The document summarizes the devastating 2014 floods in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Over 300 people died, thousands were left homeless, and entire villages were destroyed. The floods were caused by intense rainfall and the breakdown of the region's natural drainage system due to development and degradation of lakes. The floods impacted over 2,600 villages and 30% of urban areas of the region, damaging infrastructure like hospitals and cutting off communities. Rebuilding efforts will be needed for rehabilitation.
The document provides details about the 2014 floods in Jammu and Kashmir that affected over 5,000 villages and displaced over 1.9 million people. It summarizes the extensive rescue and relief operations carried out by the Indian government agencies like the army, air force, navy and NDRF to evacuate over 290,000 people. It also outlines the central government's relief measures that included air dropping food packets, tents, blankets and setting up relief camps. However, it notes that the state government was poorly prepared for the floods and failed to prevent encroachment of floodplains despite warnings, which exacerbated the damage caused.
INTERBASIN TRANSFERS OF WATER FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM & PROSPECTS WR...IWRS Society
This document discusses inter-basin transfers of water for national development in India. It notes that India's water resources are unevenly distributed, with some areas facing recurring water shortages while other areas experience floods. Large-scale migration occurs due to water shortage problems. The document explores the concept of inter-basin transfers to move water from surplus to deficit areas as one option to address this imbalance. It examines India's water resources potential and needs, constitutional provisions around inter-state water transfers, various proposals that have been made for inter-basin transfer systems and national water grids, and the work of the National Water Development Agency in assessing water balances and deficits and proposing linkage projects. Key issues involved in inter-basin transfers
Inter basin water transfers in india – a solution to hydrological extremitieseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses proposals for inter-basin water transfers in India to address issues of uneven rainfall distribution that cause flooding in some areas and drought in others. It provides background on India's water resources, noting that some regions receive ample rainfall while others experience drought. It then discusses the National Water Development Agency's proposal to link India's river systems through 30 transfer links to move water from surplus basins to deficit ones. This would help reduce flooding and drought impacts to support social and economic growth across India. Existing inter-basin water transfer projects in India and other countries are also summarized.
This PowerPoint Presentation is about the devastating floods that Chennai met in the year 2015. This PowerPoint Presentation is sure to make awareness about the hazards that Chennai faces in the near future.
1. Conflict has arisen between India and China over water resources from the Brahmaputra River, as both countries face water scarcity issues. China has begun constructing dams on the river, worrying India about downstream water availability.
2. India is concerned about the impacts on its agricultural economy and flood management. China views the river as an opportunity for hydropower and addressing water scarcity in Southern China.
3. Opportunities for cooperation include existing dialogues, potential water treaties, and joint infrastructure projects that could help equitably manage the shared river basin. However, both countries have competing interests that must be addressed.
Inter-State River Water Disputes in IndiaAnmol Utsav
This document discusses inter-state river water disputes in India. It provides background on water resources and river basins in India. The major causes of inter-state river water disputes are uneven distribution of water, increasing demand, and rainfall variability. It outlines some of the major disputes like Krishna, Godavari, Narmada, and Cauvery rivers. Tribunals are established under the Inter-State River Water Dispute Act to adjudicate where negotiations fail. Approaches to resolving disputes include sub-basin division and equitable apportionment. Solutions proposed to improve the dispute process include treating water as a national resource, limiting actors, and establishing time frames and enforcement bodies.
The document discusses India's need to share river water resources through cooperation between states. It outlines reasons for river water disputes such as uneven water distribution and increasing population. River water disputes can arise from actions that affect upstream or downstream states. Disputes are typically resolved through negotiation facilitated by the central government or tribunals. Important inter-state river water sharing disputes and treaties are mentioned. The document advocates for better water sharing to control droughts and floods, utilize water for agriculture, and promote economic prosperity.
The disaster management and the details about the floods that occurred in Chennai City in the month of November-December 2015 were clearly discussed in the presentation.
The document provides details about the 2014 floods in Jammu and Kashmir that affected over 5,000 villages and displaced over 1.9 million people. It summarizes the extensive rescue and relief operations carried out by the Indian government agencies like the army, air force, navy and NDRF to evacuate over 290,000 people. It also outlines the central government's relief measures that included air dropping food packets, tents, blankets and setting up relief camps. However, it notes that the state government was poorly prepared for the floods and failed to prevent encroachment of floodplains despite warnings, which exacerbated the damage caused.
INTERBASIN TRANSFERS OF WATER FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PROBLEM & PROSPECTS WR...IWRS Society
This document discusses inter-basin transfers of water for national development in India. It notes that India's water resources are unevenly distributed, with some areas facing recurring water shortages while other areas experience floods. Large-scale migration occurs due to water shortage problems. The document explores the concept of inter-basin transfers to move water from surplus to deficit areas as one option to address this imbalance. It examines India's water resources potential and needs, constitutional provisions around inter-state water transfers, various proposals that have been made for inter-basin transfer systems and national water grids, and the work of the National Water Development Agency in assessing water balances and deficits and proposing linkage projects. Key issues involved in inter-basin transfers
Inter basin water transfers in india – a solution to hydrological extremitieseSAT Publishing House
This document discusses proposals for inter-basin water transfers in India to address issues of uneven rainfall distribution that cause flooding in some areas and drought in others. It provides background on India's water resources, noting that some regions receive ample rainfall while others experience drought. It then discusses the National Water Development Agency's proposal to link India's river systems through 30 transfer links to move water from surplus basins to deficit ones. This would help reduce flooding and drought impacts to support social and economic growth across India. Existing inter-basin water transfer projects in India and other countries are also summarized.
This PowerPoint Presentation is about the devastating floods that Chennai met in the year 2015. This PowerPoint Presentation is sure to make awareness about the hazards that Chennai faces in the near future.
1. Conflict has arisen between India and China over water resources from the Brahmaputra River, as both countries face water scarcity issues. China has begun constructing dams on the river, worrying India about downstream water availability.
2. India is concerned about the impacts on its agricultural economy and flood management. China views the river as an opportunity for hydropower and addressing water scarcity in Southern China.
3. Opportunities for cooperation include existing dialogues, potential water treaties, and joint infrastructure projects that could help equitably manage the shared river basin. However, both countries have competing interests that must be addressed.
Inter-State River Water Disputes in IndiaAnmol Utsav
This document discusses inter-state river water disputes in India. It provides background on water resources and river basins in India. The major causes of inter-state river water disputes are uneven distribution of water, increasing demand, and rainfall variability. It outlines some of the major disputes like Krishna, Godavari, Narmada, and Cauvery rivers. Tribunals are established under the Inter-State River Water Dispute Act to adjudicate where negotiations fail. Approaches to resolving disputes include sub-basin division and equitable apportionment. Solutions proposed to improve the dispute process include treating water as a national resource, limiting actors, and establishing time frames and enforcement bodies.
The document discusses India's need to share river water resources through cooperation between states. It outlines reasons for river water disputes such as uneven water distribution and increasing population. River water disputes can arise from actions that affect upstream or downstream states. Disputes are typically resolved through negotiation facilitated by the central government or tribunals. Important inter-state river water sharing disputes and treaties are mentioned. The document advocates for better water sharing to control droughts and floods, utilize water for agriculture, and promote economic prosperity.
The disaster management and the details about the floods that occurred in Chennai City in the month of November-December 2015 were clearly discussed in the presentation.
The document summarizes the 2013 Kedarnath tragedy in Uttarakhand, India. Heavy rainfall between June 15-18, 2013 triggered devastating floods and landslides that killed thousands. The rains were about 375% heavier than normal. The collapse of the moraine-dammed Chorabari Glacier lake also contributed to the floods. While natural factors played a role, environmental degradation from deforestation, construction, and tourism development exacerbated the impacts. The disaster destroyed homes and infrastructure, with thousands dead or missing. Rescue efforts involved military, police, and disaster response teams. The long-term recovery required rehabilitation of livelihoods and infrastructure, along with disaster preparedness reforms.
The document discusses tensions between India and China over the Brahmaputra River. It flows through both countries as well as Bangladesh. China's proposals to divert the river have concerned India. The search for water resources has been a source of tension since the 1962 war. Climate change is expected to reduce the river's water supply and increase flooding, impacting livelihoods and straining relations between the countries.
Interlinking rivers 2 - Interlinking Indian Rivers - Short Presentation 1 - R...Shivu P
This slide show make us understand about the need for Interlinking the Indian rivers on the national emergency basis, its relation with the life of the people - society - nation, the relation between the water and the disease, the need for identifying the safe - secure - surplus supply of water without disputes and make the nation developed at the top and the individuals at the root levels.
INFORMATION ABOUT JAMMU AND KASHMIR DISASTER IN 2014Social science projectKULDEEPSING PATIL
In September 2014, the Jammu & Kashmir region of India and Pakistan experienced devastating floods caused by heavy rainfall. Over 200 people died in India and 280 in Pakistan. In Kashmir Valley, over 190 deaths were reported and 2600 villages were affected, with 390 completely submerged. The floods inundated many parts of Srinagar city. Indian and Pakistani rescue efforts involved military, police, and disaster response teams evacuating over 200,000 people. The governments provided financial relief packages and assistance with temporary housing, food, and supplies to those affected by the floods.
1. Heavy rainfall in Kashmir led to severe flooding in 2014 due to failures in flood monitoring and warnings by agencies. Dredging of rivers made flooding worse by increasing sediment loads.
2. The lack of dams exacerbated flooding, though dams are limited by agreements. Strategically placed dams could help control flooding but political issues have prevented their construction.
3. Increasing development in flood plains and loss of wetlands have reduced flood absorption capacity and made flooding more severe.
This document provides an overview of water conflicts in India. It discusses growing water importance and scarcity in India. It defines what a conflict is and examines different theories around water rights. It then analyzes several domestic and international water disputes India faces, including with neighboring countries over rivers like the Brahmaputra, Mahakali, and Indus. Specifically, it notes tensions with China over dam construction on the Brahmaputra and historical disputes with Nepal over the Mahakali River. The document also highlights the successful Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. In conclusion, it argues water conflicts are socially embedded and reflect power relations rather than just scarcity.
S5c7 chapter 7-facts and figures related to floods in india.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to the floods is mentioned. Reticular canal system for interlinking rivers is a system in which the interlinking canal will intersect the river at the place where the flow of water is not too high or low, thus most of the water generated in one particular river catchment area will be diverted to drought prone areas at the higher level before huge water mass forms and causing the flood.
1) The Hudhud cyclone that hit Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014 was the most devastating cyclone in the city's history, killing at least 46 people and causing $11 billion in damages.
2) The cyclone struck Visakhapatnam with winds over 115 mph, cutting off power and communication lines for residents. Over 400,000 people were evacuated from vulnerable coastal areas in advance of the storm.
3) While the cyclone was destructive, it also brought some communities closer together and reminded families of the importance of unity in difficult times.
The document lists the names and roll numbers of 10 students. It then discusses the 2013 Uttarakhand floods in India. It describes how heavy rainfall triggered landslides and flooding, with the Chorabari Glacier melting flooding the Mandakini River. Over 800 people died and 1,800 were reported missing. Rescue efforts involved the army, air force, and disaster response teams. The floods were attributed to factors like deforestation, unplanned construction, and hydroelectric projects disrupting water flows.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
This document discusses the causes of flooding in Chennai, India. It provides background on Chennai's climate and geography, noting that the city receives heavy rainfall during monsoon season and contains two rivers. Urbanization has decreased drainage capacity through encroachment on water bodies and increased impermeable surfaces. The city's flat terrain also hinders drainage. The 2015 floods were particularly severe due to strong northeast monsoon winds and an El Niño effect that increased rainfall. Releases from the Chembarambakkam reservoir overwhelmed existing drainage systems and flooded parts of the city. The document recommends delineating flood zones, improving drainage infrastructure, and increasing public awareness of flood risks.
Floods in Kerala in 2018 were caused by heavy monsoon rainfall that submerged land and displaced thousands of people. Over 483 people died when dams were opened and landslides occurred, flooding villages and destroying homes and infrastructure. The floods impacted over 1.2 million people who sought shelter in relief camps with disrupted basic services like water, electricity and transportations. The government and aid organizations worked to provide relief and recover from the damaging floods.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to connect rivers through canals to reduce flooding and water shortages. While proponents argue it will provide irrigation, drinking water and power, critics argue it is not financially or environmentally feasible. The project's estimated cost of ₹5.6 lakh crores is very high and would displace millions of people. Local water conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging are presented as more viable alternatives to address water scarcity issues.
Case study of Uttarakhand Flood Disaster 2013 - by Narendra YadavNarendra Yadav
this is the presentation about the flood that occured in uttrakhand in 2013
this is the case study for uttrakhand disaster
It you liked the ppt please just post the comment below
Guyz we have worked very hard for this ppt .... it deserve at least 1 COMMENT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H79x9wztngM
https://www.tvlyrics.in
Interlinking rivers 4 - Interlinking Indian Rivers - Short Presentation 3 - M...Shivu P
This method (Reticular canal system) of interlinking rivers will give justice to both flood and drought prone areas to the maximum extent. There are many advantages from this system of irrigation like, It, irrigates most of the drought prone areas and thus supply adequate water for agriculture - industry - irrigation, we need not construct costly structures like dams - reservoirs and thus protecting the same, the course of the surface canal will make the water to distribute to all the needy areas and the water will reach the destiny (Sea) only when no area wants the water for any reasons, issues like generation of back water and shifting villages and cities will not arise, we will be able to generate enormous electricity by the hydroelectricity projects – that, we will be able to create at multiple places where the Primary canal discharges its water, water can be provided / released on the needy basis - with sufficiency, surface water storing capacity in the canal becomes more as it a long canal and it makes the underground water to rise, we can expect more rain and less cyclonic effect as there is better generation of the clouds over the land almost as equivalent as that of the clouds generated over the sea, thin forest can be converted in to thick forest and thus we can make the forest cover of the land with the peoples participation, most of the natural water pathway which remains dry in most of the periods can be made to flow continuously as per our need and we need not construct big structures for this purpose - simple structures like a barrier wall/weir will divert the water from the rivers to the primary canals, farmers looking in to the sky for rain and complications in agriculture due to less rain fall can be prevented, all the present dry well will be filled with water, all the present dams and reservoirs can be made to maintain optimum level of water in all the seasons without depending on the rain from the same river basin, it is possible to eradicate the land classification based on the irrigation like 'dry - semi irrigated - irrigated land' and we can make all the land in to 'irrigated land'. The beauty of the nature can increased with greenery everywhere and small attractive waterfalls at many places.
The document discusses the 2013 floods in Uttarakhand, India. Heavy rainfall of over 375% of the average led to flooding and landslides that killed over 800 people. While initially deemed a natural disaster, the floods were exacerbated by unchecked development, deforestation, and construction of hydroelectric dams, which disrupted water flows. Rescue efforts involved thousands of personnel from the Indian Army, Air Force, and National Disaster Response Force. Remedies proposed included better management of tourism, coordinated disaster planning, and applying remote sensing to sustainably manage the Himalayan region's natural resources.
Inter Linking of Rivers_Shripad, Manthan Adhyayan Kendra_July 16,2014India Water Portal
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to transfer water from "surplus" river basins to "deficit" basins to increase irrigation and reduce regional imbalances. It is proposed to link 30 river basins through a network of reservoirs and canals. However, the concepts of surplus and deficit are problematic as they do not consider environmental flows or the needs of local communities and ecosystems. The project would require numerous dams and canals and faces huge financial and social costs as well as interstate and international issues. Real solutions are needed that do not rely on large inter-basin water transfer projects.
1) In October 2014, category 3 tropical cyclone Hudhud made landfall in Andhra Pradesh, India, damaging the city of Visakhapatnam with 200 km/h winds and 3 meter waves.
2) The state and central governments of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha responded effectively due to their experience with floods and cyclones through the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project.
3) The Red Cross provided immediate disaster response by assessing damages, evacuating and rescuing over 1,000 families, and clearing debris in the four most affected districts of Andhra Pradesh. They also support cyclone preparedness in Odisha.
This file contains a presentation on " interlinking of rivers in India ". Describing the efforts made in past, present scenario, possibilities, problems their solution and alternatives.
September 2014 unprecedented floods in Jammu & Kashmir tell the tale of human misery not witnessed by this state
in over 100 years. The devastation caused by the flood is colossal. It claimed over three hundred human lives and destroyed
everything that came to its way-residential houses, schools, colleges, hospitals, paddy fields, orchards, government
establishments and businesses et-cetera. It has rendered thousands of people homeless and jobless. Today in this paper we are
going to analyse the causes of the flood and its impact on Kashmir, economically as well as socially.
Natural disasters are major changes in the Earth that can damage land and threaten lives. They include earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, wildfires, and cyclones. An earthquake is caused by shifting tectonic plates, which can split the ground apart. Floods occur when heavy rain or snowmelt causes rivers to overflow their banks. Tsunamis are large waves caused by undersea earthquakes or landslides. Cyclones are powerful rotating storms with strong winds. Case studies describe specific natural disasters including the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed over 200,000 people across several countries.
The document summarizes the 2013 Kedarnath tragedy in Uttarakhand, India. Heavy rainfall between June 15-18, 2013 triggered devastating floods and landslides that killed thousands. The rains were about 375% heavier than normal. The collapse of the moraine-dammed Chorabari Glacier lake also contributed to the floods. While natural factors played a role, environmental degradation from deforestation, construction, and tourism development exacerbated the impacts. The disaster destroyed homes and infrastructure, with thousands dead or missing. Rescue efforts involved military, police, and disaster response teams. The long-term recovery required rehabilitation of livelihoods and infrastructure, along with disaster preparedness reforms.
The document discusses tensions between India and China over the Brahmaputra River. It flows through both countries as well as Bangladesh. China's proposals to divert the river have concerned India. The search for water resources has been a source of tension since the 1962 war. Climate change is expected to reduce the river's water supply and increase flooding, impacting livelihoods and straining relations between the countries.
Interlinking rivers 2 - Interlinking Indian Rivers - Short Presentation 1 - R...Shivu P
This slide show make us understand about the need for Interlinking the Indian rivers on the national emergency basis, its relation with the life of the people - society - nation, the relation between the water and the disease, the need for identifying the safe - secure - surplus supply of water without disputes and make the nation developed at the top and the individuals at the root levels.
INFORMATION ABOUT JAMMU AND KASHMIR DISASTER IN 2014Social science projectKULDEEPSING PATIL
In September 2014, the Jammu & Kashmir region of India and Pakistan experienced devastating floods caused by heavy rainfall. Over 200 people died in India and 280 in Pakistan. In Kashmir Valley, over 190 deaths were reported and 2600 villages were affected, with 390 completely submerged. The floods inundated many parts of Srinagar city. Indian and Pakistani rescue efforts involved military, police, and disaster response teams evacuating over 200,000 people. The governments provided financial relief packages and assistance with temporary housing, food, and supplies to those affected by the floods.
1. Heavy rainfall in Kashmir led to severe flooding in 2014 due to failures in flood monitoring and warnings by agencies. Dredging of rivers made flooding worse by increasing sediment loads.
2. The lack of dams exacerbated flooding, though dams are limited by agreements. Strategically placed dams could help control flooding but political issues have prevented their construction.
3. Increasing development in flood plains and loss of wetlands have reduced flood absorption capacity and made flooding more severe.
This document provides an overview of water conflicts in India. It discusses growing water importance and scarcity in India. It defines what a conflict is and examines different theories around water rights. It then analyzes several domestic and international water disputes India faces, including with neighboring countries over rivers like the Brahmaputra, Mahakali, and Indus. Specifically, it notes tensions with China over dam construction on the Brahmaputra and historical disputes with Nepal over the Mahakali River. The document also highlights the successful Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. In conclusion, it argues water conflicts are socially embedded and reflect power relations rather than just scarcity.
S5c7 chapter 7-facts and figures related to floods in india.Shivu P
In this chapter some of the facts and figures related to the floods is mentioned. Reticular canal system for interlinking rivers is a system in which the interlinking canal will intersect the river at the place where the flow of water is not too high or low, thus most of the water generated in one particular river catchment area will be diverted to drought prone areas at the higher level before huge water mass forms and causing the flood.
1) The Hudhud cyclone that hit Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014 was the most devastating cyclone in the city's history, killing at least 46 people and causing $11 billion in damages.
2) The cyclone struck Visakhapatnam with winds over 115 mph, cutting off power and communication lines for residents. Over 400,000 people were evacuated from vulnerable coastal areas in advance of the storm.
3) While the cyclone was destructive, it also brought some communities closer together and reminded families of the importance of unity in difficult times.
The document lists the names and roll numbers of 10 students. It then discusses the 2013 Uttarakhand floods in India. It describes how heavy rainfall triggered landslides and flooding, with the Chorabari Glacier melting flooding the Mandakini River. Over 800 people died and 1,800 were reported missing. Rescue efforts involved the army, air force, and disaster response teams. The floods were attributed to factors like deforestation, unplanned construction, and hydroelectric projects disrupting water flows.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
This document discusses the causes of flooding in Chennai, India. It provides background on Chennai's climate and geography, noting that the city receives heavy rainfall during monsoon season and contains two rivers. Urbanization has decreased drainage capacity through encroachment on water bodies and increased impermeable surfaces. The city's flat terrain also hinders drainage. The 2015 floods were particularly severe due to strong northeast monsoon winds and an El Niño effect that increased rainfall. Releases from the Chembarambakkam reservoir overwhelmed existing drainage systems and flooded parts of the city. The document recommends delineating flood zones, improving drainage infrastructure, and increasing public awareness of flood risks.
Floods in Kerala in 2018 were caused by heavy monsoon rainfall that submerged land and displaced thousands of people. Over 483 people died when dams were opened and landslides occurred, flooding villages and destroying homes and infrastructure. The floods impacted over 1.2 million people who sought shelter in relief camps with disrupted basic services like water, electricity and transportations. The government and aid organizations worked to provide relief and recover from the damaging floods.
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to connect rivers through canals to reduce flooding and water shortages. While proponents argue it will provide irrigation, drinking water and power, critics argue it is not financially or environmentally feasible. The project's estimated cost of ₹5.6 lakh crores is very high and would displace millions of people. Local water conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharging are presented as more viable alternatives to address water scarcity issues.
Case study of Uttarakhand Flood Disaster 2013 - by Narendra YadavNarendra Yadav
this is the presentation about the flood that occured in uttrakhand in 2013
this is the case study for uttrakhand disaster
It you liked the ppt please just post the comment below
Guyz we have worked very hard for this ppt .... it deserve at least 1 COMMENT
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H79x9wztngM
https://www.tvlyrics.in
Interlinking rivers 4 - Interlinking Indian Rivers - Short Presentation 3 - M...Shivu P
This method (Reticular canal system) of interlinking rivers will give justice to both flood and drought prone areas to the maximum extent. There are many advantages from this system of irrigation like, It, irrigates most of the drought prone areas and thus supply adequate water for agriculture - industry - irrigation, we need not construct costly structures like dams - reservoirs and thus protecting the same, the course of the surface canal will make the water to distribute to all the needy areas and the water will reach the destiny (Sea) only when no area wants the water for any reasons, issues like generation of back water and shifting villages and cities will not arise, we will be able to generate enormous electricity by the hydroelectricity projects – that, we will be able to create at multiple places where the Primary canal discharges its water, water can be provided / released on the needy basis - with sufficiency, surface water storing capacity in the canal becomes more as it a long canal and it makes the underground water to rise, we can expect more rain and less cyclonic effect as there is better generation of the clouds over the land almost as equivalent as that of the clouds generated over the sea, thin forest can be converted in to thick forest and thus we can make the forest cover of the land with the peoples participation, most of the natural water pathway which remains dry in most of the periods can be made to flow continuously as per our need and we need not construct big structures for this purpose - simple structures like a barrier wall/weir will divert the water from the rivers to the primary canals, farmers looking in to the sky for rain and complications in agriculture due to less rain fall can be prevented, all the present dry well will be filled with water, all the present dams and reservoirs can be made to maintain optimum level of water in all the seasons without depending on the rain from the same river basin, it is possible to eradicate the land classification based on the irrigation like 'dry - semi irrigated - irrigated land' and we can make all the land in to 'irrigated land'. The beauty of the nature can increased with greenery everywhere and small attractive waterfalls at many places.
The document discusses the 2013 floods in Uttarakhand, India. Heavy rainfall of over 375% of the average led to flooding and landslides that killed over 800 people. While initially deemed a natural disaster, the floods were exacerbated by unchecked development, deforestation, and construction of hydroelectric dams, which disrupted water flows. Rescue efforts involved thousands of personnel from the Indian Army, Air Force, and National Disaster Response Force. Remedies proposed included better management of tourism, coordinated disaster planning, and applying remote sensing to sustainably manage the Himalayan region's natural resources.
Inter Linking of Rivers_Shripad, Manthan Adhyayan Kendra_July 16,2014India Water Portal
The document discusses India's interlinking of rivers project which aims to transfer water from "surplus" river basins to "deficit" basins to increase irrigation and reduce regional imbalances. It is proposed to link 30 river basins through a network of reservoirs and canals. However, the concepts of surplus and deficit are problematic as they do not consider environmental flows or the needs of local communities and ecosystems. The project would require numerous dams and canals and faces huge financial and social costs as well as interstate and international issues. Real solutions are needed that do not rely on large inter-basin water transfer projects.
1) In October 2014, category 3 tropical cyclone Hudhud made landfall in Andhra Pradesh, India, damaging the city of Visakhapatnam with 200 km/h winds and 3 meter waves.
2) The state and central governments of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha responded effectively due to their experience with floods and cyclones through the National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project.
3) The Red Cross provided immediate disaster response by assessing damages, evacuating and rescuing over 1,000 families, and clearing debris in the four most affected districts of Andhra Pradesh. They also support cyclone preparedness in Odisha.
This file contains a presentation on " interlinking of rivers in India ". Describing the efforts made in past, present scenario, possibilities, problems their solution and alternatives.
September 2014 unprecedented floods in Jammu & Kashmir tell the tale of human misery not witnessed by this state
in over 100 years. The devastation caused by the flood is colossal. It claimed over three hundred human lives and destroyed
everything that came to its way-residential houses, schools, colleges, hospitals, paddy fields, orchards, government
establishments and businesses et-cetera. It has rendered thousands of people homeless and jobless. Today in this paper we are
going to analyse the causes of the flood and its impact on Kashmir, economically as well as socially.
Natural disasters are major changes in the Earth that can damage land and threaten lives. They include earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, wildfires, and cyclones. An earthquake is caused by shifting tectonic plates, which can split the ground apart. Floods occur when heavy rain or snowmelt causes rivers to overflow their banks. Tsunamis are large waves caused by undersea earthquakes or landslides. Cyclones are powerful rotating storms with strong winds. Case studies describe specific natural disasters including the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed over 200,000 people across several countries.
A Brief Survey on Impact of Flood on Children, Water Sanitation and Hygiene i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Considerable rainfall raises the water level. When
the water level is higher than the conduit bank, the water
diverts out from the stream, there will surge. Surges are
caused by atmosphere ponders and events that pass on more
precipitation to a waste bowl that can be immediately
absorbed or secured inside the bowl. Surges can be caused by
typical, natural or anthropogenic factors. There are a couple
of purposes behind surges and change from region to area.
Flood is coming to fruition in view of unprecedented
geophysical event to make an astounding danger to human
life and property. Surge occurring in thickly populated locale
can do most extraordinary mischief to life and property.
Country practices and deforestation have altogether changed
the condition in whole stream bowls. Passing, disease, harm,
expulsion of people and fiscal hardship are the standard
consequences of surge. So the purpose of this examination
work is to research the effect of flooding on children, water
sanitation and cleanliness.
IJCSEIERD - Deluged Paradise - S. A. Tabish (2)S A Tabish
The document summarizes the devastating floods that occurred in Kashmir, India in September 2014. The floods caused over 300 deaths, destroyed homes, schools, hospitals and infrastructure across the region. Entire villages were submerged under water for over two weeks. The floods rendered thousands homeless and caused over 1 trillion Indian rupees in damages. The government has projected needing 44,000 crore Indian rupees for relief and rehabilitation efforts from the widespread destruction of the floods.
CAUSES AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MEASURES FOR HYDROMETEROLOGICAL DISASTER I...Vinay Kumar Pandey
The document discusses causes and risk reduction measures for hydrometeorological disasters in the Western Himalaya region of India. It notes that such disasters are caused by natural atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic events like floods, cyclones, droughts, and landslides. Specific disasters that affect the Western Himalaya include heavy rainfall, floods, hailstorms, cloud bursts, heat and cold waves, snow avalanches, droughts, and thunder and lightning. Climate change can impact atmospheric conditions and intensify these events. Geological factors like loose rock strata and unfavorable slopes also contribute to landslides and mudflows. Growing population has led to unscientific land use and development activities that further increase disaster risks
Floods are the most common natural disaster in India, caused by heavy rainfall during the southwest monsoon season that overwhelms rivers like the Ganges and Yamuna. Two major flood events highlighted are the 2013 Uttarakhand floods, where unprecedented rainfall triggered landslides and glacial lake outbursts that killed over 6,000 people, and the 2015 Chennai floods resulting from heavy northeast monsoon rains exacerbated by climate change effects like El Niño, which killed over 400 people and displaced over 1.8 million. Flood mitigation requires measures like protecting the environment from deforestation, restricting construction, modernizing early warning systems, and educating the public on safety precautions.
The document discusses natural disasters, specifically floods, across South Asia. It provides details on some of the major flood events in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka in recent decades. Some of the key points made are: floods are the most frequent natural disaster in South Asia, affecting millions of people annually; Pakistan suffered particularly devastating floods in 2010 that impacted over 20 million people; and India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka also experience regular flooding due to heavy monsoon rains and the regions' geography.
The document summarizes the 2013 Himalayan tsunami that caused devastating floods and landslides in the Indian state of Uttarakhand from June 14-17. It describes how unusually heavy rainfall of over 375% of the normal amount, combined with other factors like construction, tourism development, and climate change, led to flash floods and landslides that caused widespread destruction and over 10,000 deaths. It discusses the emergency response and relief efforts by government agencies and militaries to conduct search, rescue and evacuation operations in the difficult terrain. It concludes that while heavy rainfall triggered the natural disaster, human activities like infrastructure development contributed greatly to its large scale impacts.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
Bangladesh is prone to flooding due to its location and geography. Three-quarters of the country is less than 10 meters above sea level and situated in the delta of major rivers. Major floods have occurred regularly, such as in 1988, 1998, 2004, 2007, and 2010. The 1998 flood was particularly devastating, killing over 1,300 people, destroying 7 million homes and displacing 25 million people. Flood management strategies for Bangladesh include raising villages and individual homes above flood levels, building flood shelters, stocking rescue boats, and using radio communication to issue warnings.
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community’s or society’s ability to cope using its own resources. Most disasters are caused by natural termed as natural disasters but sometimes they have human origins and they are called as man-made disasters
Floodplain Mapping of Krishna River at Karad Using Hec-RasIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the HEC-RAS modeling software to map flood inundation areas along the Krishna River in India. The study collected topographic and flow data for the Krishna River basin and used HEC-RAS to perform a 1D steady-state hydraulic analysis. Cross-section and flow path data were created in RAS Mapper software. The HEC-RAS model was run for peak flows corresponding to 25, 50, and 100-year return periods. Floodplain maps showing inundated areas along the Krishna River were produced for each return period. The floodplain maps can help agencies better plan for flood risks and mitigate impacts in low-lying flood-prone
The word disaster is derived from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Ancient Greek pejorative prefix (dus -) "bad“ and (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets
A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95% of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries
Cyclone Phailin caused widespread damage in Odisha in 2013. Over 256,600 homes were damaged and 13.2 million people across 18 districts were affected. Damage to infrastructure including roads, water systems, power grids and crops totaled over 15,000 million rupees. Assessments found needs including 5,417 million for temporary housing, basic services and land acquisition, as well as rebuilding more resilient infrastructure like shelters, embankments and underground power lines to mitigate risks from future disasters.
Cyclone Aila was a severe tropical cyclone that struck Bangladesh on the 25th May 2009. The cyclone's intense rainfall (120mm of rain in a few hours), very strong winds (270km/h) and large storm surge caused widespread flooding and devastation across Bangladesh.
Floods are common natural disasters that occur due to heavy rainfall overflowing rivers and streams. Flash floods occur in mountainous areas due to cloudbursts or damming and drain quickly causing damage. States like Assam, Bihar and parts of Uttar Pradesh in India are prone to floods in the rainy season. Floods damage property, spread disease, cause soil erosion and destroy wildlife habitat. Preventive measures include land use planning, building barriers, and using technology for relief and early warning.
Kerala, a small state in southern India has faced one of its worst natural disasters in recent times- a flood since the last one 1924! How the indifference of the government of the day made it worse and almost man made is the topic of this article.
This document discusses the 2013 floods in Uttarakhand, India. It notes that heavy rainfall from June 14-17, 2013 caused devastating floods and landslides. The rainfall was over 375% of the benchmark amount. A cloudburst centered over Uttarakhand melted glaciers and caused rivers like the Mandakini to overflow. This natural disaster was exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, unchecked construction, and hydropower projects. The floods affected over 300,000 people across several districts, destroyed infrastructure and villages, and caused over 580 deaths. Kedarnath valley was among the worst hit areas.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. It notes that regular exercise can reduce the risk of diseases like heart disease and diabetes, improve mood, and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety. Staying active also helps maintain a healthy weight and keeps muscles, bones and joints healthy as we age.
The document discusses several key trends in the future of healthcare, including:
1) Healthcare is shifting from a focus on illness and disease to a focus on overall health and wellness, with an emphasis on prevention, proactive intervention, and sustaining well-being.
2) Technology and data will transform healthcare delivery, with more services shifting to the home and community through telemedicine. Hospitals will focus less on acute care.
3) The healthcare system must become more sustainable, personalized, and consumer-driven to address rising costs and focus on outcomes that matter to patients. Quality, safety, and access will need significant improvement.
This document discusses fundamentals of management. It outlines that management involves four key functions: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning involves setting goals and strategies to achieve them. Organizing establishes the organizational structure and roles. Leading motivates employees. Controlling monitors progress and ensures goals are met. Effective management requires technical, human, and conceptual skills as well as the motivation to lead others. Common manager mistakes include being insensitive, not delegating adequately, and inability to think strategically. The document emphasizes that competitive advantage lies in having committed employees.
MEDICAL EDUCATION: TEACHING & LEARNING METHODSS A Tabish
The document discusses various teaching methods used in medical education, including lectures, small group learning, problem/case-based learning, e-learning/computer-assisted instruction, self-instruction modules, and experiential learning through site visits and rotations. For each method, the document outlines strengths, weaknesses, and applications. It provides examples of how different methods can be used to effectively teach public health concepts and principles.
Healthcare Technology & Medical InnovationsS A Tabish
The document discusses how technology has changed and impacted healthcare. It covers several key areas:
1) Technology has transformed how clinicians perform their jobs and expanded options for medical treatments through improvements in networking and computers.
2) As demands on healthcare organizations increase, technology solutions are helping to improve performance, increase collaboration, manage costs, streamline processes, automate tasks and improve workflows.
3) Technologies like AI, blockchain, cloud computing, telehealth, and interoperability solutions are further helping to improve patient care, experiences and outcomes while reducing costs.
The document discusses future trends in healthcare, including:
1) Healthcare is shifting from treatment of illness to prevention and promotion of wellness. Data and technology will help identify health issues earlier and manage well-being.
2) Digital health, growing consumerism, and rising costs are driving transformation of healthcare systems to become more personalized, transparent, and focused on value over volume.
3) Future healthcare will increasingly occur outside of hospitals, with more care delivered at home through telemedicine and personalized chronic disease management programs.
The document discusses electronic medical records (EMRs), defining them as digital versions of patients' paper medical charts that contain their medical history, diagnoses, treatments, test results, and other clinical data. EMRs allow authorized medical providers to securely access a patient's comprehensive medical record electronically. The document also outlines the key components, functions, and benefits of EMR systems, such as automating workflows, integrating with other healthcare IT systems, and facilitating data sharing across providers to support comprehensive patient care.
The document discusses clinical audit, which involves systematically analyzing healthcare quality, procedures, resource use, and patient outcomes and life quality. It describes the clinical audit cycle of defining standards, collecting data on performance, comparing performance to standards, implementing changes if needed, and monitoring additional data. The goals of clinical audits are to improve healthcare quality, efficiency, standards, and patient outcomes and satisfaction. Common methods used in clinical audits include reviewing medical records, incidents of adverse patient reactions, diagnostic investigations, and therapeutic practices. Challenges of auditing primary care include difficulties setting standards, measuring outcomes, accounting for patient views, and causing anxiety for some doctors.
This document provides an overview of emergency medicine as a clinical specialty and medical education topic. It discusses the goals of health systems to provide quality care for all, with emergency care and primary health care as key components. Emergency medicine is described as being at the interface between community and hospital care. The document outlines the scope of emergency medicine, including its multidisciplinary nature and focus on undifferentiated patient problems. Specific skills taught include resuscitation, procedures, toxicology, trauma management and approaches to common complaints. The roles of the emergency department and clerkships in medical education are also summarized.
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2. Management involves controlling organizations and groups to achieve objectives by planning, organizing, and ensuring day-to-day operations are performed as expected. A manager executes tasks regularly with subordinates.
3. While managers focus on goals and processes, leaders are concerned with guiding change through vision and influencing people. Leaders align people behind a vision, whereas managers assign work to achieve goals. Both roles are important for business success.
The document discusses disaster management and provides definitions and classifications of different types of disasters including natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tsunamis as well as man-made disasters like technological accidents and conflicts. It outlines the goals of emergency preparedness to reduce loss of life, damage, and impact during disasters and describes disaster planning, mitigation, and management processes. Key aspects like activating disaster plans, establishing response teams, and national policy-making are summarized.
This document discusses quality assurance in medical education. It defines quality assurance as the policies, standards, systems and processes used to maintain and improve the quality of medical education. It states quality assurance includes evaluating the curriculum, teaching methods, assessment methods, and involves institutional monitoring through course evaluations, peer evaluations and assessments. The goal of quality assurance is to produce medical graduates that are competent and able to perform their jobs safely and effectively according to predetermined quality standards.
This document discusses health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which refers to how a person perceives their physical and mental health over time and how illnesses affect daily functioning. It provides reasons for measuring HRQoL, including making patients feel better and improving functionality. HRQoL is measured using questionnaires that assess physical, psychological, and social domains. Choosing the appropriate HRQoL measure depends on the study purpose, with generic measures used for population surveys and disease-specific measures used in clinical trials. Valid and reliable HRQoL instruments are important for evaluating the effects of interventions and conditions on patients' lives.
2. Figure 1: Jammu & Kashmir - worst affected areas
Figure 2: A Glimpse of Devastation caused by floods
Figure 3: Udhanpur Panchari Village (Jammu Province of J&K)
wiped out in 1 minute
Figure 4: Deluged Paradise
Figure 5: Flood ravage in Kashmir
Figure 6: Search operations to locate dead bodies
Citation: Tabish SA, Nabil S (2015) Epic Tragedy: Jammu & Kashmir Floods: A Clarion Call. Emerg Med (Los Angel) 5: 233. doi:
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3. Figure 7: Shattered dreams and debris of the houses
Figure 8: Survival first
Figure 9: Rescuing a female patient using local technology
In terms of districts, 10 out of the 22 districts were badly hit with
the districts in South Kashmir experiencing severe devastation.
Anantnag, Kulgam, Shopian and Pulwama (all South Kashmir)
districts were completely inundated and rendered inaccessible. More
than 5 million people were severely affected by the catastrophic event
while electricity and communication were completely shut down
making it nearly impossible to coordinate, evacuate and rescue [7].
What Caused the Flood?
According to the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), India,
the floods in Kashmir follow a recognizable pattern of heavy rainfalls
that was previously seen in other parts of India: Mumbai (2005), Leh
(2010) and Uttarakhand (2013) [8]. The meteorological (MET)
department confirmed that they had issued a warning regarding heavy
rainfall and urged people to move to higher ground, a warning that
most people did not heed and the state government did not do
anything about. This warning should have been given more weight
considering the recent floods in Uttarakhand [9].
To be more precise as to what caused the floods, CSE indicated that
the floods were caused by a combination of intense rain,
mismanagement, unplanned urbanization and a lack of preparedness
[10]. Local scientists, Humayum Rashid and Gowhar Naseem, had
indicated in 2008 that there was a breakdown of the natural discharge
system in the valley that could prevent water from flowing out of the
valley. In their paper from the 12th World Lake Conference, the
scientists argued that the natural discharge system had collapsed due
to the degradation of the network of lakes. Incessant rains for two or
three days would raise flood threat in Jhelum river in 2008 while as
such rains wouldn’t be a risk two to three decades back [11].
The flood inundation levels recorded in the floodplains of the
Jhelum were the highest in the archived hydrological history of
Kashmir with vast areas in Kashmir province inundated, many of
these areas remained under floodwaters for about two weeks and some
low lying areas of capital city Srinagar for more than 4 weeks. In south
Kashmir, several villages and cultivated lands were washed away by the
floodwaters of the turbulent mountainous tributaries of the Jhelum.
The Jhelum was flowing almost 1m above its embankments in the
stretch from Sangam to Kakapora for a distance of about 25 km on 6-7
September 2014. The river got swollen attaining a width of more than
2 km at certain places in South Kashmir. Out of the 1760 sq. km. of
floodplains, 912 sq. km were flooded in the Jhelum basin during the
2014 flooding. The inadequate carrying capacity of the river Jhelum in
its length from Sangam to Khandanyar is greatly responsible for
floods. Just upstream of Srinagar at Padshahibagh, a flood spill channel
with the original capacity of 17,000 cusecs (now reduced to less than
5,000 cusecs) takes off to by-pass the Srinagar city. Therefore, floods
can be caused by Jhelum in Srinagar, when the discharge of river
through the city exceeds 35,000 cusecs. The drainage capacity of the
main Jhelum and the flood spill channel is inadequate to carrying the
enormous discharge of floodwater measuring more than 120,000
cusecs. Experts believe that the cumulative effect of the heavy rainfall
event, the massive reckless urbanization of the floodplains along both
sides of the Jhelum since 1972, loss of wetlands, and the reduced
drainage capacity of Jhelum due to the siltation from the catchment
are responsible for devastating deluge.
Odisha’s super cyclone in 1999, Cyclone Hudhud of 12 October
2014 striking Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand downpour in
2013, January-February 2005 snow storm of South kashmir, October 8,
2005 devastating earthquake in Kashmir, flash floods of August 6, 2010
in Leh, torrential rains in Mumbai in 2005 and now J&K floods
constitute eight clear weather related events in just fifteen years, each
causing massive devastation and human misery. Exploitation of
natural resources, human greed and unplanned urban development
has started showing its effect on climate change. (Figure 10).
Citation: Tabish SA, Nabil S (2015) Epic Tragedy: Jammu & Kashmir Floods: A Clarion Call. Emerg Med (Los Angel) 5: 233. doi:
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4. Figure 10: Urban flooding in India
Impact of the Flood
Floods are the most common natural disaster known to man and,
sometimes, can be devastating, as the tsunami in South-East Asia in
December 2004 depicted. The impact of floods on people and their
environment may vary depending upon the vulnerability of the
population to and type and intensity of the flood [12]. The negative
implications of the floods can include loss of life and property, loss of
livelihood, decreased purchasing and production power, mass
migration, psychological effects on people and political instability.
The floods in Jammu and Kashmir were no different, causing
tremendous devastation and loss of life, property, livelihood in
addition to affecting the healthcare system adversely, which could lead
to severe health issues in the population and more fatalities in the
following days. According to a controlled study in Bristol floods of
1969, it was reported that there was a 50% increase in deaths in the
flooded population in the year after the flood. Few other studies also
reported a delayed increase in mortality after floods.
Impact on Health
As of 21st September, 2014, the official death toll had already
climbed to 285 and was expected to rise following further evacuation
and assessment of affected areas [13]. The initial deaths were caused by
houses collapsing; people unable to escape the water and boats
rescuing the stranded people capsizing. As the rescue efforts began,
dead bodies were recovered from flood waters. It is also estimated that
patients who lost their supply of essential life support drugs may also
have been at risk. The toll is estimated to rise as evacuation and
assessment of flooded areas is complete.
The devastating effect on the healthcare delivery system of the state
was probably the biggest casualty of the flood event. Out of the five
major hospitals in Kashmir, situated in Srinagar, four were completely
shut down due to the floods as floodwaters entered the hospital
premises and even submerged several floors. Patients in these hospitals
were evacuated early and shifted to the functional hospitals in the city,
mainly the Sheri-Kashmir-Institute-of-Medical-Sciences (SKIMS) -
which is a large tertiary care teaching hospital in the J&K. Even as the
only functional hospital of the city, SKIMS faced immense pressure
from the lack of staff [14]. Some patients were shifted to 50-bedded
Gupkar Nursing Home and 30 bedded Maternity Hospital Sanatnagar.
Government Medical College Srinagar - the prestigious seat of
learning (also known as Mecca of Medicine in J&K) was inundated by
flood waters and remained so for nearly three weeks. Shri Maharaja
Hari Singh (SMHS) hospital, one of the large premier hospitals of the
state was completely defunct for over two weeks as the hospital beds,
medical and diagnostic equipment and hospital transport were
rendered useless due to the floodwaters. On the day of the flood, the
patients from SMHS were evacuated and taken to other non-affected
hospitals in boats while some stayed trapped in the floors above. It will
be months before the hospital that used to cater to thousands of
patients every day will be fully functional again (Figure 11) [15].
Figure 11: Premier Teaching SMHS Hospital (Post floods)
Figure 12: Submerged SKIMS Medical College, Bemina
Figure 13: Tertiary care Lalla Ded Maternity Hospital, Srinagar
(inundated)
Citation: Tabish SA, Nabil S (2015) Epic Tragedy: Jammu & Kashmir Floods: A Clarion Call. Emerg Med (Los Angel) 5: 233. doi:
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5. The Lalla Ded Maternity Hospital, GB Pant Hospital (valley’s lone
pediatric hospital), Bone and Joint Hospital, SKIMS Medical College,
Bemina were all severely affected by the flood water and were forced to
shut down. As Bone and Joint and SMHS hospitals reopened partially
(outpatient services only) almost two weeks after the floods, other
hospitals would take much longer to be fully functional again –
requiring incessant cleaning, and fumigation before reopening
(Figures 12 and 13) [16].
Most of the diagnostic equipment including MRI, CT Scan,
Ultrasound, Radiotherapy equipment, Ventilators, Colour Doppler,
ERCP machine, Oxygen Concentrator plants, PCR, Autoanalysers and
other laboratory equipment, Operating Room tables, Autoclaves,
power generators and blood banks have been destroyed in the floods.
As the funds from the government and aid from non-governmental
sources pour in, it can easily take months before new machinery is
ordered and installed for use again [17].
Due to the submerging of main hospitals and markets in the valley,
there was a heavy shortage of medical supplies. People were badly
affected, especially those with chronic diseases, such as, diabetes (those
who need regular medication such as insulin). As the supply of
medicines lingered between short to non-existent, medicinal supplies
in the form of aid were sent from outside the state, which, however,
due to the inaccessible roads could not find its way to most people and
remained local to some evacuation camps established to house the
rescued [18].
Impact on Health
Due to severity of the floods and the equally inadequate rescue
operations, many dead bodies of those killed by the flood and carcasses
of animals marooned by the floodwaters floated in the waters that
covered a sizeable area of the valley. In addition to that, poor hygiene
and sanitation, lack of medical supplies, lack of drinking water and
defunct hospitals have added to the possibility of epidemics spreading
in the aftermath of the flood event [19]. According to the World
Health Organization (WHO), floods can lead to the spread of cholera,
typhoid, measles, Hepatitis A and E, leptospirosis, Acute Respiratory
Infections (ARIs), Acute Diarrheal Disease (ADD), under extreme
conditions.
Major epidemic breakouts were recorded in Sudan floods, 1980 -
major diarrheal outbreak, Mozambique floods, 2000 - diarrhea
outbreak, and West Bengal floods, 1998 - large cholera epidemic.
While the corpses floating in the water make it unsuitable for
consumption, there is no suitable evidence that such corpses are linked
with epidemic outbreaks. However, it is the sewage and drainage
outflow into flood water that is highly linked with epidemics.
Moreover, if the water is allowed to stagnate for too long, risk of
vector-borne diseases such as malaria increases [4].
The areas of Srinagar marooned in the flood waters have been
declared as hotspots for outbreak of communicable diseases by the
health department and people have been advised to be cautious while
dealing with water and food items. Filth and rubbish surfacing from
receding floods festering in streets is seen all around. There is an
ominous stench in the air. Poisonous mud smeared in streets and
pavements is getting dry and creating dust with particles of chemicals,
biological debris and harmful substances like cement, asbestos and
other matter. Buildings affected by floods have developed fungus on
walls.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is on the rise in Kashmir
after the worst ever flood hit the state. Psychiatrists in Srinagar say that
there has been a remarkable increase in the number of patients who
were suffering from “early symptoms” of PTSD. There are patients
who are witness to the ordeal caused by the floods. Though it takes
around three months for a person to fully develop the symptoms,
psychiatrists are trying their best to treat the disorder before it takes a
more alarming shape. During 2005, Snowstorm in Waltengo Nar
village of Anantnag district, trauma affected the mental health of
people for several months. Children suffered more. The impact of
disaster on children is mediated by personal experience,
developmental competency, parental reaction and the level of disaster
response. Children show higher level of intrusion and avoidance
during the aftermath. Social cooperation and extra care by parents
towards children is essential to overcome the trauma [20]. The
number of patients with psychiatric diseases as a consequence of
floods needs continuous assessment and proper documentation. The
real picture will emerge only after community based genuine research
is conducted as the patients reporting to hospitals and private clinics
depict the tip of the iceberg.
Economic Impact
The devastating impact of the flood is most conspicuously visible in
the economic dent born the valley. In the initial estimates by
Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India
(ASSOCHAM), there was an initial immediate loss of around 5,700
crores INR or $92 million [21]. These were only the initial figures and
did not take into account the loss of financial wealth through lack of
productivity, loss of livelihood and devastation of much of the private
property.
As days passed with unrelenting waters refusing to recede, the
magnitude of the damage seemed to be under-reported or at least
under - estimated. As it became clear that the state would take years
and even decades to come to terms with the devastation caused by the
marauding waters, experts of the coin started, for the first time, to
realize the magnitude of the economic dent that had been left in place
post the flood event. Former president of Federation of Chamber of
Commerce, Kashmir, estimated an economic loss greater than 15
billion dollars, which is greater than the respective GDPs of almost 80
countries around the globe [22].
The government of J&K on 29 September, 2014 termed Kashmir
floods as an international disaster. “This was not a disaster of national
but international ramifications,” Chief Secretary, Khanday MI said. He
said this was a classic case on urban flooding and would be studied
worldwide. Kashmir was hit by one of the worst floods in a century in
which thousands were rendered homeless. Kashmir had suffered losses
in excess of 1 trillion (100,000 crore INR). Across the State, 125000
families have been affected due to floods. “According to a rough
estimate, the housing sector in Kashmir has suffered losses over 30,000
crore INR while the business sector had suffered losses worth more
than 70,000 crore INR” [23].
He also stated that 5642 villages were affected across the State with
2489 in Kashmir valley, 3153 in Jammu division and 800 villages
remained sub-merged for over two weeks. Giving details of the
damages the Chief Secretary said more than 350000 structures –
mostly residential houses – have been damaged in the floods, which
were the worst in the state over the past 112 years. "More than 83,000
'concrete' houses have been fully damaged while 96,089 such houses
Citation: Tabish SA, Nabil S (2015) Epic Tragedy: Jammu & Kashmir Floods: A Clarion Call. Emerg Med (Los Angel) 5: 233. doi:
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6. have suffered partial damage. Similarly, 21,162 'kucha (non-concrete)'
houses have been fully damaged while 54,264 such houses have been
partially damaged". "The crop losses have been to the tune of 5611
crore INR including 1568 crore INR losses to the horticulture sector,"
adding 6.5 lakh hectares of land has been affected by the deluge. "Over
10,000 milch animals and 33,000 sheep and got perished in the floods".
Tourism infrastructure and government residential colonies have
suffered losses to the tune of 5,000 crore INR [24,25].
Social Impact
As the catastrophe has left thousands of people homeless and
without their livelihood, it is understood that there are going to be
numerous people set up in make shift camps around the valley. As the
harsh winter approach, when the mercury often drops below zero,
people are going to miss their concrete houses badly (not to say they
don’t already). With more than a hundred thousand people without
work, a societal turmoil is already a resounding possibility.
Due to the closure of Jammu-Srinagar highway - considered the life
of the state in terms of connectivity with the rest of the country - for
more than two weeks, there was a dire scarcity of essential
commodities including food and medicines. With some of the places
still inaccessible by road, it is going to take time to get such supplies to
these areas. Markets in the affected areas were almost entirely
destroyed in terms of physical structures or the goods they carried.
Impact on Education
The floods have adversely affected the education infrastructure in
almost all the flood-ravaged districts and some schools need to be
rebuilt as they have collapsed or suffered extensive damage, whereas
others need major repairs. The deluge has completely destroyed
thousands of school buildings while thousands others have been
partially damaged, rendering them unfit for schooling. According to
official figures, out of 11526 primary and middle school buildings,
1986 have collapsed while 2685 were partially damaged. As per the
departmental survey, 2397 students enrolled in different primary and
middle schools have been left without buildings.” The private schools
have also reported heavy loss to infrastructure of more than 1500
school buildings” [26]. Another 450 schools in private sector have
suffered extensive damage.
Comparison with Other Floods
The flood in Kashmir was similar to the recent floods in
Uttarakhand (2013) and Leh (2010) as all three flood events were
caused by the initial incessant rains and were attributed to climate
change. There was a similar pattern of quick collection of water on the
ground after incessant rains that lead to flash floods. Where the
pattern of cause and occurrence was similar, the damage and
destruction vastly varied.
Uttarakhand floods caused a financial loss of $1 billion and more
than 1000 people lost their lives [27]. Leh, comparatively much less
populated than Uttarakhand and Kashmir, saw a financial loss of $50
million and more than 250 people lost their lives [28]. In Kashmir, the
state government, after final assessment of losses (both private and
public) reported a financial loss of nearly $16.2 billion whereas 285
people were reported dead in the floods with several people missing
[29].
Life after Floods
As pumps are in place to clear out the remaining deposits of water
around the city and a colossal cleaning operation has been
commissioned, people have who suffered the brunt of the massive
floods have been placed in makeshift tents until further action is taken
in regard to a more permanent accommodation option. Healthcare
delivery institutions are slowly being pushed towards being fully
functional and it may be months before this is realized. Meanwhile,
people continue to support each other as aid pours in from different
parts of the world. Considering the magnitude of the disaster, it is safe
to say that it may take decades and billions of dollars to reconstruct
what has been damaged and rehabilitate those who have badly
affected. The next few years are going to be crucial as people will
struggle through possible epidemics, poverty and hunger in the hope
of things getting better.
Climate Change: A Reality
The deluge raises many questions about environmental degradation
and climate change. Unplanned growth of cities and towns of Kashmir
within and outside the flood basins has to be regulated and no growth
is to be allowed within the river basin. Illegal mushrooming of houses
within the river basin of Jhelum and Doodganga have been major
contributing factors for overflow of river waters. It has obstructed the
flow, swelled the river water and pushed the waters over the
embankment and also forced the breach. Settlement near Kursoo Raj
Bagh, from the mouth of flood spill channel to the Zero Bridge, has
been primarily responsible for the breach, overflow and devastating
flooding.
According to WHO (World Health Organization), unmitigated
climate change will lead to significant increases in illness and death
brought on by environmental changes [30]. Climate change is
considered the greatest global health threat of the 21st Century. The
effects of climate change on health have begun to be well established.
Little attention has been paid to the health systems that must adapt to
deliver services that can respond to changing disease patterns and
health needs of people [31]. Climate change will have far-reaching
effects on how we build, organise, and manage health systems as
complex institutions [32]. Developed economies have established
surveillance and early-warning systems and planning tools, but
developing nations lag far behind.
Rebuilding the Paradise
The worstn - ever flood of 7 September 2014 that deluged Kashmir
has given rise to enormous challenges both to the government and
people. Aftermath of natural calamity particularly rehabilitation of
hundreds of thousands needs coordinated efforts, comprehensive
planning and professional management which includes making
residential areas habitable, restoration of basic civic facilities, focus on
health care delivery system and educational institutions and above all
providing shelter to homeless and means of livelihood to those who
lost everything because of this major disaster. Wisdom need to be
summoned to overcome the crisis [20]. The epic tragedy offers a
unique window of opportunity for real-time design of policy. There
are many interpretive models of a smart city mostly anchored on
innovation in design including use of information and communication
technology for efficiency in energy management, adoption of green
energy and practices that make growth sustainable. In essence:
efficiency and harmony with nature. Government should emulate
Citation: Tabish SA, Nabil S (2015) Epic Tragedy: Jammu & Kashmir Floods: A Clarion Call. Emerg Med (Los Angel) 5: 233. doi:
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7. cities that were rebuilt post disasters. Greensburg in Kansas which was
flattened by a mile-wide F5 tornado in 2007 chose the green, smart
route to rebuild the city. Fukushima which was bludgeoned by an
earthquake, measuring 9 on the Richter, and tsunami is being rebuilt
with new concepts. A sound and dependable weather forecasting
(Doppler radars) and other modern systems should be a top priority.
The Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, and the Global
Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) of the World
Bank can be approached for help and to quantify the need for financial
resources in recovery and rehabilitation. It is not only about money. It
is also about building our own capacities in disaster risk management
and in post disaster reconstruction [20].
Through the centuries, earthquakes, fires, floods and war have
levelled many of the world's great cities. There have been historic
disasters like the US cities Galveston, Texas; Dayton, Ohio; St. Louis,
Missouri; Anchorage, Alaska; Greensburg, Kansas 2007; and Antigua,
Guatemala, 1541; Lisbon, 1755; Hungarian city Miskolc, 1878 flood;
Saint-Pierre, Maritinque, 1902; San Francisco, 1906; Tokyo, 1923;
Berlin, 1943-45; Hiroshima, Japan 1945; Mostar, Bosnia, Brisbane
experienced major flooding in 1893 and 1974 ; 1992-95; Beirut,
1975-90; New Orleans 2005;Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 2010; Santiago,
Chili, 2010; Australia, beginning in December 2010; Japan Tsunami,
2011 and City of Evans, Colorado, 2013's devastating floods. But Cities
were destroyed and completely rebuilt and built better.
The safety of all standing and surviving structures should be
measured before people start moving back into them. The government
and private stakeholders have to ensure that the safety measures are in
place to avoid any further damage to property and loss of human life.
The process of reconstruction should essentially focus on partial or
complete relocation and reconstructing the essential infrastructure
including housing. Rebuilding can pave a safe way by reducing
vulnerabilities that previously existed, by beginning the process of
development in a more sustainable mode, by setting in place systems,
technologies and processes that improve the quality of life and are in
sync with the regional environmental conditions. For a more
sustainable and equitable development in the fragile Himalayan
environment, and for improved quality of life and reduced levels of
vulnerability eco-sensitive approach is crucial.
Learning from Adversity
Floods threatened the lives of more than 50 percent of residents of
Srinagar city. According to experts nearly 600,000 people are estimated
to go jobless for next six months after the September floods wreaked
havoc with the economic sectors in the Valley. Similarly, in
Agriculture and Horticulture suffered huge losses. 5000 band-saw
machines across valley making wooden boxes for fruits and other
agriculture products were hit, 90000 animals died affecting around
200,000 youth in these sectors. State has already 8,00,000 unemployed
people registered in valley and the floods will at least add more 600,000
youth. The floods have created vacuum in the employment sectors
[32,33].
The impact of deluge is of monumental proportions. There are huge
economic, social and psychological costs. When a 2000-year old
Srinagar with all its historical and modern-day moorings is inundated,
an approach that surmounts the normal methods of recovery and
reconstruction is absolutely essential. The state response to this
catastrophe has to be prompt, robust and dynamic. State government
has projected 44,000 crore INR relief and reconstruction plan [20].
The catastrophe of such magnitude is a humanitarian crisis that needs
very strong response from the government, NGO’s, civil society and
international aid agencies. Government must create the taskforce for
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority to co-ordinate the
rebuilding programme. To pursue development with concern for the
fragile Himalayan environment is essential. Eco-sensitive development
is more sustainable and equitable. Taking full advantage of scientific
advances particularly in MET Sciences, Information Technology and
rebuilding the cities/towns is an inescapable necessity. Emergency
preparedness is absolutely essential. There is need to rejuvenate small
and medium towns in Kashmir. Innovative and robust administrative
system is required to meet the challenges of the deluge. Through the
centuries, earthquakes, fires, floods and war have levelled many of the
world's great cities. There have been historic disasters like the U.S.
cities Galveston, Texas; Dayton, Ohio; St. Louis, Missouri; Anchorage,
Alaska; Greensburg, Kansas 2007; and Antigua, Guatemala, 1541;
Lisbon, 1755; Hungarian city Miskolc, 1878 flood; Saint-Pierre,
Maritinque, 1902; San Francisco, 1906; Tokyo, 1923; Berlin, 1943-45;
Hiroshima, Japan 1945; Mostar, Bosnia, Brisbane experienced major
flooding in 1893 and 1974 ; 1992-95; Beirut, 1975-90; New Orleans
2005; Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 2010; Santiago, Chili, 2010; Australia,
beginning in December 2010; Japan Tsunami, 2011 and City of Evans,
Colorado, 2013's devastating floods. But Cities Were Destroyed and
Completely Rebuilt [20].
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is exposed to natural disasters
including floods, cyclones and earthquakes which are major threats to
its economy. Of late, there have been floods in 1950, 1954, 1957 and
1959 and out of these the floods that hit Kashmir during 1957 and
1959 were two floods of greatest magnitude recorded in Kashmir. In
the past, all boats in Dal, Wullar lakes and other water bodies would be
commandeered with the owners given premium compensation
whether they were actually used or not. They would be attached to
different police stations to remain available on call and a good number
of them would be loaded on the trucks and kept in readiness in control
rooms for deployment. Sand bags were procured in large numbers to
plug the breaches. There would be a daily press briefing by the top
officials of the government, which would also create a feeling of
readiness for people of low lying areas that they might have to evacuate
any time. People witnessed buildings tumbling down, bridges
collapsing and carcasses of animals floating around and dashed to
electric poles and trees. Water gushing into residential colonies turned
them into the ghost towns with no sign of life but only occasional cries
of birds which could be heard from far off places, giving an impression
as if there was no life. Disaster management occupies an important
place in the policy framework as it is the poor and underprivileged
who are most affected on account of calamities and disasters [20].
Conclusion
As recovery efforts begin in areas ravaged by floods, rebuilding may
seem like an impossible task right now. But rebuilding will happen.
Why we pretend the next storm won't happen—and flush billions in
disaster relief down the drain. Government must create the taskforce
for Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority to co-ordinate the
rebuilding programme. One can hardly see the majestic Chinars, the
fragrant pine trees and the luxuriant weeping willows that provided
harbor to those buffeted by the fates? The enchanting beauty of
Mughal gardens, refreshing springs and breathtaking waterfalls
bemoan the state of the torn apart land, the polluted streams, and the
suffering people. To pursue development with concern for the fragile
Citation: Tabish SA, Nabil S (2015) Epic Tragedy: Jammu & Kashmir Floods: A Clarion Call. Emerg Med (Los Angel) 5: 233. doi:
10.4172/2165-7548.1000233
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8. Himalayan environment is essential. Eco-sensitive development is
more sustainable and equitable. Taking full advantage of scientific
advances particularly in MET Sciences, Information Technology and
rebuilding the cities/towns is an inescapable necessity. Community
based research is required to measure the morbidity due to psychiatric
diseases as a consequence of floods. Similarly the impact of disaster on
the mental health of children and young adults should be a priority.
Serious efforts are required to make disaster preparedness an
important agenda of governance.
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Citation: Tabish SA, Nabil S (2015) Epic Tragedy: Jammu & Kashmir Floods: A Clarion Call. Emerg Med (Los Angel) 5: 233. doi:
10.4172/2165-7548.1000233
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