Executive function in everyday life implications for young cochlear implant users
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This document discusses a study that examined executive function in young cochlear implant users. The study assessed areas of executive function vulnerability using a parent rating scale and related these to speech and language outcomes. Results showed difficulties in inhibition, working memory, and behavioral regulation. Deficits in working memory may impact tasks with high cognitive loads like understanding speech in noise. The findings suggest early auditory deprivation can impact neurocognitive development with downstream effects on language and speech.
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3. The deficits in phoneme discrimination seen in CI children may be due to limitations in encoding temporal fine structure cues and individual differences in CI signal processing across devices.
Auditory, visual, and auditory visual perception of emotions by individuals w...
This study examined the perception of emotions through auditory, visual, and auditory-visual modes in individuals with cochlear implants, hearing aids, and normal hearing. It found that individuals with normal hearing performed best in emotion perception, while cochlear implant users did not demonstrate an advantage over hearing aid users. While auditory-visual perception was better than single modes for normal hearing individuals, hearing loss individuals could not benefit from additional auditory information in the combined mode. Visual information dominated the combined mode. Perception scores correlated with age, as older participants performed better.
Perceptual Load
1) The document discusses the perceptual load theory of attention, which proposes that early selection of visual information occurs under conditions of high perceptual load (many relevant items), while late selection occurs under low load (few relevant items).
2) Studies manipulating perceptual load through varying display size or number of relevant items provide evidence that irrelevant distractors are only processed under conditions of low load.
3) Both the level of perceptual load and the physical distinctiveness between relevant and irrelevant items determine whether early or late selection will occur in visual attention.
Ch4
Automatic processing can lead to action slips when tasks become habitual. Reason categorized common types of action slips as storage failures, test failures, sub-routine failures, discrimination failures, and program assembly failures. Later theories tried to explain action slips, but had limitations. For example, Sellen and Norman's schema theory did not account for slips under deliberate control, and Reason's open-loop/closed-loop model could not explain slips in closed-loop situations. Improving sustained attention through training may help reduce slips.
Attention Presentation
The document discusses theories of visual attention control, representation, and time course. It summarizes that attention can be controlled in a top-down, goal-directed manner or in a bottom-up, stimulus-driven way, and these interact. Feature singletons and abrupt onsets sometimes do or do not capture attention depending on the observer's goals. The representational basis of attention includes objects and their parts. The time course of attention includes how quickly it can be directed or moved, and how long it dwells at locations during tasks like visual search or rapid serial visual presentation.
Pattern Recognition
Pattern recognition involves quickly and accurately recognizing objects from different angles, even when partly hidden. Theories of pattern recognition include template matching, feature analysis, and prototype theories. Template matching involves matching external stimuli to internal templates, but has problems accounting for new variations. Feature analysis examines individual features through stages like feature demons and decision demons, but fails to account for context. Prototype theory matches stimuli to abstract prototypes like the average or most common attributes. Both top-down and bottom-up processing are involved in pattern recognition.
Focused Attention
The document discusses early theories of focused attention, including Broadbent's filter model where a filter blocks some information, Treisman's attenuator model where information is attenuated but not blocked, and Deutsch and Deutsch's late selection pertinence model where all information is processed and selection occurs later based on relevance. Later research found issues with assuming a single channel and supported models with multiple stages of processing to avoid overloading limited capacity.
Attention And Pattern Recognition(1)
This document provides an overview of attention and pattern recognition. It discusses what attention is, including focused attention which allows us to pick out information from a mass of data, and divided attention which allows us to allocate attention to multiple tasks simultaneously. It also looks at how attention and pattern recognition are studied, through methods like dichotic listening tasks and diary studies. Finally, it briefly introduces pattern recognition and the information processing approach.
Chapter3
This document summarizes theories of divided attention from psychological literature. It describes dual task experiments and factors like task similarity, difficulty, and practice that influence performance. Early theories proposed either a single, limited central processor (Kahneman) or multiple specialized modules (Allport). Later theories like multiple resource theory (Navon & Gopher) and Baddeley's model of working memory provided a synthesis, combining a central executive with modality-specific subsystems to better explain dual task findings. However, all theories have limitations in fully specifying the cognitive architecture underlying divided attention.
The Advantage Of Being Left Handed In Interactive Sports
1. Left-handed athletes have been shown to have an advantage in interactive sports such as tennis, with left-handers making up a disproportionately high percentage of top players.
2. One theory for this advantage is the "negative perceptual frequency effects" hypothesis, which suggests that right-handed athletes are less practiced at perceiving and predicting movements from left-handed opponents.
3. A study tested this by having right and left-handed participants with different levels of tennis experience try to predict the direction and depth of tennis shots from video clips of both right and left-handed players. It found support for the idea that the ability to perceive left-handed movements is less developed.
More from Yi-Cheng Tsai (19)
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The effect of perceptual load on the processing of a distracting schematic face
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One year -old infants follow others' voice direction
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The influence of lexical knowledge on phoneme discrimination in deaf children...
The influence of lexical knowledge on phoneme discrimination in deaf children...
Auditory, visual, and auditory visual perception of emotions by individuals w...
Auditory, visual, and auditory visual perception of emotions by individuals w...
The Advantage Of Being Left Handed In Interactive Sports
The Advantage Of Being Left Handed In Interactive Sports
Executive function in everyday life implications for young cochlear implant users
- 1. Executive function in everyday life implications for young cochlear implant users Beer, J., Kronenberger, W. G., Pisoni, D. B.. (2011). Cochlear Implants International, 12, s89– s91.
- 2. Introduction • Deafness and degraded auditory experience may affect not only speech and language skills, but also other neurocognitive functions (Pisoni et al., 2010). – EX: 1. STM and WM capacity. 2. Slowing processing speeds for rehearsal and retrieving verbal information.
- 3. Introduction • Executive function (Gioia et al., 2001).: – organization – planning – working memory – inhibition – Flexibility – involved in the control of thought – Action – emotion
- 4. Introduction • General agreement among cognitive psychologists and neuroscientists that several different aspects of EF play important roles in – language perception. – production via top-down feedback. – control of processing activities in a wide range of behavioral tasks (Pisoni et al., 2010).
- 5. Introduction • Two objects: – identify areas of EF vulnerability in children with CI’s using a behavior rating scale completed by parents – determine if these areas of vulnerability are associated with conventional speech and language outcomes
- 7. Methods • Materials (EF): – Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF™) • inhibitory control • shifting behavior • emotional control • initiating tasks and ideas • working memory • planning and organizing • organization of materials • monitoring
- 8. Methods • Materials (EF): – Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF™) • Behavioral Regulation Index • Metacognitive Index • Global Executive Composite
- 9. Methods • Materials: – Speech and language General language ability • Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals fourth edition (CELF-4) – Vocabulary • Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-4) – Open-set word recognition ： • Lexical Neighborhood Test (LNT)(easy or hard word) – Open-set sentence recognition ： • Hearing in Noise Test for Children (HINT-C)(words quiet or words noise(+5 dB))
- 10. Results
- 11. Results
- 12. Discussion • The results of this study indicate that children with CIs have difficulty in some EF domains,based on parent report. – inhibit – working mwmory scales – behavioral regulation index
- 13. Discussion • Deficits in working memory may become a problem when the task at hand carries with it a high cognitive load such as hearing in noise, perceiving spoken sentences, and formulating sentences based on a picture. – general language (CELF-4) – speech perception in noise (HINT-C in noise)
- 14. Discussion • A period of early auditory deprivation may result in differences in the development of domain general neurocognitive processes that impact domain-specific areas such as language and speech perception.