Fluid flow-Mention fluid properties such as viscosity, compressibility and surface tension of fluids.
Hydrostatics (Fluidststics) influencing fluid flow.
Fluid dynamics‐ Bernoulli’s theorem, flow of fluids in pipes, laminar and turbulent flow.
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress.
Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases.
Fluid flow may be defined as the flow of substances that do not permanently resist distortion
The subject of fluid flow can be divided into fluid static's and fluid dynamics
FLUID STATICS
Consider a column of liquid with two openings Which are provided at the wall of the vessel at different height
The rate of flow through these openings are different due to the pressure exerted at the different heights are different
Consider a stationary column the pressure P is acting on the surface of the fluid, column is maintained at constant pressure by applying pressure
The force acting below and above the point 1 are evaluated
Substituting the force with pressure x area of cross section in the above equation
B. Pharm 2nd year IIIrd Sem
Subject- Pharmaceutical Engineering
As per PCI syllabus
Content: Types of manometers, Reynolds number and its significance,
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Orifice meter,
Venturimeter, Pitot tube and Rotometer
Fluid Mechanics introduction for UG students
Fluid properties
Reynolds experiment
Manometer
Orificemeter
Venturimeter
Pitot tube
Rotameter
Current flow meter
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
B. Pharm 2nd year IIIrd Sem
Subject- Pharmaceutical Engineering
As per PCI syllabus
Content: Types of manometers, Reynolds number and its significance,
Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Energy losses, Orifice meter,
Venturimeter, Pitot tube and Rotometer
Fluid Mechanics introduction for UG students
Fluid properties
Reynolds experiment
Manometer
Orificemeter
Venturimeter
Pitot tube
Rotameter
Current flow meter
When phases exist together, the boundary between two of them is known as interface.
When the phase is in contact with atmosphere it is termed as surface.
Pharmaceutical Engineering Unit- 1 Chapter -1 Flow of fluid.pptxNikita Gupta
Here's a short way to understand the concept of pharmaceutical engineering . Take a look of this amazing ppt who describes the Chapter -1 of Pharmaceutical engineering i.e. Flow of Fluid.
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
Presentation include chapter solubility of drugs from second yr B-Pharm
Solubility, solubility expression, solute solvent interactions, solubility parameters, solvation and dissolution, factors affecting solubility, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, fractional distillation, azeotropes, dissolution and drug release and diffusion.
This presentation contains the Fluid flow chapter of Pharmaceutical engineering. This chapter include the definition of flow of fluid, Reynolds number, Bernollis therom, Manometers, Fluid flow measuring equipment's and applications.
Pharmaceutical Engineering Unit- 1 Chapter -1 Flow of fluid.pptxNikita Gupta
Here's a short way to understand the concept of pharmaceutical engineering . Take a look of this amazing ppt who describes the Chapter -1 of Pharmaceutical engineering i.e. Flow of Fluid.
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
Presentation include chapter solubility of drugs from second yr B-Pharm
Solubility, solubility expression, solute solvent interactions, solubility parameters, solvation and dissolution, factors affecting solubility, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, fractional distillation, azeotropes, dissolution and drug release and diffusion.
This presentation contains the Fluid flow chapter of Pharmaceutical engineering. This chapter include the definition of flow of fluid, Reynolds number, Bernollis therom, Manometers, Fluid flow measuring equipment's and applications.
FLUID FLOW
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases.
“Fluid flow may be defined as the flow of substances that do not permanently resist distortion”
The subject of fluid flow can be divided into-
fluid statics
fluid dynamics
flow of fluid and its mechanism along with principleAkankshaPatel55
Fluid flow, the seemingly effortless movement of liquids and gases, plays a crucial role in various scientific and engineering fields. From blood circulation to airplane design, understanding fluid mechanics is essential. This note explores the basics of fluid flow, keeping it under 3000 words.
Understanding Fluids:
What is a fluid? Any substance that readily adapts to its container's shape, like liquids and gases.
Flow types: Laminar (ordered layers) vs. Turbulent (chaotic swirls), internal (in pipes) vs. external (around objects), steady (unchanging) vs. unsteady (variable).
Governing Principles:
Conservation of mass, momentum, and energy: Fundamental principles ensure mass, momentum, and energy are conserved within a system.
The Core Mechanism: Navier-Stokes Equations
These complex equations describe viscous fluid motion, incorporating the above principles.
Analytical solutions are often challenging, leading to the use of numerical methods like CFD.
Key Concepts:
Reynolds Number (Re): Ratio of inertial to viscous forces, predicting laminar-turbulent transition.
Boundary Layer Theory: Analyzes the thin region near solid boundaries where viscosity dominates.
Drag and Lift Forces: Forces exerted by flowing fluids on objects, important in aerodynamics.
Fluid Properties: Density, viscosity, and compressibility significantly impact flow behavior.
Applications and Importance:
Civil Engineering: Design of pipelines, dams, and water distribution systems.
Aerospace Engineering: Designing airplanes, rockets, and understanding airfoils.
Chemical Engineering: Designing reactors, pumps, and separation processes.
Biomedical Engineering: Understanding blood flow and designing medical devices.
The branch of chemistry, which deals with the study of reaction rates and their mechanisms, called chemical kinetics.
Thermodynamics tells only about the feasibility of a reaction whereas chemical kinetics tells about the rate of a reaction.
For example, thermodynamic data indicate that diamond shall convert to graphite but in reality the conversion rate is so slow that the change is not perceptible at all.
The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time.
On the molecular level, there is frantic activity. Equilibrium is not static, but is a highly dynamic situation.
law of mass action-
jA + kB lC + mD
where A, B, C, and D represents chemical species and j, k, l, and m are their coefficient in the balanced equation.
The law of mass action is represented by the equilibrium expression:
The square brackets indicate the concentrations of the chemical species at equilibrium, and K is a constant called the equilibrium constant.
Introduction
Basis
Importance
Classification
Homogeneous catalysis
Mechanism
Example
Heterogeneous catalysis
Mechanism
Examples
Promoters
Catalytic Poisoning
Autocatalysis
Enzyme catalysis
Enzymes
References
Catalyst: -
The substances that alter the rate of a reaction but itself remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction is called a Catalyst.
The process is called Catalysis.
prop-
A catalyst cannot start the reaction by itself.
Catalytic activity increases as surface area of catalyst increases.
Catalysts are thermolabile, this effect is very well pronounced in enzymes.
Catalytic activity is maximum at a catalyst’s optimum temperature.
A catalyst does not alter the position of the equilibrium, instead it helps in achieving the equilibrium faster.
content-
Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
History of Catalysis
Catalysis
Recent trends in Catalysis
Future trends in Catalysis
Summary
role-
24% of GDP from Products made using catalysts (Food, Fuels, Clothes, Polymers, Drug, Agro-chemicals)
> 90 % of petro refining & petrochemicals processes use catalysts
90 % of processes & 60 % of products in the chemical industry
> 95% of pollution control technologies
Catalysis in the production/use of alternate fuels (NG,DME, H2, Fuel Cells, biofuels…)
Type of adsorption- Pharmaeutical Physical ChemistrySanchit Dhankhar
Adsorption
Adsorption versus absorption, Desorption
Types of adsorption: Physisorption and Chemisorption
Factors affecting adsorption
Adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir
Gibbs adsorption isotherm
Bet equation and its use in surface area determination
Applications
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is the process in which matter is extracted from one phase and concentrated at the surface of a second phase. (Interface accumulation). This is a surface phenomenon as opposed to absorption where matter changes solution phase, e.g. gas transfer. This is demonstrated in the following schematic.
Viruses of Prokaryotes:
T4 phage
M13 (General properties and structure,classification,reproduction)
Viruses of Eukaryotes:
Retrovirus
Herpes simplex virus (Classification, reproduction )
Plant viruses:
TMV (Morphology, taxonomy, and reproduction)
Viroids and prions
A virus is a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells.
Killing or removing all forms of microbial life (including endospores) in a material or an object.
Mainly due to: oxidation of cell component, denature proteins, nucleic acids, RNA and loss of membrane permeability.
Procedures performed in a way to prevent contamination with infectious microorganisms
Used to prevent contamination of surgical instruments, medical personnel, and the patient during surgery
Sanitization: Lowering of microbial counts to prevent transmission in public setting (e.g., restaurants & public rest rooms)
Degerming: Mechanical removal of microbes from limited area. e.g., Alcohol swab on skin, washing of hands with soap
Sepsis: Bacterial contamination
Antisepsis: Reduction or Inhibition of microbes found on LIVING TISSUE
Smear preparation:
A drop of water is placed in the centre of a slide
One loopfuls of organisms is transferred to the centre of slide
Spread the organisms over the slide
The smear is allowed to dry
Slide is passed through flame several times to heat-kill and fix organisms
A bacterial stain is stained with crystal violet (fuchsin, methylene blue) 1 min
Observe under microscope
Basic Dyes
Methylene Blue
Crystal Violet
Carbol Fuchsin
Safranin
Malachite Green
Acidic Dyes
Picric Acid
Nigrosin
India Ink
Eosin
differrential statining
Two or more reagents Distinguish
Bacterial groups
Specific Structures
Example
Gram stain
Acid Fast Stain
Poliomyelitis, often called polio is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an inability to move.
It may also be spread by food or water containing infected human feces & less commonly from infected saliva.
Enterovirus (RNA)
Three serotypes: 1, 2, 3
Rapidly inactivated by heat, formaldehyde, chlorine, ultraviolet light.
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).
The World Health Organization recommends all children be vaccinated against polio.
Polio vaccines are generally safe to give during pregnancy & in those cases who have HIV/AIDS .
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)
May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
Mutations happen regularly
Almost all mutations are neutral
Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations
Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations
Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)
chromosome mutations=
Five types exist:
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
Duplication
The inhibition of growth under standardized conditions may be utilized for demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics.
Any subtle change in the antibiotic molecule which may not be detected by chemical methods will be revealed by a change in the antimicrobial activity and hence microbiological assays are very useful for resolving doubts regarding possible change in potency of antibiotics and their preparations.
principle;
The microbiological assay is based upon a comparison of the inhibition of growth of micro-organisms by measured concentration of the antibiotics to be examined with that produced by known concentrations of a standard preparation of the antibiotic having a known activity.
Two general method are usually employed:-
The cylinder-plate (or cup-plate) method.
The turbidimetric (or tube assay) method.
The process of growing microorganisms in culture by taking bacteria from the infection site (in vivo or environment) and grow them in artificial environment in the laboratory (in vitro).
Bacteria may require adequate nutrition, optimum pH, temperature and oxygen for growth and multiplication.
Suitable artificial media containing sources of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and other elements such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron and growth factor (Vitamins) in very small amounts have been used for cultivation of microorganism.
When microorganisms are cultivated in the laboratory, a growth environment called a medium is used. The medium may be purely chemical (a chemically defined medium), or it may contain organic materials, or it may consist of living organisms such as fertilized eggs.
Microorganisms growing in or on such a medium form a culture.
A culture is considered a pure culture if only one type of organism is present and a mixed culture if populations of different organisms are present.
When first used, the culture medium should be sterile, meaning that no form of life is present before inoculation with the microorganism.
Types of Pathogenic Organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Animal
Parasites
mecahnism
Utilization of host nutritional resources
Physical damage to host tissues
Production of toxic substances
Chromosomal and gene damage
Body cells behave abnormally
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses
- sweat has a low pH
Mucus traps foreign particles
Tears
- Lysozyme has antimicrobial action
Gastric stomach acid
2nd line of defence
Phagocytic cells (WBCs)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells
Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial proteins
Lysozyme
Interferon
Antibodies
History of microbiology- Pharmaceutical MicrobiologySanchit Dhankhar
Scientific study of organisms (both eukaryotes and prokaryotes) and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms / microbes which is visible only with a microscope.
Derived from the Greek word “mikros” - ‘small’ and “bios” - ‘life’.
The diverse group of organisms includes algae, archae, bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses.
Most of the microorganisms are harmless.
99% are good. Eg: Cynobacteria (blue green algae)
1% are bad. Eg: Pathogens
The belief in the spontaneous generation of life from nonliving matter was introduced by Aristotle, who lived around 350 BC.
According to Aristotle, it was:
“readily observable that aphids arise from the dew which falls on plants, fleas from putrid matter, mice from dirty hay.”
This belief remained unchallenged for more than 2000 years.
Formation of life from non living things- ABIOGENESIS.
Aristotle suggested that flies and maggots developed from decaying organic matter.
Epicuris suggested that worms and other animals originated from soil and manure by the action of sun and rain.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
Theory of Spontaneous generation was disproved by Francesco Redi,Lazzaro Spallanzani,Louis Pasteur and Theodore Schwann.They argued that life originated from “pre existing life only”-BIOGENESIS.
Francesco Redi took 3 containers filled with meat particles.1st was kept unclosed,2nd covered with paper and 3rd was covered with cork or guaze.After inhibition the 1st container had maggot being produced because flies were attracted by the odour of the meat and they laid eggs after some days developed to maggots.2nd and 3rd container did not contain maggots.
DISINFECTANTS are chemical agents that inhibit or kill microorganisms (surgical apparatus, periphery of the patient, and the objects used by the patient).
Disinfection It is the application of chemicals to destroy most pathogenic organisms on inanimate surfaces
Can be accomplished by application of chemical agents, use of physical agents (ionizing radiation) dry or moist heat, superheated steam(autoclave, 120̊ C)
idela surfactant
effective at room temperature,
noncorrosive and nontoxic,
inexpensive,
capable of killing the vegetative form of all pathogenic organisms,
require limited time of exposure
It is an antibiotic that was the first drug to be successful against tuberculosis but now it is used with other drugs because of its toxic effects
othere uses
Anti TB drug
Plaque
Veterinary treatment against gram negative bacteria in horses , cattle , sheep
Fermentation is defined as chemical transformation of organic compound brought about through agency of microorganisms
Microorganisms useful in fementation can be either prokaryotes such as bacteria , virus or eukaryotes such as fungi; yeast
Test Organism-Streptomyces griseus
Penicillin is a antibiotic having β-lactum thiazolidine ring.
Penicillin G is the starting material for 6-amino penicillanic acid which is the key intermediate in the production of wide range of semi synthetic penicillins.
Mold used for the production of penicillin is Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillin is a antibiotic having β-lactum thiazolidine ring.
Penicillin G is the starting material for 6-amino penicillanic acid which is the key intermediate in the production of wide range of semi synthetic penicillins.
Mold used for the production of penicillin is Penicillium chrysogenum
types of fermentation
Basically ,there are two methods of preparation of penicillin by fermentation:
Surface Culture Method:
In this method mold is grown on the surface of shallow layers of the fermentation medium.
Submerged Culture Method:
In this method mold is grown submerged in the fermentation medium.
master stock culture
It can be preserved by
Freeze drying
Fixing on soil sand mixtures
Storage under liquid nitrogen
Second method is the best method
The fermentation industry is composed of five major bio-ingredient categories.
They are:
- Proteins & amino acids.
- Organic acids.
- Antibiotics.
- Enzymes.
- Vitamins & hormones.
Optimum balance of the media is mandatory for cells propagation and for the maximum production of target metabolite (end-product).
Fermentation media
Media compositions:
- Carbon source.
- Nitrogen source.
- Minerals.
- Growth factors.
- Precursors (mutants).
Types of fermentation
Solid State fermentation (SSF).
Liquid State fermentation (LSF) Surface culture & submerged culture
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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2. Disclaimer
Presentation slides are provided on
student's request for purpose of
quick reference only, hence it can
not be replaced with standard study
material or books that are mentioned
in syllabus of respective subjects.
Students are expected to refer
standard books for study for
examination.
3. Fluid flow
• Mention fluid properties such as viscosity,
compressibility and surface tension of fluids.
• Hydrostatics (Fluidststics) influencing fluid
flow.
• Fluid dynamics‐ Bernoulli’s theorem, flow
of fluids in pipes, laminar and turbulent flow.
6. FLUID FLOW
A fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an
applied shear stress.
Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids,
gases.
Fluid flow may be defined as the flow of substances that do not
permanently resist distortion
The subject of fluid flow can be divided into fluid static's and fluid
dynamics
7. FLUID STATICS
Ø Fluid static's deals with the fluids at rest in
equilibrium
Ø Behavior of liquid at rest
Ø Nature of pressure it exerts and the variation of pressure
at different layers
Pressure differences between layers of liquids
h2
h1
Point 2
Point 1
8. Consider a column of liquid with two openings Which are
provided at the wall of the vessel at different height
The rate of flow through these openings are different due to
the pressure exerted at the different heights are
different
Consider a stationary column the pressure P is acting on the
surface of the fluid, column is maintained at constant
pressure by applying pressure
The force acting below and above the point 1 are
evaluated
Substituting the force with pressure x area of cross section
in the above equation
9. Force acting on the liquid =
At point 1
+
Force on the surface
Force excreted by the liquid
Above point 1
Pressure at point 2 x Area= (Pressure on the surface area x surface area)
P1S = P2S + volume x density x g
= P2S + height x area x density x g
Pressure at point 1 x Area = (Pressure on the surface area x surface area)
+ (mass x g)
10. P1s = P2s + volume x density x g
= P2s + height x area x density x g P2s
+ h1 S ρ g
P1s =
Since surface area is same
P1 = Ps + h1 ρ g
Pressure acting on point 2 may be written as
P2 = Ps + h2 ρ g
Difference in the pressure is --
P2 - P1 = g (Ps + h2 ρ ) – ( Ps + h1 ρ) g
∆P = (Ps + h2 ρ – Ps
∆P = ∆ h ρ g
- h1 ρ ) g
[F=Volume.ρ g]
11. FLD
U
IY
D
NAMICS
Ø Fluid dynamics deals with the study of fluids
in motion
Ø This knowledge is important for liquids, gels,
ointments which will change their flow behavior when
exposed to different stress conditions
MIXING
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
FILLED IN CONTAINER
12. Importance
Identification of type of flow is important in
Manufacture of dosage forms
ü Handling of drugs for administration
The flow of fluid through a pipe can be
viscous or turbulent and it can be
determined by Reynolds number
Reynolds number have no unit
13. Reynolds Experiment
Glass tube is connected to reservoir
of water, rate of flow of water is
adjusted by a valve,
A reservoir of colored solution is
connected to one end of the glass
tube with help of nozzle.
Colored solution is introduced
into the nozzle as fine stream
through jet tube.
17. TYPES OF FLOW
è Laminar flow is one in which
the fluid particles move in
layers or laminar with one
layer sliding with other
è There is no exchange of
fluid particles from one
layer to other
è Avg velocity
è Re < 2000
= 0.5 Vmax
è When velocity of the water is
increased the thread of the
colored water disappears and
mass of the water gets
uniformly colored
è There is complete mixing
of the solution and the flow of
the fluid is called as turbulent
flow
è Avg velocity = 0.8 Vmax
è Re >4000
The velocity at which the fluid changes from laminar flow to turbulent
flow that velocity is called as critical velocity
18. REYNOLDS NUMBER
In Reynolds experiment the flow conditions are affected by
Ø Diameter of pipe Ø
Average velocity Ø
Density of liquid
Ø Viscosity of the fluid
This four factors are combined in one way as Reynolds
number
Re=
Ø Inertial forces are due to mass and the velocity of the fluid particles
trying to diffuse the fluid particles
Ø viscous force if the frictional force due to the viscosity of
the fluid which make the motion of the fluid in parallel.
D u ρ
η
INERTIAL FORCES
= ------------------------------
VISCOUS FORCES
19. ¬ At low velocities the inertial forces are less when
compared to the frictional forces
¬Resulting flow will be viscous in nature
¬Other hand when inertial forces are predominant
the fluid layers break up due to the increase in
velocity hence turbulent flow takes place.
¬If Re < 2000 the flow I said to be laminar
¬If Re > 4000 the flow is said to be turbulent
¬If Re lies between 2000 to 4000 the flow
change between laminar to turbulent
20. APPLICATIONS
Ø Reynolds number is used to predict the nature of the
flow
Ø Stocks law equation is modified to include Reynolds
number to study the rate of sedimentation in suspension
When velocity is plotted against the distance from the wall
following conclusions can be drawn
Ø The flow of fluid in the middle of the pipe is faster then
the fluid near to the wall
Ø At the actual surface of the pipe – wall the velocity of the
fluid is zero
22. BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
When the principals of the law of energy is applied to the flow of the
fluids the resulting equation is a Bernoulli's theorem
Ø Consider a pump working under isothermal conditions between points A
and B
Ø Bernoulli's theorem statement, "In a steady state the total energy
per unit mass consists of pressure, kinetic and potential
energies are constant"
Kinetic energy = u2 / 2g
Pump
Pressure energy = Pa / ρAg
Friction energy = F
23. Ø At point a one kilogram of liquid is assumed to be entering at point a,
Pressure energy = Pa /g ρ A
Where Pa = Pressure at point a
g = Acceleration due to gravity
ρ A = Density of the liquid
Potential energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by the
body by the virtue of its position
Potential energy = XA
Kinetic energy of a body is defined as the energy possessed by the body by
virtue of its motion,
kinetic energy = UA / 2g
2
Total energy at point A = Pressure energy + Potential energy + K. E
Total energy at point A = PaV + XA + UA / 2g
2
24. According to the Bernoulli's theorem the total energy at point
A is constant
Total energy at point A = PAV +XA + (UA / 2g) = Constant
2
After the system reaches the steady state, whenever one kilogram of liquid enters
at point A, another one kilogram of liquid leaves at point B
Total energy at point B = PBV +XB + UB / 2g
2
PAV +XA + (UA
2 / 2g) + Energy added by the pump
= PBV +XB + (UB
2 / 2g)
Theoretically all kinds of the energies involved in fluid flow should be
accounted, pump has added certain amount of energy
25. During the transport some energy is converted to heat due to
frictional
Forces
Energy loss due to friction in the line = F Energy
added by pump = W
Pa /ρ A +XA + UA
2 / 2g – F + W = PB /ρ B +XB + UB / 2g
2
This equation is called as Bernoulli's equation
26. ENERGY LOSS
According to the law of conversation of energy, energy
balance have to be properly calculated fluids
experiences energy losses in several ways
while flowing through pipes, they are
Ø Frictional losses
Ø Losses in the fitting Ø
Enlargement losses Ø
Contraction losses
27. Application of
BERNOULLI'S THEOREM
Ø Used in the measurement of
rate of fluid flow using
flowmeters
Ø It applied in the working of
the centrifugal pump, in this
kinetic energy is converted in
to pressure.