Fold, Fault, anticline, syncline, Norma fault, reverse fault, strike slip fault, tensional stress, compressional stress, shear stress, trap , structural tap, anticline trap, fault trap

1. Geology Presentation
Presented by-
Bhanu Mitra (R080114012)
Rakesh Kumar (R080114027)

2. Talk Outline
Strike and Dip
Forces behind deformations
Fold and types
Faults and types
Importance of structures
Traps
Anticline and Fault traps

3. When working in the field, Strike and Dip
measurements are used to determine the
orientation of rock units and other
features
1) Strike – The compass direction of a line
at the intersection of a geologic plane
and a horizontal plane (water line)
2) Dip – The angle between the inclined
plane and horizontal, perpendicular to
strike
Strike & Dip

4. Forces behind deformations:
1.Tensional
2.Compressional
3.Shear

5. It is one of the most common geological
structures found in rocks. When a set of
horizontal layers are subjected to compressive
forces, they bend either upward or
downward. The bend noticed in rocks are
called folds.
It occurs when originally horizontal rock
units deform under compressive forces.
Fold

6. Types of fold
Syncline – Sinks Down
Anticline – Up in the Air

7. • Syncline • Anticline
Syncline & Anticline Folds

8. Some more folds

9. Faults
A fault is when tension and compression associated with plate
movement is so great that blocks of rock fracture or break apart. This
process can occur very rapidly, in the form of earthquakes.

10. Types of Fault
1. Normal Fault : Hanging wall moves down with respect to
footwall.
2. Reverse Fault : Hanging wall moves upward with respect to
footwall.
3. Strike Slip Fault : Two blocks slide pass each other because
of shear stress.
Is this fault right-lateral
or left-lateral?
Left-lateral

11. Why are these folds and faults important ?
• The study of geologic structure has been prime importance
in petroleum exploration.
• Folded and faulted rock strata commonly form traps for the
accumulation and concentration of petroleum and natural
gas.

12. Traps
Structural traps
“A trap is a trap, whether or not it has a mouse in it" (attributed to W. C. Finch,
in Rittenhouse, 1972, p. 16).
The structural and stratigraphic configuration that focuses on oil and gas into
an accumulation.
Two critical components of a trap
• Seal
• Reservoir rock.
Structural traps are created by the syn- to post depositional deformation of strata
into a structure that permits the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the subsurface.
The resulting structures involving the reservoir, and usually the seal intervals, are
dominated by either folds, faults or any combination of the foregoing.

13. Anticlinal Trap
A fold structure with an arch of non-
porous rock overlying porous strata
(reservoir rock), providing a trap in
which oil, gas, or water may accumulate.

14. Fault Trap
• Faults can be extremely important to the
viability of a trap by providing either seals or
leak points.
• They are capable of acting as top, lateral, or
base seals by acting as sealing surfaces due to
the impermeable nature of the material along
the fault.

17. Structural Geology :
• It is the study of factors such as origin, occurrence,
classification, type and effects of various primary
structures like folds, faults etc. and are different
from those primary structures such as bedding,
which develop in rocks at the time of their
formation.
• Structural geology is the study of rocks deformed by
stress and strain.

18. Normal Fault
Back

19. Reverse Fault
Back

20. Strike-Slip Fault
Back
1. Left Lateral
2. Right Lateral