The document discusses disaster management and provides definitions and classifications of different types of disasters including natural disasters like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tsunamis as well as man-made disasters like technological accidents and conflicts. It outlines the goals of emergency preparedness to reduce loss of life, damage, and impact during disasters and describes disaster planning, mitigation, and management processes. Key aspects like activating disaster plans, establishing response teams, and national policy-making are summarized.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
This is a basic insight to Disaster Management including Natural calamities and Man-made disasters. Especially useful for undergraduate healthcare students for their academic orientation and projects.
Reference - Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine
“A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources”
Hazard
“It is a dangerous, phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage”
1.Geophysical
a) Earthquake
b) Volcano
c) Tsunami
2.Hydrological
a) Flood
b) Landslides
c) Wave action
3.Meteorological
a) Cyclone, Strom
b) cold wave
c) Extreme temperature, fog frost
d) Lighting, heavy rain
e) Sand- storm, dust storm
f) Snow, ice, Winter storm
4. Climatological
Drought
Extreme hot/ cold conditions
Forest wildfire
d) Glacial lake outburst
5. Biological
a) Epidemics :
Viral, bacterial , Parasitic, fungal or prion infections
b) Insect infestations
There are three fundamental aspects of disaster management.
Disaster Response
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Mitigation
Primary phase - 0 to 6 hours
Secondary phase - 6 to 24 hours
Tertiary phase - after 24 hours
The Management of Mass casualties can be further divided into:
Search and Rescue
First aid
Triage and stabilization of victims
Hospital treatment and Redistribution of Patients to other hospitals
After a major disaster:
Most immediate help comes from the uninjured survivals.
Organized relief services will meet only a small fraction of the demand
Bed availability and surgical services should be maximized.
Provision for food and shelter.
A centre to respond to inquiries from patients relatives and friends.
Priority should be given to victims identification and adequate mortuary space should be provided.
Triage
The principle of “First come ,First treated”, is not followed in mass emergencies.
Higher priority is granted to victims whose immediate or long-term prognosis can be dramatically affected by simple intensive care.
Moribund patients who require a great deal of attention , with questionable benefit, have the lowest priority.
Tagging
All the patients should be identified with tags stating their name ,age , place of origin ,triage category , diagnosis and initial treatment.
Removal of the dead from the disaster scene.
Shifting to the mortuary.
Identification.
Reception of bereaved relatives.
Proper respect for the dead is of great importance.
The type and quantity of humanitarian relief supplies are usually determined by two main factors.
1) The type of disaster.
2) The type and quantity of supplies available locally.
Vulnerability is the degree to which a population, individual or organization is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impacts of disasters.
Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: a practical guide. (WHO, 2002)
Children, pregnant women, elderly people, malnourished people, and people who are ill or immune compromised, are particularly vulnerable when a disaster strikes, and take a relatively high share of the disease burden associated with emergencies. Poverty – and its common consequences such as malnutrition, homelessness, poor housing and destitution – is a major contributor to vulnerability.
Help to this group must be planned
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
This is a basic insight to Disaster Management including Natural calamities and Man-made disasters. Especially useful for undergraduate healthcare students for their academic orientation and projects.
Reference - Park's Textbook Of Preventive And Social Medicine
“A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources”
Hazard
“It is a dangerous, phenomenon, substance, human activity, or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage”
1.Geophysical
a) Earthquake
b) Volcano
c) Tsunami
2.Hydrological
a) Flood
b) Landslides
c) Wave action
3.Meteorological
a) Cyclone, Strom
b) cold wave
c) Extreme temperature, fog frost
d) Lighting, heavy rain
e) Sand- storm, dust storm
f) Snow, ice, Winter storm
4. Climatological
Drought
Extreme hot/ cold conditions
Forest wildfire
d) Glacial lake outburst
5. Biological
a) Epidemics :
Viral, bacterial , Parasitic, fungal or prion infections
b) Insect infestations
There are three fundamental aspects of disaster management.
Disaster Response
Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Mitigation
Primary phase - 0 to 6 hours
Secondary phase - 6 to 24 hours
Tertiary phase - after 24 hours
The Management of Mass casualties can be further divided into:
Search and Rescue
First aid
Triage and stabilization of victims
Hospital treatment and Redistribution of Patients to other hospitals
After a major disaster:
Most immediate help comes from the uninjured survivals.
Organized relief services will meet only a small fraction of the demand
Bed availability and surgical services should be maximized.
Provision for food and shelter.
A centre to respond to inquiries from patients relatives and friends.
Priority should be given to victims identification and adequate mortuary space should be provided.
Triage
The principle of “First come ,First treated”, is not followed in mass emergencies.
Higher priority is granted to victims whose immediate or long-term prognosis can be dramatically affected by simple intensive care.
Moribund patients who require a great deal of attention , with questionable benefit, have the lowest priority.
Tagging
All the patients should be identified with tags stating their name ,age , place of origin ,triage category , diagnosis and initial treatment.
Removal of the dead from the disaster scene.
Shifting to the mortuary.
Identification.
Reception of bereaved relatives.
Proper respect for the dead is of great importance.
The type and quantity of humanitarian relief supplies are usually determined by two main factors.
1) The type of disaster.
2) The type and quantity of supplies available locally.
Vulnerability is the degree to which a population, individual or organization is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impacts of disasters.
Environmental health in emergencies and disasters: a practical guide. (WHO, 2002)
Children, pregnant women, elderly people, malnourished people, and people who are ill or immune compromised, are particularly vulnerable when a disaster strikes, and take a relatively high share of the disease burden associated with emergencies. Poverty – and its common consequences such as malnutrition, homelessness, poor housing and destitution – is a major contributor to vulnerability.
Help to this group must be planned
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter-16_Digestive-System.pptx
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
1. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Professor Syed Amin Tabish
FRCP(London), FRCP(Edin.), FAMS, MD HA (AIIMS)
Postdoc Fellowship, Bristol University (England)
Doctorate in Educational Leadership (USA)
2. Definition
The WHO defines disaster as 'any
occurrence that causes damage,
economic destruction, loss of
human life and deterioration in
health and health services on a
scale sufficient to warrant an
extraordinary response from
outside the affected community
or area'.
3. Disasters: the scenario
A global problem: a major disaster
occurs somewhere in the world almost
on a daily basis
Affects the advances being achieved
health & socioeconomic development
Increased vulnerability to natural
disasters due to environmental
degradation, industrialization, pollution,
threat to biodiversity
Rapid climate change
Population explosion (overexploitation of
resources)
4. Impact of Disasters
Ecological disruption
Loss of human life
Military expenditures: 6 month’s of world’s
arms spending would pay for a 10-year
program proving food & health services in
developing countries
Deterioration of health services
to warrant an extraordinary response
from outside the affected community or
area.
Result in significant morbidity
5. Diversity of the Planet
The vastness and diversity of the planet
makes it difficult to build up an overall
picture of what needs to be done and the
impact of what has been done.
The same vast distances make it hard to
react rapidly and effectively to sudden
events - an earthquake - in parts of the
world with shifting populations and poor
communications.
New technology - fast bandwidth reliable
communications, the internet, high
resolution satellite imagery - can provide
support in these situations.
6. Classifying Disasters
Natural: earthquakes, floods, fires,
hurricanes
Technological (number of nuclear
arsenals has exceeded 50,000), deadlier
weapons, laser-guided missiles, carpet
bombs, etc ……Hiroshima (Aug 6,1945) &
Nagasaki (Aug 19, 1945); Nuclear reactor
Accident in Chernobyl (Ukraine); Toxic
gas leak in Bhopal (India)…..improper
management of industrial technologies
Chemical & Biological Weapons
Complex Emergencies (conflict-related):
Afghanistan (2.5 m), Iraq (1991, 2004-6) –
hi-tech war [2,10,000 tons of bombs in 43
days dropped in 1991
7. Disaster Planning
Pre-disaster: the identification,
understanding & analysis of natural &
other hazards
Disaster Management System: to
reduce the vulnerability of people to
damage (disaster prevention), injury and
loss of life & property resulting from
catastrophes; to prepare for prompt &
efficient rescue, care and treatment of
victims; response & recovery
Disaster planning starts with community
awareness
8. Disaster Management
Disaster Preparedness: activities that are
carried out prior to the advance notice of a
catastrophe to facilitate the use of available
resources, relief & rehabilitation
Disaster mitigation: ongoing effort to lesson
the impact disasters have on people &
property
Disaster Management: the process of
addressing an event that has the potential to
seriously disrupt the social fabric of commun.
9. Pre-hospital Emergency
Preparedness
Efficient system of providing
prompt medical care to injured to
save many lives or limbs by
beginning treatment before the
patient reached the hospital:
CPR, ATLS, ACLS, closed chest
cardiac compression
Emergency Medical Services
Individual Protective Equipment
15. BCW
Routes of exposure
Inhalation hazard (Respiratory System)
Contact hazard (Skin)
Digestive system (contaminated food or
drinking water)
Degree of hazard will depend on the agent &
amount released/method by which agent is
disseminated
Biological agents have the ability to multiply
in the host
Chemical agents may be harassing agents,
incapacitating agents or lethal agents
16. Recent Outbreaks & Incidents
Hurricane (the USA)
Avian Flu (Hong Kong)
Earthquakes (Pakistan)
Floods (Bangladesh)
Mad Cow Disease (the UK)
Marburg Virus Hemorrhagic Fever
Anthrax (the USA)
Tsunamis (Indonesia, Sri Lanka)
SARS (30 countries)
17. Earthquakes
Surviving an earthquake and
reducing its health impact
requires preparation, planning,
and practice.
Far in advance, you can gather
emergency supplies, identify and
reduce possible hazards in your
home, and practice what to do
during and after an earthquake.
18. How are avian, pandemic, and seasonal flu
different?
Avian Flu is caused by avian influenza
viruses, which occur naturally among
birds.
Pandemic Flu is flu that causes a global
outbreak, or pandemic, of serious illness
that spreads easily from person to
person.
Seasonal Flu is a contagious respiratory
illness caused by influenza viruses
19. What Injuries Occur Most Often?
The most severe injuries in
mass casualty events are
fractures, burns, lacerations,
and crush injuries. However,
the most common injuries
are eye injuries, sprains,
strains, minor wounds, and
ear damage.
20. Impact of Disasters
Disasters have a major impact on
the living conditions, economic
performance and environmental
assets and services of affected
countries or regions.
Consequences may be long term and
may even irreversibly affect
economic and social structures and
the environment
21. Impact
In industrialized countries, disasters cause
massive damage to the large stock of
accumulated capital while losses of human
life are limited due to the availability of
effective early warning and evacuation
systems, as well as better urban planning
and the application of strict building codes
and standards.
In developing countries, on the other
hand, fatalities are usually higher
owing to the lack or inadequacy of
forecast and evacuation programmes.
22. Impact
Whether disasters are essentially natural or
man-made in origin, their consequences
derive from a combination of human action
and interaction with nature’s cycles or
systems.
Disasters can lead to widespread loss of life,
directly and indirectly (primarily or
secondarily) affect large segments of the
population and cause significant
environmental damage and large-scale
economic and social harm
the deterioration in the social well-being of the
population
25. Activation of External
Disaster Plan
Information from the Red
Crescent Ambulance authorities
Arrival of casualties without prior
warning
Doctor on Duty to inform ED Chief
ED Chief to contact the Disaster
Executive Committee (Hospital
Director, Executive Director,
Medical Director, Nursing
Director)
26. Activation of External
Disaster Plan
Disaster Executive Committee
[DEC] will assess the situation &
determine the activation of the
plan
DEC to initiate Code Black/Green
through the Switchboard
Switchboard will start Page
announcement for Code Black,
Bleep 555 for all concerned
27. Activation of DM Plan
Beep to Transport Department for
arranging 2 Ambulances
Advise Transport Section to send
Ambulances around the hospital
housing to alert residents about
disaster
To send cars to commute staff
Contact all other DM personnel
Inform Nursing Director to arrange
nurses
28. Activation of the plan
Chief of each department to arrange
return of off-duty personnel
Ambulance to commute 2 medical teams
(disaster Site triage team) to site of
disaster
Other departments (radiology, Labs,
Blood Bank, Pharmacy, Medical Records,
Patient Services, Security, Emergency
Supplies, Nutrition, etc will activate their
DM plan
Security personnel to regulate traffic to
& from the Reception area
30. Disaster Executive
Committee
Coordination all Disaster Management
activates
Coordinate all aspects of clinical
management
Notify local authorities
Receive regular updated progress of DM
Media management
To announce ‘All Clear’ at the end of
Disaster
31. Coordination Team
Assess the number of casualties
& Beds available
Maintain contact with Triage
teams, Treatment teams & wards
Allocate Medical staff in different
teams
Give updated info to Disaster &
Executive Committee
32. Disaster Site Triage Team
Triaging patients (Red, Yellow,
Green, Black) to give priorities
for evacuation
Inform the Disaster Executive
Committee about the situation to
take decision for activation of
Disaster Plan
Give frequent updates on the
situation at the scene
33. Hospital Triage Team
Receiving the Disaster
Patients
Screening (Triaging)
Transferring all incoming
disaster patients to
different treatment areas
34. Red Area Team
To resuscitate, stabilize
patients on red area and
shifting them to
definitive care areas
35. Yellow Area Team
To resuscitate and stabilize
patients with serious non life-
threatening injuries
Provide care to those patients
who are seriously injured and
likely to die
Transferring resuscitated
patients to definitive care areas
38. Evacuation Team
Making beds available for
casualties from the
disaster by bed expansion
and discharging current
cold patients
39. Evaluation Team
Monitoring the
management of the
disaster and forward a
final report to the Chief of
the Disaster Management
Committee.
40. Triage Team
Hospital triage is team
responsible for:
receiving the disaster
patients
screening the disaster
patients
transferring all incoming
disaster patients to different
treatment areas
41. Responsibility of the Yellow area team
to resuscitate patients with serious
non-life threatening injuries
stabilize patients with serious non-
life threatening injuries
to provide care to those patients
who are seriously injured and likely
to die
transferring resuscitated patients
to definitive care areas
42. National Policy-making
Risk and vulnerability assessment
Development of training
programmes
Public health in disasters
The management of programmes
involving refugees and internally
displaced people
Shelter needs in disasters
43. National Policy-making
The development of disaster management
policy and plans
Aspects of the management of disasters
resulting from conflict
The role of the military in disaster
management
The management of civil emergencies and
transport accidents
Co-ordination in disaster management
The establishment of control rooms
44. National Policy-making
Leadership and decision making
in disaster management
Managing incidents involving
terrorism or civil unrest
Crowd management
The development context of
disaster management
Disaster relief logistics
45. CBW
Identify the hazard
Evaluate the hazard
Introduce risk reduction strategies
(control contamination)
Chemical detection & identification (lab
dx. By DNA based & other molecular
methods)
Risk communication & dissemination of
information
Contamination control (entry & exit
control)
46. BCW
Decontaminate both materials &
persons
Triage
Medical care & evaluation of
casualties
Definitive decontamination (a
final decontamination of the site)
Command, control &
communication
54. The confirmed death toll from the 7.6-magnitude
earthquake that was centered near Muzaffarabad,
the capital of Pakistan-controlled Kashmir (PcK) on
October 8 stands at over 73,000 in Pck and in
NWFP, while the unconfirmed death toll has climbed
to over 86,000. (Nov-8, AP, Dawn) Over 79,000
people injured and estimated 3 million displaced or
homeless. The earthquake affected nine districts in
total: Abbottabad, Batagram, Mansehra, Shangla,
and Kohistan in the North West Frontier Province
(NWFP) and Muzaffarabad, Neelum, Poonch and
Bagh in PcK.
55. India
The latest official death toll is 1,309 in Indian-
controlled Kashmir (IcK). Officially, 6,622
people reportedly injured and 150,000
displaced (Oct-17, AFP). Worst-hit areas are
around Tangdhar and Uri towns in Kupwara
and Baramulla districts respectively, along
the disputed Line of Control (LoC). Third
worst-hit area is Poonch district.
56. Tsunami
The overall focus of attention is on rebuilding and long-term recovery
and rehabilitation for the December 26, 2004 earthquake and tsunami
disaster. The dead and missing toll from tsunamis triggered by the
undersea earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale off the west
coast of Indonesia’s Sumatra Island was estimated to be some 232,000
people along the coastal areas of 12 countries in the Indian Ocean,
although a true toll will likely never be known. At least 1.7 million are
reported to be homeless with estimates over 2 million. Tsunami-related
deaths were recorded in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand,
Malaysia, Myanmar, Maldives, Bangladesh, Somalia, Tanzania, Kenya
and the Seychelles. The loss of life was particularly severe in
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. Nearly 166,000 dead and
missing are from worst-hit Aceh province in Indonesia. The dead and
missing toll in Sri Lanka is nearly 39,000. In India, at least 10,672 died
in Tamil Nadu State and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The death
toll in Thailand is around 5,400, including about 1,953 foreigners from at
least 36 countries. More than 400 combined deaths have been reported
in the other countries.
88. Tsunami Disaster of Indian
Ocean 2005
It is said that some kids were
playing on a bridge when
suddenly the earthquake came,
the bridge broke down into 2
pieces, all those kids went down
inside the bridge and died. The
mothers of those kids were
standing besides the bridge and
helplessly watching their kids
die.