Fluid is defined as any substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. All liquids and gases are considered fluids. Key properties of fluids include density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. Density is the mass per unit volume and can be used to characterize fluids as heavier or lighter than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow - Newtonian fluids have a viscosity that does not change with stress, while non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable or complex viscosities. Surface tension arises from unbalanced cohesive forces at the fluid surface that create a membrane-like effect. Compressibility refers to changes in a fluid's volume with pressure.
This document gives the class notes of Unit-8: Torsion of circular shafts and elastic stability of columns. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Hooke's law states that the deformation of an elastic object is proportional to the applied force. For relatively small deformations, the amount of displacement is directly proportional to the deforming force. The concept is that the amount of force applied to a spring or elastic object is proportional to the amount of deformation. The greater the force applied, the more the object deforms through stretching or compression. Hooke's law is represented by the formula F=kx, where F is the applied force, k is the force constant, and x is the deformation.
1) Compressible flow is when the density of a fluid changes during flow, such as gases. Incompressible flow assumes constant density, such as liquids.
2) Examples of compressible flow include gases through nozzles, compressors, high-speed projectiles and planes, and water hammer.
3) Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, temperature, and specific volume and only applies to steady, incompressible flow without friction losses along a single streamline.
This presentation introduces concepts of hydrostatics including total pressure on immersed surfaces, center of pressure, and applications. Total pressure on a surface depends on its orientation (horizontal, vertical, inclined) and is calculated by integrating pressure over small elements. The center of pressure is the point where the total pressure force acts and can be found using the theorem of parallel axis. Examples of hydrostatics applications discussed are water pressure on structures like sluice gates, lock gates, and masonry walls. Conditions for stability of dams are also outlined.
Chapter1 fm-introduction to fluid mechanics-convertedSatishkumarP9
This document discusses fluid mechanics and provides definitions and classifications of fluid flows. It defines fluid mechanics as the science dealing with fluids at rest or in motion and their interactions with solids. Fluid flows are classified as internal or external, compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent based on factors like whether the fluid is confined or not, the level of density variation, and the orderliness of fluid motion. The document also lists many application areas of fluid mechanics across various engineering and scientific fields.
This document discusses various properties of fluids, including:
- Viscosity, which represents a fluid's internal resistance to motion. It depends on intermolecular forces and temperature.
- Surface tension and capillary effects, where attractive molecular forces cause liquids to behave like stretched elastic membranes and rise in thin tubes.
- Compressibility and expansion, where fluids contract under pressure and expand with temperature. The bulk modulus and coefficient of volume expansion quantify these responses.
- Other topics covered include vapor pressure, the continuum approximation, density, specific heat, and speed of sound in fluids.
Fluid is defined as any substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. All liquids and gases are considered fluids. Key properties of fluids include density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. Density is the mass per unit volume and can be used to characterize fluids as heavier or lighter than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow - Newtonian fluids have a viscosity that does not change with stress, while non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable or complex viscosities. Surface tension arises from unbalanced cohesive forces at the fluid surface that create a membrane-like effect. Compressibility refers to changes in a fluid's volume with pressure.
This document gives the class notes of Unit-8: Torsion of circular shafts and elastic stability of columns. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Hooke's law states that the deformation of an elastic object is proportional to the applied force. For relatively small deformations, the amount of displacement is directly proportional to the deforming force. The concept is that the amount of force applied to a spring or elastic object is proportional to the amount of deformation. The greater the force applied, the more the object deforms through stretching or compression. Hooke's law is represented by the formula F=kx, where F is the applied force, k is the force constant, and x is the deformation.
1) Compressible flow is when the density of a fluid changes during flow, such as gases. Incompressible flow assumes constant density, such as liquids.
2) Examples of compressible flow include gases through nozzles, compressors, high-speed projectiles and planes, and water hammer.
3) Bernoulli's equation relates pressure, temperature, and specific volume and only applies to steady, incompressible flow without friction losses along a single streamline.
This presentation introduces concepts of hydrostatics including total pressure on immersed surfaces, center of pressure, and applications. Total pressure on a surface depends on its orientation (horizontal, vertical, inclined) and is calculated by integrating pressure over small elements. The center of pressure is the point where the total pressure force acts and can be found using the theorem of parallel axis. Examples of hydrostatics applications discussed are water pressure on structures like sluice gates, lock gates, and masonry walls. Conditions for stability of dams are also outlined.
Chapter1 fm-introduction to fluid mechanics-convertedSatishkumarP9
This document discusses fluid mechanics and provides definitions and classifications of fluid flows. It defines fluid mechanics as the science dealing with fluids at rest or in motion and their interactions with solids. Fluid flows are classified as internal or external, compressible or incompressible, laminar or turbulent based on factors like whether the fluid is confined or not, the level of density variation, and the orderliness of fluid motion. The document also lists many application areas of fluid mechanics across various engineering and scientific fields.
This document discusses various properties of fluids, including:
- Viscosity, which represents a fluid's internal resistance to motion. It depends on intermolecular forces and temperature.
- Surface tension and capillary effects, where attractive molecular forces cause liquids to behave like stretched elastic membranes and rise in thin tubes.
- Compressibility and expansion, where fluids contract under pressure and expand with temperature. The bulk modulus and coefficient of volume expansion quantify these responses.
- Other topics covered include vapor pressure, the continuum approximation, density, specific heat, and speed of sound in fluids.
This document discusses fluid statics and pressure measurement. It defines concepts like absolute pressure, gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure, and Pascal's law. It describes devices used to measure pressure like manometers, piezometers, and Bourdon gauges. Specifically, it provides details on how liquid manometers and differential manometers work, including the principles, setup, and equations to calculate pressure. It also lists the advantages and limitations of using manometers for pressure measurement applications.
Fluid properties such as density, specific volume, specific weight, specific gravity, compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension are discussed. Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Specific volume is defined as the volume of substance per unit mass. Specific weight is the weight of substance per unit volume. Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of water. Compressibility refers to the change in volume of a fluid with changes in pressure. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and depends on factors like cohesion and molecular momentum. The falling sphere viscometer is used to measure viscosity and involves dropping a sphere in a fluid and measuring its velocity over
This document discusses fluid dynamics and Bernoulli's equation. It begins by defining different forms of energy in a flowing liquid, including kinetic energy, potential energy, pressure energy, and internal energy. It then derives Bernoulli's equation, which states that the total head of a fluid particle remains constant during steady, incompressible flow. The derivation considers forces acting on a fluid particle and uses conservation of energy. Finally, the document presents the general energy equation for steady fluid flow and the specific equation for incompressible fluids using the concepts of total head, head loss, and hydraulic grade line.
This document discusses moments and their applications. It defines moment as the product of a force and the perpendicular distance to the point of rotation. There are clockwise and anticlockwise moments. Varignon's principle of moments states the algebraic sum of moments about any point equals the moment of the resultant force. Levers are machines that use moments to multiply force. There are three types of simple levers and examples of levers include scissors and pliers. Compound levers use multiple simple levers together. Moments allow machines like levers to provide mechanical advantage.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It begins with definitions of mechanics, statics, dynamics, and fluid mechanics. It then discusses different categories of fluid mechanics including fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, gas dynamics, and aerodynamics. The document also defines what a fluid is, discusses the properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific volume, and specific gravity. It concludes by explaining viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and Newton's law of viscosity.
This document summarizes stress and strain concepts contributed by five authors from the Department of Geology at the University of Haripur. It defines stress and strain, related terminology, types of stress including normal and combined stresses, types of strain including tensile, compressive, shear and volumetric strains. It also describes Hooke's law which states that within the elastic limit, the ratio of stress to strain is constant, known as Young's modulus. Diagrams are included to illustrate different types of stresses and strains.
The document discusses pressure in liquids and how it increases with depth and liquid density. It provides examples of how pressure is calculated below a liquid surface using the equation: pressure = height x density x gravitational field strength. Deeper depths and higher liquid densities result in greater pressures. Structures like dams and submarines are built to withstand the enormous pressures experienced at depth in liquids like water.
1) Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object and allows objects with lower density than the fluid to float.
2) The key factors that determine if an object will float or sink are the density of the object compared to the fluid density, the weight of fluid displaced versus the object's weight, and the object's shape.
3) Stability of floating objects depends on the location of the meta-center point, which is where the line of buoyancy force meets the axis when tilted. Stable equilibrium requires the meta-center to be above the center of gravity
This document discusses simple and compound pendulums. A simple pendulum consists of a mass attached to a string that swings back and forth. Its period depends only on its length and gravity. A compound pendulum is a rigid object that pivots, like a door. Its period depends on its length of gyration, moment of inertia, mass, and gravity. For small angles, a compound pendulum behaves similarly to a simple pendulum with an effective length. Both types of pendulums exhibit simple harmonic motion that can be modeled by the same equation.
This document provides an overview of fluid pressure and measurement techniques. It begins with defining key concepts like hydrostatic pressure, Pascal's law, and pressure variation in static fluids. It then describes various devices used to measure pressure, including manometers (U-tube, single column, differential), and mechanical gauges (diaphragm, Bourdon tube, dead-weight, bellows). The document is divided into 5 units covering fluid statics, kinematics, dynamics, pipe flow, and dimensional analysis with the goal of teaching students to calculate pressure, hydrostatic forces, fluid flow, and losses in closed conduits.
This document discusses boundary layer development. It begins by defining boundary layers and describing the velocity profile near a surface. As distance from the leading edge increases, the boundary layer thickness grows due to viscous forces slowing fluid particles. The boundary layer then transitions from laminar to turbulent. Turbulent boundary layers have a logarithmic velocity profile and thicker boundary layer compared to laminar. Pressure gradients and surface roughness also impact boundary layer development and transition.
This document discusses the different types of fluid flows. It describes 6 main types of fluid flows: 1) steady and unsteady, 2) uniform and non-uniform, 3) laminar and turbulent, 4) compressible and incompressible, 5) rotational and irrotational, and 6) one-, two-, and three-dimensional flows. For each type of flow, it provides a brief definition and examples to explain the differences between the types.
The document discusses different types of stresses and strains experienced by materials. It defines normal stress as stress perpendicular to the resisting area, with tensile and compressive stresses elongating and shortening materials. Combined stress includes shear and torsional stresses from parallel forces. Strain is defined as the change in dimension due to an applied force. The stress-strain diagram is then explained, showing the material's behavior from the proportional limit through yielding and strain hardening until ultimate failure. Key points on the curve include the proportionality limit, elastic limit, yield points, and ultimate stress.
This document defines fluids and their properties. It discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines the various states of matter. Fluids are classified as ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. The key properties of fluids discussed include density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. Concepts such as bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are also introduced. Various fluid flow measurement devices that utilize Bernoulli's equation are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses static equilibrium and concepts related to determining if an object is in equilibrium. It defines static equilibrium as a state of balance where the forces acting on an object are balanced, causing it to remain at rest. It also discusses the center of gravity and how to locate it for different shapes, as well as the three states of equilibrium - stable, unstable, and neutral. Factors that determine an object's stability like mass, center of gravity location, and base of support are also covered.
This document discusses flow through pipes, including:
- Laminar and turbulent flow characteristics defined by Reynolds number
- Head losses calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and minor loss equations
- Friction factors determined from Moody diagrams for laminar and turbulent flows
- Total head loss in a pipe system equals major losses in pipe sections plus minor losses from fittings
Fluids are substances that have no definite shape and assume the shape of their container. Fluids can be classified as ideal, real, pseudo-plastic, Newtonian, or non-Newtonian depending on their properties. The properties of fluids like density, viscosity, surface tension, capillary action, specific weight, and specific gravity determine how fluids behave and can be used in engineering applications. Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid, viscosity determines a fluid's resistance to flow, and surface tension allows fluids to resist tensile stresses on their surface.
This document discusses forces inside fluids and key concepts like density, pressure, hydrostatics, and Archimedes' principle. It defines density as mass per unit volume and pressure as force per unit area. It explains that hydrostatic pressure depends on depth, fluid density, and gravity. Connecting vases and Pascal's principle are consequences of fluids transmitting pressure undiminished. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using experiments with liquid columns.
introduction to fluid mechanics physics 17gxrufzxu
1. A fluid is defined as a substance that can flow and conform to the shape of its container. Density and pressure are important physical quantities used to describe fluids. Density is the ratio of mass to volume, and pressure is the ratio of force to area.
2. Hydrostatic pressure in static fluids increases linearly with depth due to gravity. The pressure at a point in a fluid depends only on the depth and density of the fluid, not the shape of the container.
3. Pascal's principle states that a pressure change in an enclosed incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to the walls of its container. This allows hydraulic systems like levers to multiply force over distance.
This document discusses fluid statics and pressure measurement. It defines concepts like absolute pressure, gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure, and Pascal's law. It describes devices used to measure pressure like manometers, piezometers, and Bourdon gauges. Specifically, it provides details on how liquid manometers and differential manometers work, including the principles, setup, and equations to calculate pressure. It also lists the advantages and limitations of using manometers for pressure measurement applications.
Fluid properties such as density, specific volume, specific weight, specific gravity, compressibility, viscosity, and surface tension are discussed. Density is defined as the mass of a substance per unit volume. Specific volume is defined as the volume of substance per unit mass. Specific weight is the weight of substance per unit volume. Specific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of water. Compressibility refers to the change in volume of a fluid with changes in pressure. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to shear forces and depends on factors like cohesion and molecular momentum. The falling sphere viscometer is used to measure viscosity and involves dropping a sphere in a fluid and measuring its velocity over
This document discusses fluid dynamics and Bernoulli's equation. It begins by defining different forms of energy in a flowing liquid, including kinetic energy, potential energy, pressure energy, and internal energy. It then derives Bernoulli's equation, which states that the total head of a fluid particle remains constant during steady, incompressible flow. The derivation considers forces acting on a fluid particle and uses conservation of energy. Finally, the document presents the general energy equation for steady fluid flow and the specific equation for incompressible fluids using the concepts of total head, head loss, and hydraulic grade line.
This document discusses moments and their applications. It defines moment as the product of a force and the perpendicular distance to the point of rotation. There are clockwise and anticlockwise moments. Varignon's principle of moments states the algebraic sum of moments about any point equals the moment of the resultant force. Levers are machines that use moments to multiply force. There are three types of simple levers and examples of levers include scissors and pliers. Compound levers use multiple simple levers together. Moments allow machines like levers to provide mechanical advantage.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It begins with definitions of mechanics, statics, dynamics, and fluid mechanics. It then discusses different categories of fluid mechanics including fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, hydrodynamics, hydraulics, gas dynamics, and aerodynamics. The document also defines what a fluid is, discusses the properties of fluids including density, specific weight, specific volume, and specific gravity. It concludes by explaining viscosity, kinematic viscosity, and Newton's law of viscosity.
This document summarizes stress and strain concepts contributed by five authors from the Department of Geology at the University of Haripur. It defines stress and strain, related terminology, types of stress including normal and combined stresses, types of strain including tensile, compressive, shear and volumetric strains. It also describes Hooke's law which states that within the elastic limit, the ratio of stress to strain is constant, known as Young's modulus. Diagrams are included to illustrate different types of stresses and strains.
The document discusses pressure in liquids and how it increases with depth and liquid density. It provides examples of how pressure is calculated below a liquid surface using the equation: pressure = height x density x gravitational field strength. Deeper depths and higher liquid densities result in greater pressures. Structures like dams and submarines are built to withstand the enormous pressures experienced at depth in liquids like water.
1) Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. This force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object and allows objects with lower density than the fluid to float.
2) The key factors that determine if an object will float or sink are the density of the object compared to the fluid density, the weight of fluid displaced versus the object's weight, and the object's shape.
3) Stability of floating objects depends on the location of the meta-center point, which is where the line of buoyancy force meets the axis when tilted. Stable equilibrium requires the meta-center to be above the center of gravity
This document discusses simple and compound pendulums. A simple pendulum consists of a mass attached to a string that swings back and forth. Its period depends only on its length and gravity. A compound pendulum is a rigid object that pivots, like a door. Its period depends on its length of gyration, moment of inertia, mass, and gravity. For small angles, a compound pendulum behaves similarly to a simple pendulum with an effective length. Both types of pendulums exhibit simple harmonic motion that can be modeled by the same equation.
This document provides an overview of fluid pressure and measurement techniques. It begins with defining key concepts like hydrostatic pressure, Pascal's law, and pressure variation in static fluids. It then describes various devices used to measure pressure, including manometers (U-tube, single column, differential), and mechanical gauges (diaphragm, Bourdon tube, dead-weight, bellows). The document is divided into 5 units covering fluid statics, kinematics, dynamics, pipe flow, and dimensional analysis with the goal of teaching students to calculate pressure, hydrostatic forces, fluid flow, and losses in closed conduits.
This document discusses boundary layer development. It begins by defining boundary layers and describing the velocity profile near a surface. As distance from the leading edge increases, the boundary layer thickness grows due to viscous forces slowing fluid particles. The boundary layer then transitions from laminar to turbulent. Turbulent boundary layers have a logarithmic velocity profile and thicker boundary layer compared to laminar. Pressure gradients and surface roughness also impact boundary layer development and transition.
This document discusses the different types of fluid flows. It describes 6 main types of fluid flows: 1) steady and unsteady, 2) uniform and non-uniform, 3) laminar and turbulent, 4) compressible and incompressible, 5) rotational and irrotational, and 6) one-, two-, and three-dimensional flows. For each type of flow, it provides a brief definition and examples to explain the differences between the types.
The document discusses different types of stresses and strains experienced by materials. It defines normal stress as stress perpendicular to the resisting area, with tensile and compressive stresses elongating and shortening materials. Combined stress includes shear and torsional stresses from parallel forces. Strain is defined as the change in dimension due to an applied force. The stress-strain diagram is then explained, showing the material's behavior from the proportional limit through yielding and strain hardening until ultimate failure. Key points on the curve include the proportionality limit, elastic limit, yield points, and ultimate stress.
This document defines fluids and their properties. It discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines the various states of matter. Fluids are classified as ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. The key properties of fluids discussed include density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. Concepts such as bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are also introduced. Various fluid flow measurement devices that utilize Bernoulli's equation are briefly mentioned.
This document discusses static equilibrium and concepts related to determining if an object is in equilibrium. It defines static equilibrium as a state of balance where the forces acting on an object are balanced, causing it to remain at rest. It also discusses the center of gravity and how to locate it for different shapes, as well as the three states of equilibrium - stable, unstable, and neutral. Factors that determine an object's stability like mass, center of gravity location, and base of support are also covered.
This document discusses flow through pipes, including:
- Laminar and turbulent flow characteristics defined by Reynolds number
- Head losses calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and minor loss equations
- Friction factors determined from Moody diagrams for laminar and turbulent flows
- Total head loss in a pipe system equals major losses in pipe sections plus minor losses from fittings
Fluids are substances that have no definite shape and assume the shape of their container. Fluids can be classified as ideal, real, pseudo-plastic, Newtonian, or non-Newtonian depending on their properties. The properties of fluids like density, viscosity, surface tension, capillary action, specific weight, and specific gravity determine how fluids behave and can be used in engineering applications. Density is the mass per unit volume of a fluid, viscosity determines a fluid's resistance to flow, and surface tension allows fluids to resist tensile stresses on their surface.
This document discusses forces inside fluids and key concepts like density, pressure, hydrostatics, and Archimedes' principle. It defines density as mass per unit volume and pressure as force per unit area. It explains that hydrostatic pressure depends on depth, fluid density, and gravity. Connecting vases and Pascal's principle are consequences of fluids transmitting pressure undiminished. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced. Atmospheric pressure can be measured using experiments with liquid columns.
introduction to fluid mechanics physics 17gxrufzxu
1. A fluid is defined as a substance that can flow and conform to the shape of its container. Density and pressure are important physical quantities used to describe fluids. Density is the ratio of mass to volume, and pressure is the ratio of force to area.
2. Hydrostatic pressure in static fluids increases linearly with depth due to gravity. The pressure at a point in a fluid depends only on the depth and density of the fluid, not the shape of the container.
3. Pascal's principle states that a pressure change in an enclosed incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluid and to the walls of its container. This allows hydraulic systems like levers to multiply force over distance.
- The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including density, pressure, buoyancy, and fluid flow.
- Density is the ratio of mass to volume and plays a role in determining if objects float. Higher density fluids sit below lower density fluids.
- Pressure increases with depth in a fluid and is transmitted equally in all directions according to Pascal's laws.
- Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced.
- Bernoulli's principle relates fluid pressure and velocity such that higher flow speeds means lower pressure.
Los fluidos en reposo o en movimiento uniforme en equilibrio deberán estar libres de esfuerzos cortantes pues no los soportan. Se define como gravedad específica de una sustancia la razón entre su densidad y la densidad del agua. También se le llama densidad específica.
Differential manometers are devices used to measure the difference in pressure between two points. The simplest type is a U-tube containing liquid, with the two pressures connected to either end. The difference in height of the liquid menisci indicates the difference in pressures.
Archimedes' principle states that the upward force on a submerged object equals the weight of the fluid it displaces. This can be used to determine an object's density by weighing it in air and when fully submerged. A hydrometer uses this to measure the density of liquids by its different float levels in water and the liquid being tested.
The orientation an object floats in depends on the relative positions of its center of mass and the center
The document discusses key concepts in fluid mechanics including:
1) Phases of matter, density, specific gravity, and pressure in fluids. Pressure increases with depth in a fluid.
2) Pascal's principle states that pressure increases are transmitted undiminished throughout a fluid. This allows hydraulic systems to work.
3) Archimedes' principle explains that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of fluid displaced. Whether an object floats or sinks depends on its density compared to the fluid.
1) The document discusses fluid mechanics concepts related to pressure and fluid statics. It covers topics like pressure measurement devices, hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces, buoyancy, stability of floating and immersed bodies, and fluids in rigid-body motion.
2) Key concepts covered include how pressure varies with depth in fluids, Pascal's law, Archimedes' principle of buoyancy, stability criteria for floating and immersed objects, and how pressure varies in fluids undergoing linear or rotational acceleration.
3) Various pressure measurement devices are described, including manometers, bourdon tubes, and deadweight testers. Equations are provided for calculating hydrostatic forces on plane and curved surfaces.
Forces in fluids are explained through concepts like pressure, which increases with depth underwater or elevation above sea level. Devices like hydraulic systems use confined fluids to multiply forces by changing piston sizes based on Pascal's principle. Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid equals the weight of the fluid displaced, determining whether it sinks or floats based on relative densities.
This is the PowerPoint presentation for students of grade 10. Here you will get a chance to know about the Laws of pressure, liquid pressure, Upthrust, Archimede's Principle, Density and Thermometer. Everything is briefly explained as notes with proper experimental verification, examples, and some other interesting facts about this lesson.
The document provides an overview of hydrostatics. It defines key properties of liquids like viscosity, bulk modulus, and density. It describes how pressure increases with depth in liquids and defines concepts like gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure head. Archimedes' principle states that the upward force on a submerged object equals the weight of the fluid displaced. Worked examples demonstrate calculating pressure, force, and volume displaced for various hydrostatic situations.
The document discusses hydrostatics and determining hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of a container. It defines hydrostatics as the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest. The key principles are that hydrostatic pressure is directly proportional to the density of the fluid, the depth of the point being considered, and gravity. It also examines concepts like viscosity, surface tension, cohesion, adhesion, and capillarity of fluids. The document concludes that hydrostatic pressure within a fluid only depends on the density of the fluid and the depth at which it is submerged.
This document provides an overview of fundamental properties of water, including:
- Water can exist in three phases (solid, liquid, gas) depending on temperature and pressure, and requires latent heat to change phases.
- Water has a maximum density of 1 g/cm3 at 4°C and its density and viscosity depend on temperature and pressure.
- Atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 1 bar and exerts pressure on any surface in contact with air, including water surfaces.
- The document defines key terms including density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and cavitation.
This document discusses fluid statics and dynamics, including:
- Pressure increases with depth in a liquid according to the equation P=ρgh.
- Density is defined as mass per unit volume. Relative density compares a substance's density to that of water.
- Archimedes' principle states that the upthrust on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
- For an object to float, its weight must equal the weight of the fluid it displaces according to the principle of floatation.
This document discusses the key concepts of fluid mechanics. It begins by defining fluid mechanics as the science dealing with fluids at rest or in motion, and the interactions between fluids and solids. It then covers various physical properties of liquids like density, viscosity, surface tension, and capillarity. The document also discusses divisions of fluid mechanics including fluid statics, kinematics and dynamics. It notes that fluid mechanics has applications in areas like hydraulic structures, fluid control devices, and human circulatory systems. Newton's law of viscosity is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts covered in a physics class, including fluids, pressure, Pascal's law, gauge pressure, buoyancy, and Archimedes' principle. It discusses how pressure increases with depth in fluids and defines density. Examples are provided to illustrate calculating buoyant force and tension in submerged objects. The document also explains that melting an iceberg that is already floating will not change sea level due to Archimedes' principle of buoyancy.
This document summarizes the key topics covered in a physics class, including fluids, pressure, Pascal's law, gauge pressure, buoyancy, Archimedes' principle, density, and examples calculating buoyant force. It reviews key definitions like pressure, atmospheric pressure, and gauge pressure. It also provides examples calculating tension in strings for submerged objects. The document announces that the next class will be a review for the upcoming final exam on fluids, pressure, density and other topics from chapters 1-15.
This document discusses fluids and fluid mechanics. It defines a fluid as anything that flows, including liquids and gases. It discusses the properties of fluids like density, pressure, viscosity, compressibility, and how these properties depend on factors like temperature. It introduces concepts like Pascal's principle, Archimedes' principle, Bernoulli's principle, and equations like the equation of continuity that relate key variables in fluid flow situations. Examples are provided to illustrate how to apply these principles and equations to calculate things like fluid pressure, velocity, and buoyant forces.
This document discusses various properties and concepts related to fluid mechanics. It begins by defining density, specific weight, specific volume, and specific gravity as properties of fluids. It then discusses viscosity, noting that it represents a fluid's resistance to flow and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. Viscosity varies with temperature for liquids and gases. The document also covers surface tension, capillarity, vapor pressure, cavitation, fluid statics, and Pascal's law.
The document discusses the kinetic theory as it applies to gases and the nature of liquids. It describes three basic assumptions of kinetic theory for gases: gases are composed of particles in random motion that undergo perfectly elastic collisions. Gas pressure results from particle collisions. It also discusses how temperature relates to average kinetic energy of particles. The document then covers how liquids are similar to gases in that their particles are in motion, but they are more dense due to intermolecular attractions. It defines vaporization, evaporation, boiling points, and the relationship between vapor pressure and temperature.
Similar to Fluid mechanic: Archimedes and buoyancy's principles (20)
1. Bernoulli's principle states that within a horizontal flow of fluid, the highest fluid pressure occurs where the flow speed is lowest, and lowest pressure where flow speed is highest.
2. Bernoulli's principle explains how the difference in pressure above and below a wing produces an upward force, allowing for flight. It is also applied to explain how air flows over mountains.
3. Bernoulli's equation expresses the conservation of energy for flowing fluids, relating pressure, flow velocity, and elevation. It states that the total mechanical energy per unit volume remains constant within a streamline.
What is Pascal's law? what are the applications of Pascal's law?
This provide s the basic knowledge about Pascal's principle which is applied with the hydraulic system.
How is power transformer protected??? This provides a basic understanding of power transformer. Furthermore, the protective relay application on power transformer is included.
The document provides an introduction to smart grid technologies. It defines a smart grid as an electricity network that uses digital computing and communication technologies to intelligently integrate generators, consumers, and prosumers. The key components of a smart grid include smart meters, home energy management systems, renewable generation integration, and technologies like sensing and advanced control methods. While smart grids provide benefits like improved reliability and sustainability, challenges remain around costs, policy and regulation, and ensuring interoperability between new and old equipment. Overall, smart grids are seen as revolutionizing the electrical network for more efficient, reliable and green energy in the future.
The document discusses heuristic algorithms and their applications. It describes various heuristic algorithms including greedy algorithms, hill climbing, simulated annealing, tabu search, and ant colony algorithms. It provides examples of how these algorithms can be applied to job scheduling problems and the traveling salesman problem. The advantages of heuristic algorithms are that they can find approximate solutions quickly without needing to derive formulas, but the disadvantage is solutions are not guaranteed to be optimal.
Compressed air energy storage (CAES) stores energy by using excess electricity to compress and pump air into underground storage facilities such as salt caverns. The stored air is later released to drive turbines and generate electricity during peak demand periods. There are three main types of CAES systems - diabatic, adiabatic, and isothermal. Diabatic systems are the most common and require natural gas combustion during discharge, while adiabatic and isothermal systems aim to reduce or eliminate fuel usage through heat recovery and storage techniques. CAES provides large-scale, low-cost energy storage and helps integrate renewable energy sources by storing excess power, but has disadvantages related to water contamination and salt waste from underground
The document discusses key aspects of smart grid distribution systems, including what a smart grid is, how it works, its components like smart meters and microgrids, and technologies involved like SCADA systems and energy storage. Some benefits are more reliable and accurate billing, reduced energy theft, and improved integration of distributed renewable generation. Case studies show how utilities are implementing smart grid technologies to improve reliability, incorporate more renewables, and engage customers.
It provides a basic understanding of hydropower plant which use water to generate electricity. Moreover, it describes about its advantages and disadvantages.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
2. 2
Introduction to fluid
Fluids are divided into liquids and gases.
In general, liquids are called incompressible fluids and gases
compressible fluids.
4. 4
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure is the mass of air surround the Earth.
It changes rapidly every time. Pressure at one area is
defined by the weight of the air above that area.
9. 9
Water Pressure
Pressure is the force that pushes water through pipes.
The pressure is measured in ‘bars’, and one bar of pressure
is required to lift water by 10 meters.
11. 11
Water Pressure
Water pressure does not remain constant and can vary
when demand for water is high. For example, during busy
morning and evening periods, water pressure in the mains
network may reduce.
Low pressure can occur when the pressure in the water main
is not enough
12. 12
Water Pressure
Water pressure is measured at the point where it leaves our
pipework.
All water companies are legally required to supply a
minimum water pressure of 0.7 bar to the point that their
pipework meets the homeowner's supply pipe.
13. 13
Water Pressure
only way to formally measure your water pressure is by
using a water pressure gauge
14. 14
Water Pressure
Water pressure can vary at different times of the day.
Pressure is normally higher late at night when very little
water is being taken from our network and most people's
taps are turned off.
In the morning when people are taking a bath or shower, or
watering their garden on a hot evening, there is a bigger
demand for water which can cause low pressures.
15. 15
Fluid Pressure
water is a fluid that its shape is
changed depend on the container.
Pressure can be determined by the
total amount of vertically water weight
on a specific area.
21. 21
Archimedes principle
The greatest mathematician, physicist
and engineer in ancient Greece.
Discoverer of the famous ‘Principle of
Archimedes.
research in solid and fluid dynamics as
well as on the lever, the centre of
gravity and buoyancy
(287 BC – 212 BC)
22. 22
Archimedes principle- King’s crown problem
King asked his person to make a crown for him.
He want to make sure it is pure gold.
He worried he was cheated.
27. 27
Archimedes principleKing’s crown problem
First he did not know how to solve King’s problem.
Then he felt he would be sentenced then.
He did not know how to measure the volume of crown well.
34. 34
Archimedes principle
Example
A person has a mass of 75kg in air and an apparent
mass of 2kg when submerged in water. Calculate the
volume and density of the person.
35. 35
Archimedes principle
Example
Calculate the apparent mass of an object that has
mass of 5.7kg in air when submerged in vegetable oil
with density of 92g/cm3 if the displaced oil is
16.30cm3.
36. 36
Archimedes principle
Fluid pressure acts all over the wetted surface of a body
floating in a fluid, and the resultant pressure acts in a
vertical upward direction.
This force is called buoyancy. The buoyancy of air is small
compared with the gravitational force of the immersed body,
so it is normally ignored.
38. 38
Archimedes principle
The pressure acting on the cube due to the liquid in the
horizontal direction is balanced right and left.
For the vertical direction, where the atmospheric pressure is
P0.
Force F1 acting on the upper surface A is expressed
39. 39
Archimedes principle
The force F2 acting on the lower surface is:
volume of the body in the liquid is V, the resultant force F
from the pressure acting on the whole surface of the body
is:
47. 47
Archimedes principle Overall
Buoyancy force is equal to the
weight of displace fluid.
The volume of submerged
object in a fluid is equal to the
volume of displaced fluid.