Flouresence Spectroscopy
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Two main types of instruments for fluorescence analysis are filter fluorimeters and spectrofluorometers. Filter fluorimeters use filters and monochromators to select excitation and emission wavelengths, while spectrofluorometers use a light source, filters or monochromators to select excitation wavelengths, and detectors to measure emission intensities of multiple wavelengths simultaneously. Lasers provide high intensity light at narrow wavelengths but have limited tunability, while other sources like mercury and xenon lamps have adjustable wavelengths but lower intensity. Monochromators are used to precisely select wavelengths but cannot block all stray light.
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References
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
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Please like, share, comment and follow.
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If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
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A. Electromagnetic waves travel as vibrations in electric and magnetic fields at the speed of light in a vacuum. They have properties of both waves and particles.
B. The electromagnetic spectrum orders electromagnetic waves from radio to gamma rays based on increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
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Infrared spectroscopy is a technique that uses infrared light to determine the functional groups present in molecules based on the vibrations of atoms. It works by passing infrared radiation through a sample and measuring the absorption of specific wavelengths, which correspond to vibrations between bonds of different atoms. The peaks in an infrared spectrum can identify functional groups and chemical bonds based on the wavelength of absorption. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is now commonly used as it allows simultaneous detection of all infrared wavelengths for faster analysis.
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1) How microwave imaging forms images using the characteristics of microwave radiation and its interaction with different materials.
2) Applications of microwave imaging such as non-destructive testing, medical imaging, concealed weapon detection, and structural health monitoring.
3) Ongoing research on microwave imaging technologies for applications like breast cancer detection, stroke detection, and concealed weapon screening.
FTIR(Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy
Theory and Principle of FTIR head points:
What is Infrared Region?
Infrared Spectroscopy
What is FTIR?
Superiority of FTIR
FTIR optical system diagram
sampling techniques
The sample analysis process
advantage of FTIR
References
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
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Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter. A spectrometer is used to measure the presence of compounds in a molecule by analyzing the spectrum produced when matter interacts with different wavelengths of light. Absorption spectroscopy involves matter absorbing radiation and undergoing an electronic transition to a higher energy state. UV/visible spectroscopy uses this technique to study electronic transitions in atoms and molecules in the ultraviolet and visible light ranges.
Uv visible spectrophotometer
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry is a technique used to measure light absorbance across the ultraviolet and visible ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. When incident light strikes matter it can either be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted. The absorbance of radiation in the UV-Vis range causes atomic excitation, which refers to the transition of molecules from a low-energy ground state to an excited state.
Spectrophotometric Instruments
This document describes the components and operation of a spectrophotometer. The major components are a light source, monochromator, sample chamber, detector, and recorder/meter. The monochromator selects a specific wavelength of light from the polychromatic light source. Common types of monochromators include filters, prisms, and diffraction gratings. Samples are placed in cuvettes in the sample chamber. Double-beam spectrophotometers compare the light transmitted through a sample cuvette to a reference cuvette containing only solvent. Absorbance is then measured to analyze samples.
Uv spec
1. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy involves using UV or visible light to analyze molecules based on their light absorption properties.
2. Key components of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer include a light source, monochromator, sample chamber, and detector. It works by measuring how much light is absorbed by a sample at different wavelengths.
3. Quantitative analysis uses the Beer-Lambert law, which states absorbance is proportional to concentration, path length, and absorptivity. This allows for determination of concentrations from absorption measurements.
Molecular fluorescence spectroscophy
Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy involves exciting molecules with UV light, causing them to emit light. The emitted light is analyzed to determine the structure of the molecule's vibrational energy levels. Fluorescence spectroscopy instruments use a xenon lamp light source, monochromators to select excitation and emission wavelengths, and a photomultiplier tube detector to measure the emitted fluorescent light. Analysis of the emitted light frequencies and intensities can provide information about the molecule's structure.
Spectrophotometer.ppt (T.Y. Bsc).pptx
1. A spectrophotometer measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample as a function of wavelength. It was invented in 1940 and works based on Beer's law which relates absorbance to analyte concentration, path length, and absorptivity.
2. It consists of a light source, wavelength selector such as a monochromator containing a grating or prism, sample container, detector, and display. Common light sources are tungsten lamps and deuterium arc lamps. Samples are held in plastic, glass, or quartz cuvettes.
3. Spectrophotometers can be single beam, double beam, or split beam. Double beam spectrophotometers compare sample and reference
Uv spectroscopy instrumentation, by dr. umesh kumar sharma & amp; shyma m s
This document describes the instrumentation of UV-Visible spectroscopy. It discusses the key components of UV-Visible spectrophotometers including radiation sources such as tungsten lamps and deuterium lamps, wavelength selectors like monochromators and filters, sample containers, and detectors. It provides detailed diagrams of the internal components and systematic design of UV-Visible spectrophotometers. Various parts of the instrument like the radiation source, sample cell, and detector are explained.
ComponentsPrincipleandApplicationsofUVVis-Spectophotometer-DRSJ.ppt
Spectrophotometers use light sources, monochromators, and detectors to measure the absorption of specific wavelengths of light by a sample. They have applications in photometry, colorimetry, and spectrophotometry to quantitatively analyze compounds. A spectrophotometer passes light through a sample and measures the intensity of transmitted light, allowing concentration measurements using the Beer-Lambert law. Common components include sources like deuterium lamps, monochromators to select wavelengths, and detectors to convert light to electrical signals.
Spectrophotometry
Spectrophotometry uses the absorption of light by chemical substances to measure concentration. A spectrophotometer directs a beam of light through a sample and measures the intensity of transmitted light, relating it to concentration through Beer's Law. It operates based on Lambert's Law stating light absorption increases with concentration and path length. Common types are single and double beam instruments, with the latter measuring sample and reference simultaneously. Components include a light source, monochromator, sample holder, and detector. Applications include quantifying analytes and studying reaction kinetics and molecular structure.
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Uv spectroscopy instrumentation, by dr. umesh kumar sharma & amp; shyma m s
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ComponentsPrincipleandApplicationsofUVVis-Spectophotometer-DRSJ.ppt
ComponentsPrincipleandApplicationsofUVVis-Spectophotometer-DRSJ.ppt
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The varactor diode is a semiconductor device that has a voltage-dependent variable capacitance. It consists of a standard PN junction with a depletion region that acts as a dielectric between the P and N regions, which form the capacitor plates. As the reverse bias voltage is increased, the depletion region width increases, reducing the capacitance according to the formula C∝1/√v. Varactor diodes are used in applications like voltage controlled oscillators, parametric amplifiers, and frequency multipliers that require a voltage-controlled variable capacitance.
Multistage amplifier 23
MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
Definition: An amplifier formed by connecting several amplifiers in cascaded arrangement such that output of one amplifier becomes the input of other whose output becomes input of next and so on .
Each amplifier in this configuration is known as stage.
So several stages are connected to form multistage amplifier.
Working of multistage amplifier: Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Each amplifier connected perform the process of amplification
They convert their input signal into high amplified output signal.
Hence the output signal after passing through several amplifiers becomes highly amplified.
Voltage gain: The overall voltage gain of multistage amplifier is product of voltage gain of individual amplifier.
If voltage is expressed in dB overall voltage gain is by the sum of voltage gain in dB of individual amplifier.
If we convert voltage gain into the db voltage gain then we use a relation.
Direct coupled multistage amplifier: A direct coupled amplifier is a type of amplifier in which two amplifier are connected in a such a way that one stage is coupled directly to the other without using any coupling or bypassing capacitor.
In this configuration dc collector voltage of first stage provides base bias to second stage means output of first stage becomes input of second stage.
Disadvantages : A small changes in the dc bias voltages due to temperature effects or power supply variation are amplified by the succeeding stages so an unwanted signal appears at the output.
Applicatons : It is used in TV receivers’ computers ,regulator circuits and other electronic instruments
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Flouresence Spectroscopy
- 1. INSTRUMENTATION: Two basic types of Instruments exists 1.FILTER FLOUROMETRES 2.SPECTRO
- 4. 1) SOURCE OF LIGHT 2) FILTERS AND MONOCHROMATORS 3) SAMPLE CELLS 4) DETECTORS
- 6. I. LASERS. II. MERCURY ARC LAMP III. XENON ARC LAMP IV. TUNGSTEN LAMP.
- 7. Laser can only limit light of high irradiance Narrow wavelength thus. makes excitation unnecessary. Disadvantage: wavelength can not vary much
- 9. A. Excitation monochromators B. Emission monochromators • Filters or monochromator may be used in fluorimeter • A monochromator transmits light with adjustable wavelength • Ideal monochromator transmit light in the specified range and high wavelength • No monochromator is perfect ___transmit some stray light
- 10. Single channel ; Detect the intensity of one wavelength at a time Multi channel; Detects intensity of all wavelengths simultaneously, making the emission monochromator or filter unnecessary.