The document presents a detailed overview of monochromators, including their definition, principles, types (prism and diffraction grating), and optical filters. It explains how monochromators function by selecting narrow bands of wavelengths from a wider spectrum and highlights their applications in spectroscopy and measurement devices. Additionally, it compares the features of prism and diffraction grating monochromators and discusses various types of optical filters used in conjunction with them.

1. Monochromators
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2. Group Members
Asad Aziz ~ 7204
Majid Ashiq ~ 7205
Sufian Raza ~ 7206
Arooj Mansha ~ 7234
Ain-ul- Batool ~ 7213
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3. Outline
1-Definition
2-Terminology
3-Principle
4-Types
Prism Monochromator.
Diffraction grating Monochromator.
Optical Filters
5-Applications.
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4. Definition
A Monochromator is an
optical device that transmits
a mechanically selectable
narrow band of wavelengths
of light chosen from a wider
range of wavelengths
available at the input. And
the unwanted radiations are
blocked by the slit allowing
only the desired ray to pass
(monochromatic).
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5. Terminology
 Mono Single
 Chroma Colour
 Ator Donating Agent
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6. Principle
 A dispersive element disperse the
polychromatic light into several bands
of single wavelength and then a slit is
used which stops the unwanted bands
of light, allowing only the desired
monochromatic light to pass through its
exit point.
 By fixing the slit and rotating the
dispersive element, the direction of the
dispersed light is turned so that the
colour of the resulting monochromatic
light changes.
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7. Types of Monochromators
Monochromators are of following
three types.
Prism
Monochrom
ator
Diffraction
Grating
Monochromator
Optical
Filters
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8. 1- Prism Monochromator
When electromagnetic radiation
passes through a prism, it is
refracted because the index of
refraction of the prism material is
different from that of air.
Shorter wavelengths are refracted
more than longer wavelengths.
By rotation of the prism, different
wavelengths of the spectrum can
be made to pass through an exit
slit and through the sample.
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9. Features of Prism Monochromators.
A prism works satisfactorily in the ultraviolet and visible regions
and can also be used in the infrared region.
Because of its nonlinear dispersion, it works more effectively for
the shorter wavelengths.
Glass prisms and lenses can be used in the visible region.
Quartz or fused silica must be used in the ultraviolet region.
The entire monochromatic compartment must be kept dry.
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11. Diffraction Grating Monochromator
The dispersive element in grating monochromator is a reflecting
diffraction grating. It provides a constant dispersion for all
wavelengths and a low dependence on temperature. However, they
produce relatively large amounts of scattered light and require the
use of filters to block higher order light.
Diffraction gratings are often used in modern instruments due to
their superior dispersion properties.
The most popular design for grating is the Czerny-Turner
monochromator
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12. Czerny-Turner Monochromator
The input light is focused onto the input slit and therefore divergent after the slit. It
is collimated by a curved mirror and hits a diffraction grating, which deflects
different wavelength components in slightly different directions. A second curved
mirror translates different beam directions into different positions on the exit slit,
so that only light in a narrow wavelength region can get through that slit.
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14. Prism vs Diffraction Grating Monochromator
PRISM MONOCHROMATOR
Exploits differences in the material
refractive index according to wavelength
Wavelength dependency of dispersion
is Variable, high for UV and low for
visible
High temperature dependency for
dispersion
Low Polarization
Low stray light
DIFFRACTION GRATING MONOCHROMATOR
Exploits diffraction from a reflective
surface with a regular grating structure
Wavelength dependency of dispersion is
High and approximately constant.
Low temperature dependency for
dispersion
High polarization
High stray light
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15. Optical filters
Optical Filters are used to selectively
transmit wavelength or range of
wavelengths while rejecting the
remainders.
They are of following two categories
1) Absorptive optical filters
2) Dichroic optical filters
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16. Absorptive and Dichroic Optical filters
ABSORPTIVE OPTICAL FILTER
Absorptive filters have a coating of
different organic and inorganic
materials that absorb certain
wavelengths of light, thus allowing
the desired wavelengths to pass
through. Since they absorb light
energy, the temperature of these
filters increases during operation.
DICHROIC OPTICAL FILTER
Dichroic filters are more
complicated in their operation. They
consist of a series of optical
coatings with precise thicknesses
that are designed to reflect
unwanted wavelengths and
transmit the desired wavelength
range.
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17. Types of optical filters:
Long-Pass Filter: A long-pass configuration transmits longer
wavelengths above a specified range while attenuating shorter
wavelengths. These filters are commonly used with dichroic mirrors
and emission filters.
Short-Pass Filter: A short-pass configuration transmits shorter
wavelengths over an active range while attenuating longer
wavelengths.
Bandpass Filter: Short-pass and long-pass filters can be combined
to form a bandpass filter, which features lower transmittance values
and rejects any wavelengths outside a predetermined interval.
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18. Applications of Monochromators.
Monochromators are often used in spectroscopy.
Monochromators are commonly used in measurement devices such as
spectrometers or microplate readers. They are a popular device for wavelength
selection in a range of detection technologies, such as absorption and
fluorescence intensity
In spectrophotometers for measuring the wavelength-
dependent absorbance or reflectance of a sample
A common application is in combination with a photodetector with such a
setup one can record the optical spectrum of a light source
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