1. Poroscopy and edgeoscopy are techniques used by latent print examiners to analyze the pore and ridge edge characteristics of fingerprints. 2. Pore and ridge edge characteristics such as shape, size, position and spacing are unique to each individual and can be used for identification purposes. 3. Edmond Locard first discovered the use of pore analysis, known as poroscopy, in 1912 to help solve criminal cases. Since then, experts have further studied pore and ridge edge features.

1. POROSCOPY AND EDGEOSCOPY
Kiran Malik

2.  In 1973 the identification community in north America
embraced a new standard for friction ridge identification .
 Fingerprint expert using three levels of detail evaluate the
worth of the friction ridge formation.
LEVELS
1. Ridge flow 2. Galton detail 3. Poroscopy and Edgeoscopy

3. RIDGE FLOW ,GALTON DETAILS AND
POROSCOPY AND EDGEOSCOPY
 Ridge Flow : It includes pattern type such as Loop,
Arch, Whorl ,ridge count ,focal area such as Core,
Delta , Orientation .Individualization and matching of
print can not occur in this level.
 Ridge Path (Galton Detail ) : It is known as points.
That includes Ridge ending ,Bifurcation , Short ridge,
Dots ,Island etc. Individualization or matching the
points can occur.
 Poroscopy and edgeoscopy : It is used by latent
examiner and also used on regular basis .Shape of ridge
edge and pore location and shape.

4. INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

6. POROSCOPY
 Poroscopy is applied to a specialized study of pore
structure found on papillary ridge of the skin means of
identification.
 Papillary skin contains aevarage 2700 sweat gland per
square inch .
 Each sweat open in duct on to ridge surface .
 An opening of the ridge surface called pore ,which
continuously excretes sweat.
 Friction ridges begin to form on the human fetus
during 3rd and 4th month of fetal life.

7. POROSCOPY HISTORY
 Poroscopy is a method of personal identification through the
comparison of sweat pores (present on finger ridge of palmer
and planter surface ).
 The method was discovered and developed by EDMOND
LOCARD in 1912 .
 Locard observed that like ridge characteristics the pores are
also permanent , immutable and individual and useful to
establish identity or otherwise of individuals when available
ridge do not provide sufficient ridge characteristics.
 Case of boudet and simonin solved by Locard on the basis of
impressions of pores in latent print.

8.  Pore may open anywhere across the ridge surface ,but they
are most often found near the midline.
 A pore near the edge in the exception.
 Pore may also open on the skin surface apart from the
ridge with only single raised aperture.
 A single pore appear as a dot in fingerprint.
 Two or three pore structure /aperture fuse to form short
ridge
 Poroscopy is the science in which study of pore structure
found on papillary ridge on the skin.
 Microscopic nature of pores and they are not reproduced
by ordinary physical methods of development.
 Poroscopy and edgeoscopyby elizabeth oliver

9. Why identification on the basis of
pores not popular ?
 1. Lack of sufficient and systemic data about the various
aspects of sweat pores such as shape ,size ,position and
interspacing frequency.
 2.The sweat pores may not always appear in latent /inked
impression and their microscopic nature attention to
examine their detail and use them in identification
purposes.

10. MATERIALS AND METHODS
 Plain and rolled inked were obtained on white plain
sheet according to standard method of Henry
 Each individual were requested to place his palm on
surface like paper, glazed tiles, glass sheet, painted
doors and glazed metal surface of fridge etc.
 Features of pores were studied under a simple
microscope with 50x magnification.
 www.anilagarwal.com vol 1

11. FEATURES OF PORES
1) Number of pores under 50x magnification ,average length
of ridge under view was found about 0.5 cm average
number of pores per cm of ridge was calculated .
2) Distance between pores (interspacing )spacing between
pores was calculated on the basis of number of pores in per
unit area .they are classified as :
 Pores with close interspacing where pores were lying very
close to each other and more than 12 pores present on 1cm
ridge length.
 Pores in groups with close interspacing pores lying in
group of 2 or more than two number of pores on 1cm ridge
length were classified.

12.  Pores with distant interspacing number of pores present on
1cm ridge length ranged from 8 to 11 and space between pores
are more.
 Pores with chain like formation pores are connected with
each other making a chain like appearance and number
interspacing present between two pores.
3. Size of pores size of pores divided as minute, medium,
large.
4. Shape of pores on the same ridge was found on different
shape rounded rhomboid elliptical square rectangular.
5. Position of pores on the ridge position of pores was
determine by whether pore situated in centre periphery open
type closed.

13. Medium size pores Large size ,open pores
Minute size pores

14. Square shape pore Elliptical shape pore
Rhomboid shape pore

15. FACTORS AFFECTING PORES
STUDY
 Consistency of ink ,Type of surface holding the ink,
Accumulation of debris on the paper, Ink spread on a
sponge when placed on paper, Amount on pressure.
FACTORS WHICH HAVE RESPONSIBLE FOR CHANGE
OF PORES
 Human ,outside ,biological ,temporary factors
 Dirt on the surface, minor cuts ,abrasions slight.
 Mental conditions at the time of offence, sweating
weather conditions such as temperature ,humidity.
 Cool conditions make the skin expand.

16. EDGEOSCOPY
 Edgeoscopy first came to light in 1962 with a paper by
SALIL CHATTERJI of India Chatterji envisioned on
identification process where characteristics along the
ridge would be compare and evaluate for identification
purpose .
 Edgeoscopy is applied for study of characteristics
formed by the sides or edges of papillary ridges.
 They begin the apertures around the pores join
together in to row forming ridge .
 The ridge have irregular edges and individualistic and
unique as pore .
 Edgeoscopy is used as a basis of identification without
ridge formation .

17. PROBLEMS IN EDGEOSCOPY
 Inked impression of adequate quality for comparison
and difficult task of comparing .Many other
characteristics which can difficult the practical study
of edgeoscopy.
 Technique and pressure distortion also create
problems .
 Any characteristics appear more than one print made
by same finger .
POROSCOPY AND EDGEOSCOPY BY ELIZABETH OLIVER CLPE

18. CHARACTERISTICS OF RIDGE
EDGES
 Straight
 Convex Edge
 Peak
 Table
 Pocket
 Concave Edge
 Angle
 Infinite
 RIDGEOSCOPY BY DAVID R.ASHBAUGH

19. CHARACTERISTICS
 Straight Ridge : Area which is straight with minimal
pressure will straight with increase pressure.
 Convex : Increase pressure the sides of features slowly
filled in producing straight ridge.
 Table: Table are found with conjunct with pockets .
 Pocket : Pocket are easily visible and fairly consistent
in appearance. pocket appear to be pore open to the
surface at low pressure but with increasing pressure
the surface of pore close together resulting enclosed
pore and straight edge.
 RIDGEOSCOPY BY DAVID R.ASHBAUGH

20. SHAPE OF EDGES