Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
This is the PowerPoint presentation for students of grade 10. Here you will get a chance to know about the Laws of pressure, liquid pressure, Upthrust, Archimede's Principle, Density and Thermometer. Everything is briefly explained as notes with proper experimental verification, examples, and some other interesting facts about this lesson.
What is the pressure?
What is formulae of pressure?
What is the SI unit of pressure?
What is fluid pressure?
What is atmospheric pressure?
How can we measure pressure?
Properties of Fluids, Fluid Static, Buoyancy and Dimensional AnalysisSatish Taji
The presentation includes a brief view of the basic properties of a fluid, fluid statics, Pascal's law, hydrostatic law, fluid classification, pressure measurement devices (manometers and mechanical gauges), hydrostatic forces on different surfaces, buoyancy and metacentric height, and dimensional analysis.
This is the PowerPoint presentation for students of grade 10. Here you will get a chance to know about the Laws of pressure, liquid pressure, Upthrust, Archimede's Principle, Density and Thermometer. Everything is briefly explained as notes with proper experimental verification, examples, and some other interesting facts about this lesson.
What is the pressure?
What is formulae of pressure?
What is the SI unit of pressure?
What is fluid pressure?
What is atmospheric pressure?
How can we measure pressure?
PLEASE NOTE THIS IS PART-1
By Referring or said Learning This Presentation You Can Clear Your Basics Fundamental Doubts about Fluid Mechanics. In this Presentation You Will Learn about Fluid Pressure, Pressure at Point, Pascal's Law, Types Of Pressure and Pressure Measurements.
FLUID FLOW
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases.
“Fluid flow may be defined as the flow of substances that do not permanently resist distortion”
The subject of fluid flow can be divided into-
fluid statics
fluid dynamics
flow of fluid and its mechanism along with principleAkankshaPatel55
Fluid flow, the seemingly effortless movement of liquids and gases, plays a crucial role in various scientific and engineering fields. From blood circulation to airplane design, understanding fluid mechanics is essential. This note explores the basics of fluid flow, keeping it under 3000 words.
Understanding Fluids:
What is a fluid? Any substance that readily adapts to its container's shape, like liquids and gases.
Flow types: Laminar (ordered layers) vs. Turbulent (chaotic swirls), internal (in pipes) vs. external (around objects), steady (unchanging) vs. unsteady (variable).
Governing Principles:
Conservation of mass, momentum, and energy: Fundamental principles ensure mass, momentum, and energy are conserved within a system.
The Core Mechanism: Navier-Stokes Equations
These complex equations describe viscous fluid motion, incorporating the above principles.
Analytical solutions are often challenging, leading to the use of numerical methods like CFD.
Key Concepts:
Reynolds Number (Re): Ratio of inertial to viscous forces, predicting laminar-turbulent transition.
Boundary Layer Theory: Analyzes the thin region near solid boundaries where viscosity dominates.
Drag and Lift Forces: Forces exerted by flowing fluids on objects, important in aerodynamics.
Fluid Properties: Density, viscosity, and compressibility significantly impact flow behavior.
Applications and Importance:
Civil Engineering: Design of pipelines, dams, and water distribution systems.
Aerospace Engineering: Designing airplanes, rockets, and understanding airfoils.
Chemical Engineering: Designing reactors, pumps, and separation processes.
Biomedical Engineering: Understanding blood flow and designing medical devices.
Surface Tension
Surface Tension in Detail
Surface Tension on Liquid Droplet
Surface Tension on Hollow Droplet
Surface Tension on Liquid Jet
Capillary
Expression for Capillary Rise
Expression for Capillary Fall
Sources
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. PASCAL’S LAW
Pascal’s Law stated that the intensity of pressure at a given point is equal in all
direction for a static fluid or it can be said as when fluid is at rest in closed space,
pressure change a point is transmitted to every portion of fluid without any loss and
to the surface of closed space.
Illustration –
According to the Pascal’s Law, pressure applied on piston will produce an equal
increase in pressure on another pressure only if the area of the second piston is 10
times that of first, the force on second piston will be 10 times greater though the
pressure is same as the that on first piston.
3. HYDRO-STATIC LAW
According to Hydro-Static Law (fluid at rest) it states that the specific weight of the
fluid at point must be equal to the rate of increase of pressure in vertically downward
direction.
In mathematical form:-
Where p = hydrostatic pressure or difference between given two points within
fluid column, due to weight of fluid
ρ = density of fluid
h = height of fluid above the point of measurement (pressure head)
g = acceleration due to gravity
4. FLUID PRESSURE AT A POINT
Consider a area dA in a mass of fluid and it is stationary. Then we can say that force
exerted by surrounding fluid on area dA will be perpendicular to the surface of the
area dA. Let dF be the force action on the area dA in normal direction. Then the
reaction of dF/dA can be known as the intensity of pressure on considered area.
Hence mathematically when fluid is at rest the pressure at a point is:-
Then pressure at any point if force (F) is uniformly distrusted over the area(A) is given
by:-
The units of pressure are: a) kgf/cm^2 and kgf/m^2 in MKS units, b) N/m^2 and
N/mm^2 in SI-units it is also known as Pascal represented by Pa. Other commonly
used units of pressure are kPa and bar.
5. PRESSURE MEASURING SYSTEMS
There are two different systems to measure pressure on a fluid. In one
system, pressure is measured above the absolute zero or complete vacuum
it is called absolute pressure. Another way to measure pressure on a fluid is
by measuring it above atmospheric pressure and it is called gauge pressure.
Thus:
Absolute Pressure – It is defined as the pressure which is measured with
reference to absolute vacuum pressure.
Gauge Pressure – It is defined as the pressure measured above atmospheric
pressure (as datum) with the help of pressure measuring equipment. The
atmospheric pressure on the scale of equipment is marked as zero.
Vacuum Pressure – Pressure measure above atmospheric pressure is known
as vacuum pressure.
6. Cont...
Relationship between absolute, gauge and vacuum
pressure can be shown mathematically as:-
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric Pressure + Gauge Pressure
Vacuum Pressure = Atmospheric Pressure – Absolute Pressure
Note:- a) Atmospheric pressure head is 760 mm of mercury or
10.33m of water
b) Atmospheric pressure at sea level at 15 degree Celsius is
101.3kN/m^2 in SI units
7. PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES
The pressure of a fluid can be measured by the following devices:
Manometers
Mechanical Gauges
Manometers – It is device used for measuring the pressure at a point in a
fluid by balancing the column of fluid by the same or different column of
the fluid.They are further classified as:
Simple Manometers
Differential Manometers
Mechanical Gauges – It is device which uses spring or dead weight to
measure pressure by balancing it with fluid column. Commonly used
mechanical pressure gauges are:-
Diaphragm pressure gauge
Bellows pressure gauge
Dead-Weight pressure gauge
Bourdon tube pressure gauge
8. THANK YOU
Please feel free to comment your suggestions
and any correction....