Folic acid plays a key role in preventing neural tube defects (NTDs) by supporting DNA synthesis and the methylation cycle during early fetal development. Taking 0.4 mg of folic acid daily reduces NTD risk generally, while 4 mg daily is recommended for women at high risk or with a previous affected pregnancy. Public health strategies to increase folic acid intake include food fortification and health education. Proper supplementation and diet are important before and during the early stages of pregnancy when neural tube closure occurs.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
This ppt is made by Mr. arkab khan pathan under guidance of Mrs. RAKHI GOAR. this ppt contain the detail and all the lecture notes of HEG.
THANK YOU.
Arkab khan
This topic contains detailed description about labour, its definition, date of onset of labour, calculations of date of delivery, causes of onset of labour, physiology of normal labour, and events, clinical course and management of each stages of labour.
Folic acid and vitamin B9, is one of the B vitamins.The recommended daily intake level of folate is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements.Folic acid is used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency.It is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects (NTDs) in the baby.
folic acid use in prenatal and antenatal time,dose ,benifites,time of start consmption,folic acid difficiensy,metabolism and role of folic acid in cells,hemolytic disease,high dose folic acid side effect,role of it in preventing cancers,role of folic acid in preventing hypertention,recomend doses in
Luận Văn Study On The Relationship Between Folate, Serum Homocysteine Concent...tcoco3199
Luận Văn Study On The Relationship Between Folate, Serum Homocysteine Concentrations And Some Mthfr Gene Polymorphism In Women With Reproductive Abnormalities, các bạn tham khảo thêm tại tài liệu, bài mẫu điểm cao tại luanvantot.com
Luận Văn Study On The Relationship Between Folate, Serum Homocysteine Concent...tcoco3199
Luận Văn Study On The Relationship Between Folate, Serum Homocysteine Concentrations And Some Mthfr Gene Polymorphism In Women With Reproductive Abnormalities, các bạn tham khảo thêm tại tài liệu, bài mẫu điểm cao tại luanvantot.com
Blood Group Selection in Newborn Transfusion - Dr Padmesh - NeonatologyDr Padmesh Vadakepat
Before transfusing blood in a newborn, we have to understand the basic physiology and unique features of newborn blood groups. This presentation aims to simplify the same.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Dr.Padmesh. V
• INTRODUCTION:
• Folate prevents NTDs.
• Folate functions in single-carbon transfer reactions .
• Exists in many chemical forms.
• Folic acid (pteroylmonoglutamic acid), which is the most oxidized and
stable form of folate, occurs rarely in food but is the form used in
vitamin supplements and in fortified food products.
• Most naturally occurring folates (food folate) are
pteroylpolyglutamates.
3. • ACTION OF FOLATE: Dr.Padmesh. V
• Folate coenzymes are involved in:
• (1) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis,
• (2) Purine synthesis,
• (3) generation of Formate into the formate pool, and
• (4) amino acid interconversion with the conversion of homocysteine
to Methionine providing methionine for the synthesis of S-
adenosyl-methionine (an agent important for in vivo methylation).
• Mutations in the genes encoding the enzymes involved in homocysteine
metabolism include 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase
(MTHFR), cystathionine β-synthase, and methionine synthase.
• An association between a thermolabile variant of MTHFR and mothers of
children with NTDs may account for up to 15% of preventable NTDs.
4. • ACTION OF FOLATE: Dr.Padmesh. V
• Folic Acid in Prevention of NTDs
• Folic acid plays an important role in closure of neural tube
(neurulation).
• There are two general and important biological effects of folate.
• First, folate acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in DNA and RNA
biosynthesis.
• Folate provides one-carbon units for the de-novo synthesis of DNA
bases (guanidine, adenine, and thymine).
• Folate requirements increase dramatically during the periods of rapid
growth of fetus.
• Thus with folate deficiency, DNA synthesis is inhibited and cells are
unable to manufacture enough DNA for mitosis, leading to limited
and/or imbalanced cell growth, followed by cell death.
5. • ACTION OF FOLATE: Dr.Padmesh. V
• Folic Acid in Prevention of NTDs
• Folic acid plays an important role in closure of neural tube
(neurulation).
• There are two general and important biological effects of folate.
• Second, folate is involved in the supply of methyl groups to the
methylation cycle.
• The methyl group is used by methionine synthetase, to recycle
homocysteine back to methionine. A disturbance in this process
causes hyperhomocysteinemia and shortage of methionine;
therefore cells are not able to methylate important compounds like
proteins, lipids and myelin.
• Thus, folate deficiency or genetically rooted error in folate
metabolism can cause developmental defects through disturbances
of DNA biosynthesis and/or the methylation cycle
6. Dr.Padmesh. V
• Maternal periconceptional use of folic acid supplementation reduces
the incidence of neural tube defects in pregnancies at risk by at least
50%.
• To be effective, folic acid supplementation should be initiated 1 mo
before the time of the planned conception and continued until at
least the 12th wk of gestation when neurulation is complete.
7. • PREVENTION. Dr.Padmesh. V
• Fortification of food: To increase folic acid intake, fortification of
flour, pasta, rice, and cornmeal .
• Health education: Informative educational programs.
• Folic acid vitamin supplementation;
• Consume food folate from a varied diet. Dietary sources of folate are
leafy green vegetables, legumes (beans, peas), citrus fruits
(juices), liver and whole bread .
8. • PREVENTION. Dr.Padmesh. V
• All women of childbearing age and who are capable of becoming
pregnant take 0.4 mg of folic acid daily.
• To avoid occurrence of NTD: 0.4 mg/day.
• If, however, a pregnancy is planned in high-risk women (previously
affected child), supplementation should be started with 4 mg of folic
acid daily, beginning 1 mo before the time of the planned
conception, and continued until at least the 12th wk of gestation
when neurulation is complete.
• To avoid recurrence of NTD: 4 mg/ day.
9. • PREVENTION. Dr.Padmesh. V
• Drugs that antagonize folic acid such as trimethoprim and the
anticonvulsants carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and
primidone, increase the risk of myelomeningocele.
• Women on anticonvulsants,antimetabolites, and oral contraceptives
have suboptimal folate status.
• Anticonvulsant valproic acid causes neural tube defects in ≈1–2% of
pregnancies, if the drug is administered during pregnancy.
• Some epilepsy clinicians recommend that all female patients of
childbearing potential who take anticonvulsant medications should
also receive folic acid supplements.
10. • PREVENTION. Dr.Padmesh. V
• GENETIC COUNSELING
• ANTE NATAL USG
• MSAFP
11. Dr.Padmesh. V
• Neural tube closure occurs during days 22-28.
• Therefore, advice regarding dietary
modification, supplementation, and food fortification should be in
the periconceptional period i.e. beginning at least 1 month before
conception and continuing through the first trimester.
• Studies have demonstrated that periconceptional folic acid
supplementation can prevent 50% or more of NTDs such as spina
bifida and anencephaly.