Pattern recognition involves quickly and accurately recognizing objects from different angles, even when partly hidden. Theories of pattern recognition include template matching, feature analysis, and prototype theories. Template matching involves matching external stimuli to internal templates, but has problems accounting for new variations. Feature analysis examines individual features through stages like feature demons and decision demons, but fails to account for context. Prototype theory matches stimuli to abstract prototypes like the average or most common attributes. Both top-down and bottom-up processing are involved in pattern recognition.
Digital Transformation for Smart ProjectorYi-Cheng Tsai
This document discusses opportunities for smart projectors from BenQ to leverage artificial intelligence and user behavior data. It summarizes findings from analyzing usage data collected from BenQ projectors.
The analysis found that most user behavior matched assumptions, but some additional scenarios were discovered. It led to revisions in the projection tutorial and plans to optimize for intermediate users. There is also an opportunity to provide customized services by changing the interface based on status and recommending content using algorithms. This could help BenQ become a leader in the projector market like Tesla in automobiles.
Executive function in everyday life implications for young cochlear implant u...Yi-Cheng Tsai
This document discusses a study that examined executive function in young cochlear implant users. The study assessed areas of executive function vulnerability using a parent rating scale and related these to speech and language outcomes. Results showed difficulties in inhibition, working memory, and behavioral regulation. Deficits in working memory may impact tasks with high cognitive loads like understanding speech in noise. The findings suggest early auditory deprivation can impact neurocognitive development with downstream effects on language and speech.
One year -old infants follow others' voice directionYi-Cheng Tsai
1) One-year-old infants can follow the direction of an unseen adult's voice to locate an object, demonstrating their ability to discern voice directionality without visual cues.
2) In a follow-up study, 16-month-olds continued to successfully locate objects based on voice direction even when the speaker was positioned opposite to the target, indicating they were following voice direction rather than just approaching the sound source.
3) While 12-month-olds also performed above chance overall, their ability was less robust, showing emerging but not fully developed skills in following voice direction. In contrast, chimpanzees did not demonstrate an ability to use voice direction to locate objects.
The influence of lexical knowledge on phoneme discrimination in deaf children...Yi-Cheng Tsai
1. CI children showed poorer phoneme discrimination compared to NH children, especially for place of articulation and nasality features which rely more on temporal fine structure cues that CIs poorly encode.
2. Both CI and NH children showed similar lexical effects, with better word than pseudoword discrimination, suggesting similar influence of lexical knowledge on speech perception abilities.
3. The deficits in phoneme discrimination seen in CI children may be due to limitations in encoding temporal fine structure cues and individual differences in CI signal processing across devices.
Pattern recognition involves quickly and accurately recognizing objects from different angles, even when partly hidden. Theories of pattern recognition include template matching, feature analysis, and prototype theories. Template matching involves matching external stimuli to internal templates, but has problems accounting for new variations. Feature analysis examines individual features through stages like feature demons and decision demons, but fails to account for context. Prototype theory matches stimuli to abstract prototypes like the average or most common attributes. Both top-down and bottom-up processing are involved in pattern recognition.
Digital Transformation for Smart ProjectorYi-Cheng Tsai
This document discusses opportunities for smart projectors from BenQ to leverage artificial intelligence and user behavior data. It summarizes findings from analyzing usage data collected from BenQ projectors.
The analysis found that most user behavior matched assumptions, but some additional scenarios were discovered. It led to revisions in the projection tutorial and plans to optimize for intermediate users. There is also an opportunity to provide customized services by changing the interface based on status and recommending content using algorithms. This could help BenQ become a leader in the projector market like Tesla in automobiles.
Executive function in everyday life implications for young cochlear implant u...Yi-Cheng Tsai
This document discusses a study that examined executive function in young cochlear implant users. The study assessed areas of executive function vulnerability using a parent rating scale and related these to speech and language outcomes. Results showed difficulties in inhibition, working memory, and behavioral regulation. Deficits in working memory may impact tasks with high cognitive loads like understanding speech in noise. The findings suggest early auditory deprivation can impact neurocognitive development with downstream effects on language and speech.
One year -old infants follow others' voice directionYi-Cheng Tsai
1) One-year-old infants can follow the direction of an unseen adult's voice to locate an object, demonstrating their ability to discern voice directionality without visual cues.
2) In a follow-up study, 16-month-olds continued to successfully locate objects based on voice direction even when the speaker was positioned opposite to the target, indicating they were following voice direction rather than just approaching the sound source.
3) While 12-month-olds also performed above chance overall, their ability was less robust, showing emerging but not fully developed skills in following voice direction. In contrast, chimpanzees did not demonstrate an ability to use voice direction to locate objects.
The influence of lexical knowledge on phoneme discrimination in deaf children...Yi-Cheng Tsai
1. CI children showed poorer phoneme discrimination compared to NH children, especially for place of articulation and nasality features which rely more on temporal fine structure cues that CIs poorly encode.
2. Both CI and NH children showed similar lexical effects, with better word than pseudoword discrimination, suggesting similar influence of lexical knowledge on speech perception abilities.
3. The deficits in phoneme discrimination seen in CI children may be due to limitations in encoding temporal fine structure cues and individual differences in CI signal processing across devices.
Auditory, visual, and auditory visual perception of emotions by individuals w...Yi-Cheng Tsai
This study examined the perception of emotions through auditory, visual, and auditory-visual modes in individuals with cochlear implants, hearing aids, and normal hearing. It found that individuals with normal hearing performed best in emotion perception, while cochlear implant users did not demonstrate an advantage over hearing aid users. While auditory-visual perception was better than single modes for normal hearing individuals, hearing loss individuals could not benefit from additional auditory information in the combined mode. Visual information dominated the combined mode. Perception scores correlated with age, as older participants performed better.
1) The document discusses the perceptual load theory of attention, which proposes that early selection of visual information occurs under conditions of high perceptual load (many relevant items), while late selection occurs under low load (few relevant items).
2) Studies manipulating perceptual load through varying display size or number of relevant items provide evidence that irrelevant distractors are only processed under conditions of low load.
3) Both the level of perceptual load and the physical distinctiveness between relevant and irrelevant items determine whether early or late selection will occur in visual attention.
Automatic processing can lead to action slips when tasks become habitual. Reason categorized common types of action slips as storage failures, test failures, sub-routine failures, discrimination failures, and program assembly failures. Later theories tried to explain action slips, but had limitations. For example, Sellen and Norman's schema theory did not account for slips under deliberate control, and Reason's open-loop/closed-loop model could not explain slips in closed-loop situations. Improving sustained attention through training may help reduce slips.
The document discusses theories of visual attention control, representation, and time course. It summarizes that attention can be controlled in a top-down, goal-directed manner or in a bottom-up, stimulus-driven way, and these interact. Feature singletons and abrupt onsets sometimes do or do not capture attention depending on the observer's goals. The representational basis of attention includes objects and their parts. The time course of attention includes how quickly it can be directed or moved, and how long it dwells at locations during tasks like visual search or rapid serial visual presentation.
The document discusses early theories of focused attention, including Broadbent's filter model where a filter blocks some information, Treisman's attenuator model where information is attenuated but not blocked, and Deutsch and Deutsch's late selection pertinence model where all information is processed and selection occurs later based on relevance. Later research found issues with assuming a single channel and supported models with multiple stages of processing to avoid overloading limited capacity.
This document provides an overview of attention and pattern recognition. It discusses what attention is, including focused attention which allows us to pick out information from a mass of data, and divided attention which allows us to allocate attention to multiple tasks simultaneously. It also looks at how attention and pattern recognition are studied, through methods like dichotic listening tasks and diary studies. Finally, it briefly introduces pattern recognition and the information processing approach.
This document summarizes theories of divided attention from psychological literature. It describes dual task experiments and factors like task similarity, difficulty, and practice that influence performance. Early theories proposed either a single, limited central processor (Kahneman) or multiple specialized modules (Allport). Later theories like multiple resource theory (Navon & Gopher) and Baddeley's model of working memory provided a synthesis, combining a central executive with modality-specific subsystems to better explain dual task findings. However, all theories have limitations in fully specifying the cognitive architecture underlying divided attention.
The Advantage Of Being Left Handed In Interactive SportsYi-Cheng Tsai
1. Left-handed athletes have been shown to have an advantage in interactive sports such as tennis, with left-handers making up a disproportionately high percentage of top players.
2. One theory for this advantage is the "negative perceptual frequency effects" hypothesis, which suggests that right-handed athletes are less practiced at perceiving and predicting movements from left-handed opponents.
3. A study tested this by having right and left-handed participants with different levels of tennis experience try to predict the direction and depth of tennis shots from video clips of both right and left-handed players. It found support for the idea that the ability to perceive left-handed movements is less developed.
Auditory, visual, and auditory visual perception of emotions by individuals w...Yi-Cheng Tsai
This study examined the perception of emotions through auditory, visual, and auditory-visual modes in individuals with cochlear implants, hearing aids, and normal hearing. It found that individuals with normal hearing performed best in emotion perception, while cochlear implant users did not demonstrate an advantage over hearing aid users. While auditory-visual perception was better than single modes for normal hearing individuals, hearing loss individuals could not benefit from additional auditory information in the combined mode. Visual information dominated the combined mode. Perception scores correlated with age, as older participants performed better.
1) The document discusses the perceptual load theory of attention, which proposes that early selection of visual information occurs under conditions of high perceptual load (many relevant items), while late selection occurs under low load (few relevant items).
2) Studies manipulating perceptual load through varying display size or number of relevant items provide evidence that irrelevant distractors are only processed under conditions of low load.
3) Both the level of perceptual load and the physical distinctiveness between relevant and irrelevant items determine whether early or late selection will occur in visual attention.
Automatic processing can lead to action slips when tasks become habitual. Reason categorized common types of action slips as storage failures, test failures, sub-routine failures, discrimination failures, and program assembly failures. Later theories tried to explain action slips, but had limitations. For example, Sellen and Norman's schema theory did not account for slips under deliberate control, and Reason's open-loop/closed-loop model could not explain slips in closed-loop situations. Improving sustained attention through training may help reduce slips.
The document discusses theories of visual attention control, representation, and time course. It summarizes that attention can be controlled in a top-down, goal-directed manner or in a bottom-up, stimulus-driven way, and these interact. Feature singletons and abrupt onsets sometimes do or do not capture attention depending on the observer's goals. The representational basis of attention includes objects and their parts. The time course of attention includes how quickly it can be directed or moved, and how long it dwells at locations during tasks like visual search or rapid serial visual presentation.
The document discusses early theories of focused attention, including Broadbent's filter model where a filter blocks some information, Treisman's attenuator model where information is attenuated but not blocked, and Deutsch and Deutsch's late selection pertinence model where all information is processed and selection occurs later based on relevance. Later research found issues with assuming a single channel and supported models with multiple stages of processing to avoid overloading limited capacity.
This document provides an overview of attention and pattern recognition. It discusses what attention is, including focused attention which allows us to pick out information from a mass of data, and divided attention which allows us to allocate attention to multiple tasks simultaneously. It also looks at how attention and pattern recognition are studied, through methods like dichotic listening tasks and diary studies. Finally, it briefly introduces pattern recognition and the information processing approach.
This document summarizes theories of divided attention from psychological literature. It describes dual task experiments and factors like task similarity, difficulty, and practice that influence performance. Early theories proposed either a single, limited central processor (Kahneman) or multiple specialized modules (Allport). Later theories like multiple resource theory (Navon & Gopher) and Baddeley's model of working memory provided a synthesis, combining a central executive with modality-specific subsystems to better explain dual task findings. However, all theories have limitations in fully specifying the cognitive architecture underlying divided attention.
The Advantage Of Being Left Handed In Interactive SportsYi-Cheng Tsai
1. Left-handed athletes have been shown to have an advantage in interactive sports such as tennis, with left-handers making up a disproportionately high percentage of top players.
2. One theory for this advantage is the "negative perceptual frequency effects" hypothesis, which suggests that right-handed athletes are less practiced at perceiving and predicting movements from left-handed opponents.
3. A study tested this by having right and left-handed participants with different levels of tennis experience try to predict the direction and depth of tennis shots from video clips of both right and left-handed players. It found support for the idea that the ability to perceive left-handed movements is less developed.
12. 264 蔡宜成 楊政達
悉的,都會被處理至晚期反應選擇階段;相對地,當
干擾刺激為不熟悉的時候,干擾刺激則不會被處理,
因此不會影響目標作業的判斷。
如果對於人臉刺激的熟悉度具有重大影響,對
於一般參與者來說,本研究所使用的圖臉刺激也是常
見的圖像,屬於熟悉的視覺刺激材料,為何在本研究
中,干擾圖臉在目標作業的知覺負荷量提高之後(異
質非目標臉組),便無法被處理,影響目標作業的
反應選擇?在此提出兩個可能性:(1)人臉的處理優
勢,主要發生於與其他非臉物體相比較之時(Ro et
al., 2001),且在本實驗的異質非目標臉組下,搜尋目
標人臉並做出判斷需要耗費較多的處理資源,因此,
無法同時處理干擾圖臉。(2)圖臉所蘊含的臉部訊息
與真人臉並不相等。圖臉主要由簡單的輪廓、眼睛及
線條嘴巴構成,雖然具有人臉特徵,但也少了許多真
人臉的細部特徵,像是頭髮、眉毛、耳朵、鼻子等。
圖臉的操弄,往往會使得某些特徵被過於誇張地表現
(Horstmann & Bauland, 2006),且同時使得人臉刺
激的同質性過高(Juth, Lundqvist, Karlsson, & Öhman,
2005)。在種種實驗情境之下,只需要藉由判斷少數
知覺特徵,參與者便可正確且迅速地完成目標圖臉的
判斷,這樣的實驗情境較難模擬真實人臉所帶來的效
果。後續研究有待使用真實人臉進行研究,觀察改以
真實人臉作為干擾刺激時,是否總是被自動地處理至
晚期反應選擇階段。
近年來,大腦造影的研究也支持人臉處理受到
作業調控的想法,人臉不是總是會被自動地處理,其
處理受到注意力與作業需求的調控,我們認為此結果
與本篇結果可以互相呼應。Wojciulik、Kanwisher及
Driver(1998)使用知覺配對作業,要求參與者判斷
左右或上下呈現的刺激是否相同,並同時忽略上下或
左右呈現的刺激。結果發現,僅有當參與者針對人臉
刺激進行配對比較時,FFA才會活化。當參與者針對
房子或是十字進行配對比較時,儘管在非注意區域中
有人臉出現,FFA仍然不會被活化。此結果顯示FFA是
否活化,受到參與者是否將注意力放在人臉刺激的處
理上所影響。Kanwisher、Tong及Nakayama(1998)
比較了在被動觀察(passive viewing)作業與1-back作
業下,參與者觀看正立或倒立人臉刺激的FFA活化情
形。結果發現在人臉為正立時,FFA的活化程度高於
人臉為倒立時的活化程度,且在1-back作業下,FFA的
活化程度較被動觀察情形下來的高,顯示作業對於處
理的需求可以調節處理人臉特定區域的活化程度。另
外,Gauthier等人(2000)分別找了鳥和車專家,測
量其對於鳥和車子分類判斷作業的敏感度(d’),並
發現僅有在特定作業情形下(1-back location task),
右側FFA的活化程度與專家的程度有正相關存在,然
而,在1-back identity 作業下則無此相關存在。此結果
意涵著,FFA的活化不一定只跟臉的處理有關,而是
跟專家的程度有關,且不同作業需要仰賴對於刺激不
同程度的處理(level of categorization),其將會決定
FFA的活化程度。因此,以上的諸多證據皆顯示FFA
的活化會受到不同由上而下(top-down)的因素所調
節。
綜合以上的實驗結果與推論,本研究認為干擾人
臉是否被處理,取決於目標作業的知覺負荷量高低,
以及目標作業是否競爭著有限的人臉處理資源。干擾
人臉不完全符合過去研究者所提出的,總是會被自動
地處理(Lavie et al., 2003; Neumann & Schweinberger,
2008);也不是如同Bindemann等人(2005)所提出
的,只要目標作業為人臉判斷作業,干擾人臉就不會
被處理。本研究發現在低知覺負荷量下,處理目標作
業之後,其所剩餘的知覺處理資源會自動地分散到干
擾物上,干擾圖臉便會被處理,影響目標作業的判
斷。相對地,在高知覺負荷量下,目標作業耗盡處理
資源,干擾物便不會被處理,目標與干擾刺激的反應
相容性則不會影響目標作業的表現。基於此想法,我
們認為人臉的處理並非如過去研究者所述的具有優先
性或特殊性,總是會被自動處理,人臉作為一個干擾
刺激與非臉物體相似,會受到知覺負荷量的調控。
註 釋
1. 特別感謝匿名審查委員給予此意見,使得本篇研究的討論更為
嚴謹。
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15. 267圖臉知覺負荷量
The Effect of Perceptual Load on the Processing
of a Distracting Schematic Face
Yi-Cheng Tsai and Cheng-Ta Yang
Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University
Faces are special as they can be processed with higher priority compared to the non-face objects. Even when
faces are presented as distractors, they are automatically processed to influence response selection. However, an earlier
study (Bindemann, Burton, & Jenkins, 2005) showed that a distracting face was not processed to influence response
selection when a face categorization task was performed. To solve this contradiction, this study investigated whether a
salient distracting face is processed when participants were required to search for a face among five non-targets and
judge its emotionality (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) or identity (Experiment 3). Response compatibility between target and
distractor faces was manipulated to examine whether the distractor is processed. Results showed that when non-targets
were five identical yellow circles (Experiments 1 and 2) and neutral faces (Experiments 1 and 3), the compatibility effect
was observed (higher accuracy or faster response time in the compatible condition than in the incompatible condition); in
contrast, when the non-target faces were upright (Experiments 2, 3, and 4) and inverted heterogeneous faces (Experiment
4), the compatibility effect was eliminated. These results suggested that perceptual load can modulate the processing of
a distracting face. In a low-load condition, the distracting face is processed, while in a high-load condition the distracting
face is not processed to influence response selection. The results are consistent with the proposals from both perceptual
load theory and the attentional window perspective.
keywords: attentional window, compatibility effect, face perception, perceptual load
10-楊政達.indd 267 2012/6/24 下午 09:03:34