PPT describes detail regarding Poisonous snakes in India along with features for Identification with pictures, Difference between Venomous and Non-venomous snakes and Signs and Symptoms of bite, Management of bite and Medicolegal Aspects.
**Hanging is a form of asphyxia death which is caused by the
suspension of the body by ligature which encircles the neck,
the constricting force being the weight of the body
PPT describes detail regarding Poisonous snakes in India along with features for Identification with pictures, Difference between Venomous and Non-venomous snakes and Signs and Symptoms of bite, Management of bite and Medicolegal Aspects.
**Hanging is a form of asphyxia death which is caused by the
suspension of the body by ligature which encircles the neck,
the constricting force being the weight of the body
In the vedio you can see how the presentation was supposed to be
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In the vedio you can see how the presentation was supposed to be
The link :
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To download my Animated presentation vist
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This report details the geological observations and interpretations made during a field investigation of the Kaptai Rangamati road-cut section, located in southeastern Bangladesh. The purpose of this report is to document the exposed rock units, their characteristics, and the geological structures present within the road cut.
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Gliese 12 b, a temperate Earth-sized planet at 12 parsecs discovered with TES...Sérgio Sacani
We report on the discovery of Gliese 12 b, the nearest transiting temperate, Earth-sized planet found to date. Gliese 12 is a
bright (V = 12.6 mag, K = 7.8 mag) metal-poor M4V star only 12.162 ± 0.005 pc away from the Solar system with one of the
lowest stellar activity levels known for M-dwarfs. A planet candidate was detected by TESS based on only 3 transits in sectors
42, 43, and 57, with an ambiguity in the orbital period due to observational gaps. We performed follow-up transit observations
with CHEOPS and ground-based photometry with MINERVA-Australis, SPECULOOS, and Purple Mountain Observatory,
as well as further TESS observations in sector 70. We statistically validate Gliese 12 b as a planet with an orbital period of
12.76144 ± 0.00006 d and a radius of 1.0 ± 0.1 R⊕, resulting in an equilibrium temperature of ∼315 K. Gliese 12 b has excellent
future prospects for precise mass measurement, which may inform how planetary internal structure is affected by the stellar
compositional environment. Gliese 12 b also represents one of the best targets to study whether Earth-like planets orbiting cool
stars can retain their atmospheres, a crucial step to advance our understanding of habitability on Earth and across the galaxy.
FAIRSpectra - Towards a common data file format for SIMS imagesAlex Henderson
Presentation from the 101st IUVSTA Workshop on High performance SIMS instrumentation and machine learning / artificial intelligence methods for complex data.
This presentation describes the issues relating to storing and sharing data from Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry experiments, and some potential solutions.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
2. Unit 2: Medico-legal aspects
Introduction to autopsy and its types; Medico legal aspects: asphyxia, syncope, coma,
suspended animation, death by starvation, drowning, hanging, strangulation, heat and
cold. Causes and mechanism of traumatic death; Classification of traumatic deaths.
Death due to natural causes. Preservation of pathological evidence
3. Medicolegal Autopsy (autopsy: scientific dissection of the dead body)
● Medicolegal AutoPpsy vs. Hospital Autopsy
● Psychological vs. verbal autopsy
● OBJECTIVES OF A MEDICOLEGAL
AUTOPSY (6 W & 1 H in C)
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-NC
4. ● (1) What injuries are present? [description of injuries]
● (2) When did the injuries occur? When did the victim die? [time of injuries
and of death]
● (3) Where did the death occur?
● 4) Which injury caused death? [cause of death]
● (5) Who is the victim? [identification in unknown bodies]
● (6) Why were the injuries produced [Manner of death - suicide, homicide or
accident]
● (7) How were the injuries produced [self-inflicted, by others, which kind of
weapon was involved]
● (8) Collection of evidence (a) External - To collect incriminating evidence from
the dead body (e.g. semen in case of rape, grease and dirt in case of
automobile accidents, rope fibers in case of strangulation) (b) Internal - To
retain relevant organs and tissues as evidenc
5. EXAMINATION IN MEDICOLEGAL AUTOPSY
A. Clothings (1) List - all clothings (2)
Describe - (i) Burns [if present] (ii) Buttons
[loss of] (iii) Color (iv) Creases [lack of] (v)
Design (vi ) Staining [biological fluids/
grease, mud, vitriolage], (vii) Tears
[indicates struggle] (viii) Type of garment (ix)
wetness [as in drowning] (xi) wrinkles
[presence of].
(1) Record height, weight, age, sex (2)
General features (3) Hands - (a) Trace
evidence (4) Skin (5) Eyes (6) Palpate (a)
Abdomen (b) breasts [In females] (c) testes
[In males].
INTERNAL EXAMINATION
7. Source: Agrawal, A. (2016).
(1) Most common
(2) starts from just under
the chin in midline and
goes up to the pubic
symphysis, sparing the
umbilicus
1)Used in neck trauma
2)Starts from the two
mastoid processes, which
form the two limbs of the Y
(1) Used - in females to
preserve appearance
(2) (2) Starts from below both
anterior axillary folds,
goes below the breasts,
meets at xiphoid process
and proceeds down to
symphysis pubis.
(1) Straight incision from
suprasternal notch till the
pubic symphysis,
horizontally till acromion
processes
(2) Used – when exploration of
base of neck is necessary
8. Method of Removal of Organs
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-SA-NC
Virchow’s method
(Rudolph Virchow (1821–
1902), German
pathologist.
(2) Organs are removed
separately one by one and
then studied individually)
Rokitansky’s
method
(Carl Rokitansky
(1804–78), German
pathologist. (2) in
situ dissection)i.e.
infants/children
Ghon’s method
Anton Ghon (1866-1936),
Austrian pathologist. (2)
Compromise between
Virchow’s and Letulle’s.
Cervico-thoracic,
abdominal and pelvic
organs are removed as 3
separate blocks [en bloc
method]
Letulle’s method
(Maurice Letulle
(1853-1929), French
pathologist. (2) organs
oral, cervical, thoracic,
abdominal, pelvic] are
remove en masse in
a single block)
13. COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS
A. Fresh Bodies [Undecomposed]
•Anal swabs
•Bile
•Bitemarks (saliva moistened in saline )
•Blood from peripheral vessel like iliac, femoral
or subclavian
•Bloodstain for blood grouping
•Bonemarrow for Diatoms
•CerebroSphinal from Lumbar region
• Feces
•Lungs for volatile poisons
•Saliva for oral intercourse
Urine
• Vaginal swabs for spermatozoa
•Vitreous humor
16. What Viscera should be Preserved?
Preservatives
Saturated solution of common salt
Rectified spirit: (i) acetic acid (ii) alcohol (iii)
chloral hydrate (iv) chloroform (v) ether (vi)
formaldehyde (vii) formic acid (viii) kerosene (ix)
paraldehyde (x) phenol and (xi) phosphorus.
Preservatives for blood: Sodium floride and
potassium oxalate (100/30mg)
Blood/ Urine (50 mg phenyl mercuric nitrate or
sodium azide)
URINE: A)common salt (b) equal quantity of
rectified spirit (c) some fine grains of thymol (d)
one gm of sodium benzoate
Preservatives for virological analysis
Formalin
Conditions when preservative is not
necessary (analysis/ keratinized
tissue/storage/lungs)
Source: Agrawal, A. (2016).
17. THE AUTOPSY REPORT
(i) Preliminaries –
name, age, sex etc
(ii) History
(iii) Date, Time, Place,
Assistants, Attendees
(iv) Presentation,
Clothing, Personal
Effects, Associated
Items
(v) Evidence of Medical
Intervention
(vi) Postmortem
Changes
(vii) Postmortem
Imaging Studies
(viii) Identification (ix) Evidence of Injury
(x) External
Examination
(xi) Internal
Examination
(xii) Histology samples
Listing
(xiii) Microscopic
Descriptions
(xiv) Toxicology
Results, Laboratory
Results, Ancillary
Procedure Results
(xv) Pathologic
Diagnoses
(xvi) Summary and
Comments
(xvii) Cause of Death
Statement.
18. References
● Aggrawal, A. (2016). Forensic Medicine and Toxicology for MBBS. Avichal
Publication Company, 325.
19. Violent Asphyxial Deaths
● Asphyxia is the interference of respiration due to any cause, i.e. mechanical,
environmental or toxic, resulting in failure of intake of oxygen by the tissues
together with failure to eliminate carbon dioxide.
● Mechanical asphyxia: Asphyxia due to mechanical force. The causes of
mechanical asphyxia are classified into:
● i. Obstructive causes: Smothering, gagging, choking and café coronary.
● ii. Constrictive causes: Hanging, strangulation, throttling, lynching,
bansdola, mugging .
● iii. Restrictive causes: Traumatic asphyxia, burking and overlaying.
● iv. Replacement causes: Drowning.
20. Classical signs of
asphyxia:
● “asphyxial triad” and these are:
● i. Cyanosis
● ii. Congestion of organs
● iii. Petechial Hemorrhages.
● Specific sign: • Example: i. Ligature
mark on the neck in hanging and
ligature strangulation,
● ii. Finger nails abrasions on the neck
in manual strangulation (throttling),
● iii. Fluid in the air passage in drowning
● iv. Food bolus in the larynx in café
coronary, etc
21. ● Drowning: Drowning is a form of asphyxia
caused by aspiration of fluid into air-passages,
caused by complete or partial submersion in
water or other fluid.
● Classification
● (Wet drowning: lungs/Dry drowning: no sign.
Fluid
● Near drowning: initial survival at least beyond 24 hours
and secondary drowning:death following near drowning
after a period of relative wellbeing. )
● Immersion syndrome (syn hydrocution, submersion
inhibition]
23. Fresh water drowning versus Sea
water drowning
Fatal period
Four minutes in Fresh water
and Six to Seven minutes in
Sea water
24.
25. POST MORTEM CHANGES (EXTERNAL)
Picture source: Aggrawal 2016
Picture source: Aggrawal 2016
Wet. Small
aquatic animals
may be found
trapped
SKIN– (A) General - wet, cold, moist,
pale [vascular contraction] (B) Cutis
anserina [CA] [syn, goose flesh, goose
skin] – (i) Appearance – granular and
puckered (ii) Mechanism – spasm of
erector pilae muscles, attached to hair
follicles.
Face – (a) color – cyanotic (b) conjunctiva – congested; show
petechial hemorrhages, especially in lower eyelids
26. Body and natural orifices [mouth, nostrils,
ears]: coated with algae [including diatoms],
grit, mud, sand, seaweed, silt and waterweed
27. POST MORTEM CHANGES (INTERNAL)
Picture source: Aggrawal 2016
voluminous, overdistended.
Swollen with flattening of gyri
Water - (i) Present in
stomach in 3/4 th and
in intestines in 1/4 th of
all cases
free liquid in the paranasal
sinuses
Bruising and rupture –
especially of those
around shoulder joint
Hemorrhages - in the
petrous and mastoid
regions of the
temporal bone
28. Spleen
● Drowning index [DI] - D.I. =
Weight of both lungs and
pleural effusion/ Weight of
spleen
● Values are ≥14.1 in
drowning and much below
this figure in non-drowning
deaths.
29. Accidental drowning vs. suicidal drowning vs. Homicidal drowning vs. Postmortem
submersion ( signs of drowning /hands tied behind/heavy weight tied to
body/intoxicating drugs/Getler’s test/Diatom test/Injuries/drowning in
shallow water/circumtaintial evidence)
30. Features Accidental Drowning Suicidal Drowning Homicidal Drowning Post-mortem
Submersion
1.Signs of drowning
(froth, cadaveric spasm, algae and
mud in finer branches of
bronchioles, water in lungs)
yes yes yes No
2.Hands tied behind back no no yes No
3.Heavy weight tied to body No Extremely rare More common Yes to prevent the
body from
surfacing
4.Intoxicating drugs sometimes rare common common
5.Getler test (Mg,cl,br, Strontium)
Left vs. right heart
+ve +ve +ve -ve
6.Diatom Test +ve +ve +ve -ve
7.Injuries Compatible with scene
of drowning e.g.
Hitting against the
walls of well etc.
No injuries.
If all present, they should be
compatible with scene of
drowning
Injuries on head, if person was rendered
unconscious by hitting on head. Marks of
strangulation, throttling, etc. multiple
bruising
Injuries make be
present
8.Drowning in shallow water Possible if the victim is
drunk
Virtually never seen Strongly indicates drowning eg. When
assailants forcibly holds victim’s head
below water
Virtually never
seen
9.Circumtanstial evidence e.g.
Suicide letter, signs of struggle
Findings in favour of
accident
Findings in favour of suicide Fingdings in favour of homicide In favour of
homicide
10.Presence of footwear by side of
well
no yes no no
31. LABORATORY TESTS FOR DROWNING (DIATOM TEST and GETLER
TEST)
Picture source: Aggrawal 2016
Picture source: Aggrawal 2016
32. Aggrawal, A. (2016). Forensic Medicine and Toxicology for MBBS. Avichal Publication Company, 325.
Vij, K. (2011). Textbook of forensic medicine and toxicology: principles and practice, 5/e. Elsevier India.
References
33. STRANGULATION
*Pseudostrangulation
PM Appearances [in classical
ligature strangulation]
External
Ligature
Signs of Asphyxia
Abrasions and contusions on face
PM Appearances [in classical
ligature strangulation] Internal
Neck – Hemorrhages ( beneath the
ligature mark under the skin)
fracture of ribs (assailant kneeled
on the chest)
Lungs ( show emphysematous
bullae)
laceration of abdominal organs
liver, spleen, rupture of intestines,
gall bladder (assailant kneeled on
the abdomen)
Source: Aggrawal, A. (2016).
Source: Aggrawal, A. (2016).
Pseudostrangulation refers to a situation, where a ligature mark resembling a
strangulation mark [pseudoligature mark] is seen on the neck, but it is produced by
mechanisms other than antemortem pressure by a ligature.
34.
35. Suicidal and Homicidal Strangulation
*Incidence/ligature/number of ligature materials/knots/position of
knot/position of knot/injuries around neck/signs of violence and mark
of struggle/suicide note
36. HANGING
● near hanging.
● Classification
1. According to position of knot
(1) Typical hanging – if knot is at occiput
(2) Atypical hanging – if knot is at any
other position.
2. According to position of feet
(1) Complete hanging – if feet do not
touch ground
(2) Incomplete or partial hanging – if feet
or other parts of the body touch ground
Suicidal hanging : 5-10 min
Judicial hanging: - instantaneous
Delayed deaths – Few days.
37. HANGING
Judicial hanging Judicial hanging is a
method of execution in which a noose is
tied round the neck of condemned
criminal, and he is made to drop between
1-5 m depending on his weight
Partial hanging : body is supported either by ground,
or some object other than the neck
39. If ligature knot presses on
cervical sympathetic, the eye on
the same side is open and its
pupil dilated; the other eye is
closed and its pupil constricted.
It was once believed to be a
hallmark of antemortem hanging
40. overstretching of the
spine because of free
suspension of the body.
Causes stretching and
tearing of small vessels
within the disks
intervertebral disks in
the lower thoracic and
lumbar vertebrae
41.
42. Starvation a severe reduction in nutrient, vitamin and energy intake that occurs
either from withholding of food or from administration of unsuitable
food.
Acute Chronic
Causes
(1) Poverty [most common cause in India]
(2) Fasting
(3) Accidental: (i) earthquakes (ii) famine (iii) landslides (iv)
lost in desert or jungle (v) marooned on island (vi) shipwrecks
(vii) trapped in mines and pits etc
. 2. Medical causes (1) Alcohol and drug addicts (2) Anorexia
nervosa /Bulimia nervosa (3) cancer and stricture of esophagus
(4) Coma (5) Diabetes mellitus (6) Digestive diseases (7)
Mental disorder
Forcefully deprivation
43. (1) In number of days:
(i) Both water and food are
completely withdrawn 10 days
[both adults and newborns]
(ii) Only food withdrawn 60 days
(iii) Only water withdrawn 10 days
[happens rarely when a camper is
lost in desert, has good food supply
but no water]
44. (1) Skin – dry, inelastic, pigmented, rough, thin,
wrinkled. Shows follicular hyperkeratosis and
trophic skin changes
(ii) hair and nails– brittle, dry, lusterless
2) Fat: (i) Complete absent from around internal
organs, and in mesentery, omentum, and s/c
tissues. (ii) disappears late from – fat of female
breast, around orbit (iii) subepicardial fat –
replaced by watery gelatinous material
3) Muscular system: (i) Muscles - atrophied and
dark
4) Skeletal system:
(i) Children - (a) Dental defects [eg caries,
decalcification] (b) Rickets (c) Spinal curvature
(ii) Adults - (a) Osteomalacia (iii) in both – (a)
Demineralization of bone (b) stress fractures
45.
46. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
