This document discusses forensic serology and the identification of bodily fluids through presumptive and confirmatory assays. It describes tests to identify urine such as the DMAC assay to detect urea and the Jaffe test to detect creatinine. Confirmatory assays for urine include tests for Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein and 17-ketosteroids. Methods to identify feces include microscopic examination for undigested matter and tests for urobilinoid pigments. Sweat can be identified using assays for lactate, urea, and amino acids. Tears contain lactoferrin which can be detected via specific test kits. Milk contains nutrients and proteins like lactose and can be tested for lactose
Fingerprints are common evidences found at the crime scene. This presentation include methods for development of latent fingerprints.
To know more about the topic, follow the link given- https://youtu.be/yQjxkntFH0k
Fingerprints are common evidences found at the crime scene. This presentation include methods for development of latent fingerprints.
To know more about the topic, follow the link given- https://youtu.be/yQjxkntFH0k
Analysis of illicit liquor including methyl & ethyl alcoholDr Raghu Khimani
This ppt gives you information of quantitative and qualitative analysis of illicit liquor including methyl and ethyl alcohol. There are various tests given for analysis of methanol, ethanol, copper, iron, furfural.
recent microbial techniques & advancement in identifying, cultivating,& handl...Karunanidhan3
I tried to include all techniques & diseases that are included in Pharm D 2nd year microbiology syllabus as per PCI. Do suggest if i have to improve my writing skills, on officialkarunanidhan@gmail.com
Analysis of illicit liquor including methyl & ethyl alcoholDr Raghu Khimani
This ppt gives you information of quantitative and qualitative analysis of illicit liquor including methyl and ethyl alcohol. There are various tests given for analysis of methanol, ethanol, copper, iron, furfural.
recent microbial techniques & advancement in identifying, cultivating,& handl...Karunanidhan3
I tried to include all techniques & diseases that are included in Pharm D 2nd year microbiology syllabus as per PCI. Do suggest if i have to improve my writing skills, on officialkarunanidhan@gmail.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
WHAT IS URINE ANALYSIS?
Urine analysis, also called Urinalysis – one of the oldest laboratory procedures in the practice of medicine.
Also knows as Urine- R&M (routine & microscopy)
Is an array of tests performed on urine
WHY URINALYSIS?
General evaluation of health
Diagnosis of disease or disorders of the kidneys or urinary tract
Diagnosis of other systemic disease that affect kidney function
Monitoring of patients with diabetes
Screening for drug abuse (eg. Sulfonamide or aminoglycosides)
COLLECTION OF URINE SPECIMENS
Improper collection---- may invalidate the results
Containers for collection of urine should be wide mouthed, clean and dry.
Analyzed within 2 hours of collection else requires refrigeration.
URINE CULTURE
Culture within 1 hour after collection or stored in a refrigerator at 4oC for no more than 18 hours.
Culture is performed when Polynephritis or Cystitis is suspected.
UTI is most frequent caused by E.Coli.
Other common agents are Enterobacter, Proteus, and Enterococcus faecalis.
URINALYSIS; WHAT TO LOOK FOR?
• Urinalysis consists of the following measurements:
Macroscopic or physical examination
Chemical examination
Microscopic examination of the sediment
Urine culture
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
Examination of physical characteristics:
Volume
Color
Odor
pH
Specific gravity
The refractometer or a reagent strip is used to measure specific gravity
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Normal- 1-2.5 L/day
Oliguria- Urine Output < 400ml/day
Dehydration
Shock
Acute glomerulonephritis
Renal Failure
Polyuria- Urine Output > 2.5 L/day
Increased water ingestion
Diabetes mellitus and insipidus.
Anuria- Urine output < 100ml/day
Seen in renal shut down Volume
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Normal
pale yellow in color due to pigments urochrome (different colour pigments in urine), urobilin (When urobilinogen- degraded product of bilirubin, is exposed to air, it is oxidized to urobilin, giving urine its yellow color) and uroerythrin (red pigment in urine).
Cloudiness
may be caused by excessive cellular material or protein, crystallization or precipitation of non pathological salts upon standing at room temperature or in the refrigerator.
Color
Colour of urine depending upon it’s constituents.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Abnormal Colors:
Colorless – diabetes, diuretics.
Deep Yellow – concentrated urine, excess bile pigments, jaundice Color
Blue-Green – Methylene Blue, Pseudomonas (Bactrium), Riboflavin (Vitamin B2, in FAD give Yellow Orange Color)
Pink-Orange-Red – Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Phenolphthalein, Porphyrins, Rifampicin (antibiotic against TB give orange color to urine)
Red-Brown-Black - Hemoglobin, Myoglobin, Red Blood Cells, Homogentisic acid (Homogentisic acid present in Blood and its oxidized form alkapton are excreted in the urine, giving it an unusually dark color), L-DOPA (Levodopa, is the most effective drug for Parkinson’s disease), Melanin (brown Pigment)
Similar to Forensic identification of uncommon body fluids.pptx (20)
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
3. Presumptive assays
Urea
• DMAC Assay (colorimetric and florimetric)
• Microscopic crystal assay
• Urease assay
• Chromatography GC-MS, Thin layer
chromatography
Creatinine
• Colorimetric assay Jaffe test
• Chromatographic assay GC-MS
Uric acid
• Uricase assay
Confirmatory
assay
• Tamm-Horsfall
glycoprotein
• 17-ketosteriods
*Other bodily fluids, such as sweat, also contain these chemical components
4. Urine
• UV examination - Urine stains fluoresce as
yellow/pale blue in UV light.
• Flame test - On heating gently over a flame, the
characteristic odour of urine may be detected.
6. Urine Microcrystal test
• Urea Nitrate Crystal test - An aqueous
extract of the stain when reacted with
one drop of conc. Nitric acid on a slide
forms hexagonal urea nitrate crystals.
7. Urease activity
The ammonia is detected using an acid-base indicator, bromthymol blue, which
exhibits a blue color. Alternatively, the ammonia can be detected by manganese
and silver nitrates, which exhibit a black color.
8. • Creatinine test (Modified Jaffe’s test) – One drop of picric acid is added to stain
followed by 5% Sodium hydroxide – Brown/orange color shows presence of
creatinine.
9. Measuring the disappearance of the absorption of
uric acid at 293 nm after treatment with uricase that
catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to 5-
hydroxyisourate
10. Confirmatory test for Urine
RSID™-Urine is a lateral flow immunochromatographic strip test
designed to detect the presence of the TammHorsfall (THP)
glycoprotein (sometimes called uromodulin).
Tamm-Horsfall is the most abundant protein present in urine. It is
secreted by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and
then excreted into urine at a rate of 80-200 mg/day
RSID™-Urine is specific for urine and does not crossreact with any
other human bodily fluids.
11. Confirmatory test for Urine :
17-Ketosteroids using LC-MS
metabolite of
testosterone and
dihydrotestosterone
endogenous steroid hormone
precursor
metabolite of testosterone
12. Fecal Matter
• Sodomy
• assault with fecal matter
• Vandalism
• burglary during which the perpetrator defecated at the scene
13. Human feces contain undigested foodstuffs, sloughed intestinal epithelial
cells, intestinal bacteria, bile pigments, electrolytes, and water.
15. The normal brown color of feces primarily results from the
presence of urobilinoids, which are heme catabolic by-products.
The characteristic odor of feces is caused by the metabolic by-
products of the intestinal bacterial flora. Indole, skatole, and
hydrogen sulfide are the compounds that are responsible for the
odor of feces
Feces Macroscopic examination
16. Feces Microscopic examination
• Fecal matter can be transferred from samples of clothing by
scraping with a sterile stainless steel spatula. The fecal matter is
then hydrated in 6% formalin solution for 1-2 days prior to
microscopic examination.
• A small of amount of stain scraping is mounted on a slide with a
drop of Lugol’s Iodine and observed microscopically for
undigested vegetative matter, muscle fibres, etc
• The presence of characteristic undigested foodstuffs can indicate
human feces.
18. Schlesinger and Edelman tests
Schlesinger test
Sample
+
saturated zinc acetate
(1% zinc acetate methoxyethanol solution and
0.2% Tris)
urobilinoid– zinc chelation complex
(green fluorescence under UV at 507
and 514 nm)
Edelman test
Sample
+
mercuric salt solution
a pink-colored compound
+
Zinc Salt
(fluorescence under UV)
sonicated for 5 min, heated at 100°C
for 10 min, cooled, and centrifuged
Limitation: ST vs. ET
Low Species specificity
20. Fecal Bacterial Identification
30% of fecal microbiota comprises of Bacteroides (rod-shaped,
anaerobic gram-negative bacteria that digests complex
carbohydrates and other substances that cannot be digested by
human enzymes.)
B. uniformis
is not detectable in blood, saliva, semen, urine, vaginal
fluids, or on skin surfaces.
considered as a specific indicator bacterium for forensic
fecal identification.
B. vulgatus c
an also be detected in vaginal fluid samples
Limitations:
Species non specific
DIET dependent (Bacteriods rich in
saturated fats and protein rich diet )
24. Confirmatory assay for dermcidin
• a class of human antimicrobial peptides of the
innate immune defense system and plays an
important role in protecting epithelial barriers
from infections.
• expressed in eccrine sweat glands
• The detection can be performed using ELISA assays
utilizing antibodies specific to human dermcidin.
(highly sensitive for 10,000-fold dilution).
• Dermcidin is encoded by the DCD gene. Its mRNA
can be detected using reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays
25.
26. Tear
Basal
Tears
Coats the
superficial layer
of eye
Reflex
Tears
Secreted in
response to
external stimuli
Psychic
Tears
Secreted due to
emotional and
cognitive
It is made up of water, electrolytes,
proteins and mucins. The ratio of each
component varies at different intervals in
the human body.
27. Tear • Tests for tears
• Lactoferrin is the target molecule.
• Lactoferrin (LF), also known as lactotransferrin (LTF),
is a multifunctional protein of the transferrin family.
Lactoferrin is a globular glycoprotein with a
molecular mass of about 80 kDa
• Specific testing kits with patented tech are available
for testing for Lactoferrin.
28.
29. Milk • Milk (Lactation) is a nutrient-rich liquid secreted by the
mammary glands (breasts) of women to nourish their
offspring (child).
• The chief function of milk secretion is to provide nutrition. It
also provides immunity, emotional connection etc.
• Milk contains nutrients, proteins and lactose.
• The first milk produced after childbirth is known as
colostrum and contains antibodies in addition to the
above.
• Human milk and animal milk differs in certain means – PUFA
lipoproteins and Vitamin D are present in human milk and
absent in animal milk.
30. Milk
• Tests for milk
• Lactose is a target molecule – Reagent test kits
• Vitamin D, LDLs can also be looked for using
biochemical analysis.
Editor's Notes
In the colorimetric method, a portion of a stain (~1 cm2 ) is cut and is extracted with 1 mL of distilled water. The extraction is transferred onto a piece of filter paper and is allowed to dry. One drop of 0.1% DMAC solution is then added to the filter paper. DMAC reacts specifically with urea, if present, producing a pink-colored (or magenta-colored) product. DMAC does not react with creatinine, ammonia, or uric acid. The appearance of a pink color within 30 min after applying the DMAC reagent is considered a positive reaction. No color change within 30 min.
Limitation:
However, this method is not specific to urine, as other bodily fluids such as saliva, semen, sweat, and vaginal secretions can also give positive reactions.
A diluted DMAC solution, from 0.1% to 0.05%, can maintain appropriate sensitivity to urine stains and minimize false-positive reactions caused by the detection of low levels of urea that are present in other bodily fluids.
Tamm–Horsfall protein (THP), also known as uromodulin, is the most abundant protein in urine, and accounts for 40% of the urine proteins. THP is exclusively synthesized in the epithelial cells of Henle’s loop.
Under physiological conditions, an adult excretes 20–100 mg of THP into urine daily.
The biological function of THP is not fully understood. It is speculated that it prevents the body from contracting urinary tract infections and from forming renal stones.
17-ketosteroids are substances that form when the body breaks down male steroid sex hormones.
Androsterone, is an endogenous steroid hormone, neurosteroid, and putative pheromone. It is a weak androgen with a potency that is approximately 1/7 that of testosterone. Androsterone is a metabolite of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone.
Dehydroepiandrosterone, also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone precursor. It is one of the most abundant circulating steroids in humans. DHEA is produced in the adrenal glands, the gonads, and the brain
Etiocholanolone is produced from the metabolism of testosterone.
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with the formula C₈H₇N. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indole is widely distributed in the natural environment and can be produced by a variety of bacteria.
Skatole or 3-methylindole is an organic compound belonging to the indole family. It occurs naturally in the feces of mammals and birds and is the primary contributor to fecal odor.
Hydrogen sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula H ₂S. It is a colorless chalcogen-hydride gas, and is poisonous, corrosive, and flammable, with trace amounts in ambient atmosphere having a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.
The formation of urobilinoids.
Aged erythrocytes are disposed in the spleen, releasing hemoglobin that is broken down to heme.
The heme is converted to biliverdin and is subsequently reduced to bilirubin.
The bilirubin is then released into the bloodstream where it is bound to albumin, which cannot be filtrated at the glomeruli.
The bilirubin is transported through the bloodstream to the liver where it is conjugated with glucuronic acid, forming water-soluble bilirubin monoglucuronide and diglucuronide.
The bilirubin glucuronides are excreted into the bile and are subsequently excreted into the small intestine.
In the intestines, the glucuronic acid of the conjugated bilirubin is removed. The unconjugated bilirubin is metabolized by intestinal bacteria, forming urobilinogen.
A portion of the urobilinogen is further metabolized to stercobilinogen.
The urobilinogen and the stercobilinogen are oxidized by intestinal bacteria, forming urobilin and stercobilin, respectively, which are excreted into the feces.
In the Schlesinger test, a sample is mixed with saturated zinc acetate in ethanol solution to form a urobilinoid– zinc chelation complex that emits a characteristic green fluorescence under ultraviolet light.
The Edelman test is a variation of the Schlesinger test. A sample is treated with a mercuric salt solution to yield a pink-colored compound. Further treatment with a zinc salt produces fluorescence. However, less fluorescence is observed in the Edelman test than in the Schlesinger test. Inconclusive and inconsistent results are often obtained using these tests where fecal material sometimes gives no visible fluorescence. Additionally, the intensity of the fluorescence observed varies between samples. The reliability and selectivity of the tests can be increased using a spectrometric measurement of the fluorescence detection of fecal urobilinoids based on the principle of the Schlesinger test. A dry sample is treated with 1 mL of zinc acetate solution (1% zinc acetate methoxyethanol solution and 0.2% Tris). The suspension is then sonicated for 5 min, heated at 100°C for 10 min, cooled, and centrifuged. The presence of urobilinoids can be detected using excitation and emission maxima at 507 and 514 nm, respectively.
The disadvantages of the Schlesinger and the Edelman tests are their low species specificity as both tests cannot distinguish between human and other mammalian fecal materials.
The identification of bacteroides can be carried out by detecting specific DNA sequences of the rpoB gene, which encodes the β subunit of bacterial RNA polymerase
Two fecal predominant bacteroides species, B. uniformis and B. vulgatus, can be detected in feces. B. uniformis is not detectable in blood, saliva, semen, urine, vaginal fluids, or on skin surfaces. Therefore, B. uniformis is considered as a specific indicator bacterium for forensic fecal identification. Sometimes, B. vulgatus can also be detected in vaginal fluid samples. Therefore, precaution should be taken in interpreting the results obtained using a B. vulgatus assay.
Additionally, this method alone cannot discriminate between human and animal feces. Furthermore, fecal microbial populations can be affected by the host’s diet. Individuals who consume saturated fats and proteins, which are abundant in Western diets, have predominantly Bacteroides species in their feces. However, individuals who consume a low-fat and carbohydrate-rich diet have predominantly Prevotella species, also a genus of gram-negative bacteria, in their feces