Standard Protocol and Medico Legal Proforma of Health Service Providers to be Considered as Documentary Evidence of Medico Legal Examination of POCSO Victims...
The child sexual abuse is an under reported offence in India, which has reached epidemic proportion. A recent study on prevalence of sexual abuse among adolescents in Kerala, reported that 36 per cent of boys and 35 per cent of girls had experienced sexual abuse at some point of time. A similar study conducted by the Government of India in 17,220 children and adolescents to estimate the burden of sexual abuse revealed shocking results and showed that every second child in the country was sexually abused among them, 52.94 per cent were boys and 47.06 per cent were girls. Highest sexual abuse was reported in Assam 57.27 followed by Delhi 41 , Andhra Pradesh 33.87 and Bihar 33.27 . 1 Sexual abuse and sex trafficking remain highly prevalent and are among the serious problems in India. In the last two decades, an increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases has been shown in children. Children who are victims of sexual abuse often know the perpetrator in some way. Hence, the problem of child sexual abuse needs to be addressed through less ambiguous and more stringent punishment. Dr. Geetika Sood | Avrida Jan ""Incest and Sexual Assualt on Minor Girls"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23608.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/23608/incest-and-sexual-assualt-on-minor-girls/dr-geetika-sood
Standard Protocol and Medico Legal Proforma of Health Service Providers to be Considered as Documentary Evidence of Medico Legal Examination of POCSO Victims...
The child sexual abuse is an under reported offence in India, which has reached epidemic proportion. A recent study on prevalence of sexual abuse among adolescents in Kerala, reported that 36 per cent of boys and 35 per cent of girls had experienced sexual abuse at some point of time. A similar study conducted by the Government of India in 17,220 children and adolescents to estimate the burden of sexual abuse revealed shocking results and showed that every second child in the country was sexually abused among them, 52.94 per cent were boys and 47.06 per cent were girls. Highest sexual abuse was reported in Assam 57.27 followed by Delhi 41 , Andhra Pradesh 33.87 and Bihar 33.27 . 1 Sexual abuse and sex trafficking remain highly prevalent and are among the serious problems in India. In the last two decades, an increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases has been shown in children. Children who are victims of sexual abuse often know the perpetrator in some way. Hence, the problem of child sexual abuse needs to be addressed through less ambiguous and more stringent punishment. Dr. Geetika Sood | Avrida Jan ""Incest and Sexual Assualt on Minor Girls"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23608.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/law-and-management/23608/incest-and-sexual-assualt-on-minor-girls/dr-geetika-sood
Most of the people are not knowing about child abuse, some people are knowing but not much about laws in India about child abuse are still unknown. So here I am trying to share some information about child abuse with some statistical info and laws in India for child abuse.
Filipinos getting infected with HIV-AIDS continued to balloon notwithstanding the intervention through comprehensive prevention, dissemination and control programs. In Eastern Visayas there were 69 cases coming from most risk population primarily Men Having Sex with Men (MSM) either homosexual, heterosexual and bisexual modes of transmissions. Bearing this epidemic, sexual networking, using the internet for sex served as cruising sites for casual sex and promiscuity maybe accounted for this surge. This study made use of descriptive cross sectional method with 214 active users from different social sites using time- location sampling through interviews, group discussions and questionnaires. Results showed that most of the respondents joined the site for sex and had an average of 1-5 different sexual intercourse for the past three months. Sexual practices were oral, anal and oral-anal. Respondents were aware on the different modes of transmission but fully unaware of existing services of the DOH and were willing to be screened for HIV.
A presentation of Audrey Pereira at the 2017 SVRI Forum in Brazil. The author examines gaps in evidence on children's help-seeking behavior after being victimized by violence.
Sexual Harassment: Is It or Isn’t It - Infographichmuamer
Sexual harassment is often thought of as obvious displays of inappropriate behavior that very clearly crosses boundaries. However, in reality, classifying behavior as illegal sex-based harassment is much more complex.
I was in a Capstone Community Psychology Class at the University of Cincinnati. In conjunction with this course, we worked alongside the Cincinnati Health Department to try to aid in their Sexual Health and Awareness Toolkit that they presented to local communities in the Cincinnati area.
Most of the people are not knowing about child abuse, some people are knowing but not much about laws in India about child abuse are still unknown. So here I am trying to share some information about child abuse with some statistical info and laws in India for child abuse.
Filipinos getting infected with HIV-AIDS continued to balloon notwithstanding the intervention through comprehensive prevention, dissemination and control programs. In Eastern Visayas there were 69 cases coming from most risk population primarily Men Having Sex with Men (MSM) either homosexual, heterosexual and bisexual modes of transmissions. Bearing this epidemic, sexual networking, using the internet for sex served as cruising sites for casual sex and promiscuity maybe accounted for this surge. This study made use of descriptive cross sectional method with 214 active users from different social sites using time- location sampling through interviews, group discussions and questionnaires. Results showed that most of the respondents joined the site for sex and had an average of 1-5 different sexual intercourse for the past three months. Sexual practices were oral, anal and oral-anal. Respondents were aware on the different modes of transmission but fully unaware of existing services of the DOH and were willing to be screened for HIV.
A presentation of Audrey Pereira at the 2017 SVRI Forum in Brazil. The author examines gaps in evidence on children's help-seeking behavior after being victimized by violence.
Sexual Harassment: Is It or Isn’t It - Infographichmuamer
Sexual harassment is often thought of as obvious displays of inappropriate behavior that very clearly crosses boundaries. However, in reality, classifying behavior as illegal sex-based harassment is much more complex.
I was in a Capstone Community Psychology Class at the University of Cincinnati. In conjunction with this course, we worked alongside the Cincinnati Health Department to try to aid in their Sexual Health and Awareness Toolkit that they presented to local communities in the Cincinnati area.
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...Sérgio Sacani
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutrition is the science that deals with the study of nutrients and their role in maintaining human health and well-being. It encompasses the various processes involved in the intake, absorption, and utilization of essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water, by the human body.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. Unit 4: Special Cases in Forensic Medicine
Sexual offences: Rape, unnatural sexual offences, External and
internal findings in living and dead; Protection of Children Against
Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012; Infanticide, foeticide; Medico
legal aspects of abortion, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act,
1971; External and internal findings in living and dead mother, fetus
and infants; Estimation of age of the foetus.
3. ● Rape (Latin rapio; seize,
snatch)
(S.375, IPC (Definition of rape))
(a) Penetrates [Penis]
(b) (b)Inserts [any object, part of
body]
(c) (c) Manipulates [woman]
(d) (d) Applies [mouth]
Statutory Rape: With or without her
consent, when she is under 18 years of age
Sexual battery - Non-consensual touching of
the intimate parts of another.
4.
5. TYPES OF RAPE
Acquaintance rape
Custodial rape
Drug facilitated sexual assault/date rape
Gang rape
Incest Rape
Marital rape
Prison rape
6. PUNISHMENT OF RAPE
Section376 (1) IPC
>7y upto Life
imprisonment (LI)+fine
Section376 (2) IPC
10yr. Upto LI + fine
(Police officer, Public servant, armed forces, jail or
remand house, women children institutions, hospital,
caretaker or guardian, communal or sectarian violence,
pregnant women, girl<16yrs,incapble of giving consent ,
control or dominance, mental or physical ability, causes
grievous bodily harm, repeated rape on victim
Section376 A IPC
Rape outcome: Vegetative
state
20yr. upto LI or Death
Section376 B IPC
(Estranged wife)
2 upto 7yr
Section376 C IPC
(Custodial/control rape)
5 upto10yr.+fine
Section376 D IPC
(Gang rape)
20yr. Upto LI
+rehabilitation
/treatment expenses
Section376 E IPC
(Repeated offenders)
20yr. upto LI or Death
7. PRELIMINARIES AND GENERAL PROCEDURE
S.164A(4), CrPC] Written
and witnessed consent
Presence of female chaperone (one
female nurse + female relative of
victim)
Information of victim: a) demographic data
(name, parents name, address, age, marital
status ,education, occupation)
b)Previous history: menus, gynaecological
operations, pregnancy, sexual experience,
Examination: Mental and Physical Health i.e.
height ,weight, physical development of
secondary sexual characteristics for child
9. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF VICTIM
GENERAL EXAMINATION
Labelled diagrams: age, size and relative position
of injuries on body
Eyes: redness or swelling, petechial hemorrhage ,
dilation of pupil (intoxication)
Pulse and respiratory rate
Gait : legs apart / pain while walking
Examination of Drunkenness
Marks of Violence: scratches, lacerations,
bruises, bitemarks searched for entire body i.e.
around mouths, lips, shoulders and back, breast
and nipples, wrists and arms, Thighs and
buttocks
10. LOCAL EXAMINATION OF GENETIALIA
ANO-GENETIALIA INJURIES
Tears, Ecchymoses, Abrasion, Redness, Swelling
**** for pregnant women injuries in abdomen and breast greater
and injuries to fetus
1st examination and 2nd examination after a day gap (delayed
bruising in lower vagina)
CLITORIS: Red, Swollen, edematous
LABIA: Fingernail abrasion, bruise, laceration,
soiling noted down
FOSSA NAVICULARIS**: small tears 1-2 mm in
size (absent in married women / present among virgin
girls)
FOURCHETTE**: shows tears (absent in married
women / present among virgin girls )
PERINUM***: Torn in children Source: Google image
11. HYMENAL TEARS**:
A)Immediately After Act: Margins of Torn Hymen are red, Sharp, and bleed on
touch
B) 3-4 Days: edges of tears are congestion and swollen
C)7 Days: completely healing but torn edges don’t unite appers as V shaped
D) Months: Appears V shaped
Source: Google image
Picture source: Aggrawal 2016
12. VAGINAL INTROITUS: slightly
edematous , shows abrasion and
bruise
VAGINAL CANAL: Abrasion at
anterior or posterior part
VAGINAL VAULT/Cuff: minimum
mucosal trauma to extensive
laceration seen in case of forceful
insertion of an object in vagina)
CERVIX: abrasion
Source: Google image
13. ANAL CANAL: Tears if anal penetration occurred
BACK AND BUTTOCKS: Grass leaves mud etc
Picture source:Shepherd 2003
Picture source: Aggrawal 2016
19. References
Aggrawal, A. (2016). Forensic Medicine and Toxicology for MBBS. Avichal Publication Company, 325.
Shepherd, R. (2003). Simpson's forensic medicine. CRC Press.
20. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
