur.
24. BIOFERTILIZER
Carrier base microbial inoculum containing
sufficient cells of efficient strains of specific microorganism
that help in enhancing soil fertility either by fixing atm N,
solubilization or mineralization of nutrient element or
decomposing organic waste by augmenting plant growth
substances with their biological activity.
27. Benefits from biofertilizers
Restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle
Build soil organic matter
Increase crop yield by 20-30%
Replace chemical nitrogen and phosphorus by
25%
Stimulate plant growth
Activate the soil biologically
Restore natural soil fertility
Provide protection against drought and some soil
borne diseases.
