Fish feeding technique
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The document discusses different fish feeding techniques including filter feeders, scavengers, ambush feeders, gulp and suck feeders, and surface feeders. It also briefly covers common fish diseases like ich, hole in the head disease, and fungal infections.
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Reproductive biology
This document provides an overview of reproductive biology in fishes. It discusses the different types of sexuality observed in fishes, including unisexuality, bisexuality, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. It describes the reproductive cycles and hormones that regulate reproduction for both male and female fish. Key aspects covered include the gonads, sexual dimorphism, seasonal breeding patterns, and hormonal control of the reproductive system through the CNS-pituitary-gonad axis.
Digestive system of fish
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
Fish Health Management
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Asian sea bass culture
Asian sea bass, also known as giant perch or Bhetki, is a profitable species for aquaculture in Southeast Asia. It can be cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. Hatcheries in Thailand produce sea bass fry that are also exported to other countries. Major challenges for sea bass culture are cannibalism among young fish and dependence on fishmeal. The life cycle involves nursery rearing of fry from 2-5 grams to 5-10 centimeters, then grow out in ponds or cages to a market size of 300-400 grams in 3-4 months or 700-1200 grams in 8-12 months. Sea bass is commonly cultured with tilapia in polyculture systems.
Pen-Culture.pptx
Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.
Fish feeding and feeding types
This document discusses fish feeding, including feed quality, storage, feeding correctly, selection, amount estimation, administering feed, feeding methods, frequency, response, assessing response, training fish, and managing wastes. Key points covered include the objectives of maximum growth, good health, and minimum waste; factors that influence feed quality like nutrients, processing, and storage; estimating feeding amounts based on fish size and weight; adjusting feeding based on monitoring and response; and techniques like hand feeding, demand feeders, and avoiding overfeeding.
CAGE CULTURE
Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
Pond, aquaculture and their types: an overview
Generalized and specific definition of pond and the types relating their size, use, construction method were illustrated. Besides the culture system of fish and aquatic organisms and their types were also described.
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Reproductive biology
This document provides an overview of reproductive biology in fishes. It discusses the different types of sexuality observed in fishes, including unisexuality, bisexuality, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. It describes the reproductive cycles and hormones that regulate reproduction for both male and female fish. Key aspects covered include the gonads, sexual dimorphism, seasonal breeding patterns, and hormonal control of the reproductive system through the CNS-pituitary-gonad axis.
Digestive system of fish
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
Fish Health Management
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through Manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
Asian sea bass culture
Asian sea bass, also known as giant perch or Bhetki, is a profitable species for aquaculture in Southeast Asia. It can be cultured in both freshwater and saltwater. Hatcheries in Thailand produce sea bass fry that are also exported to other countries. Major challenges for sea bass culture are cannibalism among young fish and dependence on fishmeal. The life cycle involves nursery rearing of fry from 2-5 grams to 5-10 centimeters, then grow out in ponds or cages to a market size of 300-400 grams in 3-4 months or 700-1200 grams in 8-12 months. Sea bass is commonly cultured with tilapia in polyculture systems.
Pen-Culture.pptx
Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.
Fish feeding and feeding types
This document discusses fish feeding, including feed quality, storage, feeding correctly, selection, amount estimation, administering feed, feeding methods, frequency, response, assessing response, training fish, and managing wastes. Key points covered include the objectives of maximum growth, good health, and minimum waste; factors that influence feed quality like nutrients, processing, and storage; estimating feeding amounts based on fish size and weight; adjusting feeding based on monitoring and response; and techniques like hand feeding, demand feeders, and avoiding overfeeding.
CAGE CULTURE
Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
Pond, aquaculture and their types: an overview
Generalized and specific definition of pond and the types relating their size, use, construction method were illustrated. Besides the culture system of fish and aquatic organisms and their types were also described.
Cage culture
Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish within mesh enclosures in existing water bodies like ponds, rivers, and oceans. Some key advantages are the flexibility to use different water resources with minimal initial investment. However, there are also disadvantages like the need for complete diets, high risk of disease transmission due to crowding, potential for localized water quality issues, and limitations to production yields. Cage aquaculture has rapidly expanded in recent decades and continues to adapt to growing global demand through clustering cages and developing more intensive cage farming systems.
FISH FEEDING HABITS.pptx
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The different feeding habits of fish are:
- Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials
- Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter
- Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals
- Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc.
- Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter
2. The feeding behaviors of fish are:
- Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc.
- Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously
- Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water
Feed management in aquaculture farm
Feed management in aquaculture involves choosing the right feed, using proper feeding methods, and ensuring cost effectiveness. The correct type of feed depends on the fish species, whether they are herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. Feeds must provide proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Feeding should be frequent but in small quantities to avoid waste and pollution, using methods like automatic feeders. Record keeping helps control costs and monitor fish health.
FISH FEED FORMULATION & PROCESSING.
This document discusses feed formulation and processing. Feed formulation involves combining ingredients to meet animal production goals in a balanced, palatable, and stable manner. The formulation process considers available local ingredients, nutrient contents, animal requirements, and physical limitations. Feed processing alters ingredients physically and sometimes chemically to improve utilization, mixing, and stability. Key processing steps include weighing, grinding, mixing, autoclaving, pelletizing, drying, packaging, and storage. The overall goal is to produce a cost-effective feed that meets regional animal nutritional needs.
Monoculture (aquaculture)
This document provides information on monoculture fish farming techniques used in India. It discusses how monoculture farming involves raising only one type of fish species in a pond. It notes that monoculture allows for easy monitoring of fish performance but can lead to issues like water quality degradation. The document also outlines the steps involved in monoculture fish farming, including construction of ponds, breeding fish, and transferring fry and fingerlings between ponds. It provides details on suitable fish species used in Indian monoculture like various carp species.
Fish disease
This document discusses fish diseases and control measures. It describes how fish can be affected by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Some common viral diseases discussed are Spring Viremia of Carp caused by Rhabdovirus, Swim Bladder Inflammation caused by SBI virus, and Viral Renal Disease of Eels. It also discusses Channel Catfish Viral Disease caused by Herpes virus and Pox Disease of Carps caused by Carp Pox virus. The document emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge of fish diseases for fish farmers and highlights how diseases can be controlled through proper pond maintenance and use of antibiotics.
Food and feeding
The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
Parasitic diseases of fish
This document discusses parasitic diseases of fish. It covers various protozoan parasites like Ichthyophthirius multifilis and Epistylis sp. that can infect fish skin and gills. It also discusses metazoan parasites like monogenean trematodes of the genus Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus that attach to fish gills and skin, and nematodes of the genus Contracaecum that can infect fish intestines and other tissues. The life cycles of these parasites are described along with the diseases they can cause in fish like emaciation, decreased growth and survival. Methods for specimen collection and examination for parasites are also outlined.
Natural fish seed collection
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
Types of hatchery and their operation
This document discusses the history and evolution of fish hatcheries from traditional to modern designs. It explains that traditional hatcheries used earthen pits or pots but these lacked temperature and pH control. More advanced designs in the 1970s-1980s used double cloth hatching systems or floating hapas to improve conditions. Modern hatcheries now have precise environmental control and include features like vertical jars, plastic buckets, or entire Chinese-style hatchery systems. The role of hatcheries is crucial to reliably produce high quality fish seeds for farming.
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Aquaculture involves farming aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments. There are several types of aquaculture including freshwater, brackish water, and intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems. Proper water quality monitoring and fertilization are important to maintain a healthy environment for growth. Common aquaculture activities include culturing fish, prawns, and shellfish through various stages from hatcheries to harvest.
Culture of mud crab
The document provides information on the culture of mud crabs. It discusses the scientific classification of mud crabs, their biology, hatchery technology, and culture methods. Mud crabs can be cultured through monoculture or polyculture. They reach market size within 6 months when cultured and common diseases include white spot disease and bacterial shell diseases. The document concludes that mud crab farming is becoming popular due to demand and provides alternative livelihood opportunities through crab fattening.
FISHING CRAFT AND GEARS
This document provides an overview of various fishing gears and methods. It begins with an outline of the course topics, which include the study and classification of fishing gears and crafts. It then describes different gear types such as beam trawling, demersal otter trawling, dredging, drift nets, fish attraction devices, gill/fixed nets, handlines, jigging, longlining, pelagic trawling, pole and line fishing, and pots. For each gear type, it explains how it is used to target particular species. The document provides a comprehensive reference for different fishing techniques around the world.
Breeding Biology & Parameters of Finfish and Shellfish by Syekat
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Reproduction is a fundamental biological process which enables continuation of species. In fisheries biology, reproduction assumes greater significance to understand sexual
dimorphism, process of maturation, size or age of maturity, breeding season, spawning area, sexual segregation, migration, fecundity, embryonic and larval development and
recruitment. Most of the management strategies in capture fisheries are based on reference points that are the manifestations of reproductive biology. In aquaculture,
knowledge of reproductive biology of a fish is essential for hatchery production of fish feeds.
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Shore based aquaculture or coastal brackish water aquaculture is practiced in many countries. There are various methods of traditional culture system based on the local conditions. Shrimp culture is the main attraction of this culture system. Some other fishes and other organisms like crabs, bivalves and seaweeds are also farmed. This type of culture system is mainly found in south East Asia.
Mullet Fish Culture
This document summarizes the culture methods for mullet fish. There are two main culture methods - monoculture and polyculture. The key steps include seed supply from wild or hatchery sources, nursery rearing for 4-6 months, on-growing using either monoculture or polyculture techniques in earthen ponds for 7-8 months, harvesting using nets, and handling and processing for fresh or chilled markets. Proper water quality maintenance, disease control, and analysis of production costs and market demand are also important considerations for mullet aquaculture.
Construction and maintenance of a fish farm
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of a fish farm. It describes selecting a suitable location based on topography, soil type, and water supply. The ideal layout includes hatchery pits, nursery ponds, rearing ponds, and stocking ponds of different sizes. Pond maintenance involves liming to control parasites, fertilizing to increase natural food sources, and harvesting fish when they reach maturity. Proper site selection and regular pond upkeep are essential for a productive and sustainable fish farming operation.
Age and growth
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
Inland fishery in the worlld
1) Inland waters comprise approximately 0.01% of total water on Earth but are home to 40% of all fish species and 20% of vertebrate species. Inland fisheries include capture fisheries from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs as well as culture fisheries where fish are farmed.
2) China is the world's largest producer of inland fish followed by India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Major inland fish species vary by region but include carp, catfish, tilapia, and others. Inland fisheries provide food and livelihoods for billions of people globally.
3) Threats to inland fisheries include pollution, habitat
Basics of aquaculture – definition
This document defines aquaculture as the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. It involves interventions like regular stocking, feeding, and protection from predators to enhance production. India has a long coastline and extensive water resources that are well suited for aquaculture. The purpose of aquaculture includes increasing food production and income, as well as generating employment. There are various types of aquaculture defined by factors like the water system used, type of water, stocking combinations, and integration with other farming systems.
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Fish nutrition and final product quality. Sus...
Global aquaculture production has grown rapidly due to the availability of affordable aquafeeds. China is the largest producer, accounting for over 60% of global aquaculture. Total aquafeed production has increased over 10-fold since 1995 and is expected to reach 50 million tonnes by 2015 and 70 million tonnes by 2020. While fishmeal and fish oil remain important aquafeed ingredients, several EU-funded projects from 2001-2010 demonstrated that they can be partially or fully replaced by plant ingredients in the diets of species like salmon, sea bream, and sea bass without negatively impacting growth. Further research is still needed to fully understand long-term effects of alternative ingredients on animal health and metabolism.
Hatchery Management of Oyster, Mud crab and Mussel
Any aquatic invertebrate animals having a cutaneous or calcareous shell surrounding there body and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or phylum Echinodermata is known as shellfish. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. The most commercially important shellfish are:
• Mollusk: Oysters, mussels, scallops and clams
• Crustacean: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab and crayfish
• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Shellfish hatchery is a place where shellfish seeds are produced in a controlled way. Hatchery management is a branch of science which deals with the activities including from collection of brood shellfish to seed production. Culturing of shellfish has occurred since ancient times. Although controlled rearing of young shell has long existed, hatchery production is a more recent advancement. Producing seed under controlled conditions in a hatchery will disconnect its production from environmental factors and provide a reliable supply of seed. Oysters, mussels and mud crabs are the most important groups of shellfish after shrimp and prawn. These are popular among the western countries and becoming more popular all over the world. So hatchery management of oyster, mussel and crab is crucial.
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Cage culture involves confining fish or shellfish within mesh enclosures in existing water bodies like ponds, rivers, and oceans. Some key advantages are the flexibility to use different water resources with minimal initial investment. However, there are also disadvantages like the need for complete diets, high risk of disease transmission due to crowding, potential for localized water quality issues, and limitations to production yields. Cage aquaculture has rapidly expanded in recent decades and continues to adapt to growing global demand through clustering cages and developing more intensive cage farming systems.
FISH FEEDING HABITS.pptx
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The different feeding habits of fish are:
- Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials
- Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter
- Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals
- Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc.
- Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter
2. The feeding behaviors of fish are:
- Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc.
- Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously
- Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water
Feed management in aquaculture farm
Feed management in aquaculture involves choosing the right feed, using proper feeding methods, and ensuring cost effectiveness. The correct type of feed depends on the fish species, whether they are herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores. Feeds must provide proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Feeding should be frequent but in small quantities to avoid waste and pollution, using methods like automatic feeders. Record keeping helps control costs and monitor fish health.
FISH FEED FORMULATION & PROCESSING.
This document discusses feed formulation and processing. Feed formulation involves combining ingredients to meet animal production goals in a balanced, palatable, and stable manner. The formulation process considers available local ingredients, nutrient contents, animal requirements, and physical limitations. Feed processing alters ingredients physically and sometimes chemically to improve utilization, mixing, and stability. Key processing steps include weighing, grinding, mixing, autoclaving, pelletizing, drying, packaging, and storage. The overall goal is to produce a cost-effective feed that meets regional animal nutritional needs.
Monoculture (aquaculture)
This document provides information on monoculture fish farming techniques used in India. It discusses how monoculture farming involves raising only one type of fish species in a pond. It notes that monoculture allows for easy monitoring of fish performance but can lead to issues like water quality degradation. The document also outlines the steps involved in monoculture fish farming, including construction of ponds, breeding fish, and transferring fry and fingerlings between ponds. It provides details on suitable fish species used in Indian monoculture like various carp species.
Fish disease
This document discusses fish diseases and control measures. It describes how fish can be affected by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Some common viral diseases discussed are Spring Viremia of Carp caused by Rhabdovirus, Swim Bladder Inflammation caused by SBI virus, and Viral Renal Disease of Eels. It also discusses Channel Catfish Viral Disease caused by Herpes virus and Pox Disease of Carps caused by Carp Pox virus. The document emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge of fish diseases for fish farmers and highlights how diseases can be controlled through proper pond maintenance and use of antibiotics.
Food and feeding
The document discusses food and feeding for aquarium fish. It provides information on the types of foods fish need, including live foods like brine shrimp and bloodworms as well as processed foods like flakes and pellets. It also discusses ingredients that make up quality fish food like proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. The document emphasizes the importance of providing the right kind and amount of food, as overfeeding can dirty the tank.
Parasitic diseases of fish
This document discusses parasitic diseases of fish. It covers various protozoan parasites like Ichthyophthirius multifilis and Epistylis sp. that can infect fish skin and gills. It also discusses metazoan parasites like monogenean trematodes of the genus Dactylogyrus and Gyrodactylus that attach to fish gills and skin, and nematodes of the genus Contracaecum that can infect fish intestines and other tissues. The life cycles of these parasites are described along with the diseases they can cause in fish like emaciation, decreased growth and survival. Methods for specimen collection and examination for parasites are also outlined.
Natural fish seed collection
Transport of hatchlings, fry, and fingerlings is common in aquaculture. Proper techniques involve understanding fish physiology and mortality causes during transport. Seed can be collected from wild or hatcheries. Major carps are collected from flooded rivers during monsoon season. Seed from estuaries and coastal waters include milkfish, mullets, pearlspot, and seabass. Bundhs are seasonal flooded areas that stimulate breeding. Induced spawning techniques breed species that don't spawn in captivity using hormones. Transport uses open or closed oxygenated systems. Factors causing mortality are oxygen depletion, waste accumulation, temperature fluctuations, and stress. Anaesthetics and antibiotics are used to reduce stress and prevent disease.
Types of hatchery and their operation
This document discusses the history and evolution of fish hatcheries from traditional to modern designs. It explains that traditional hatcheries used earthen pits or pots but these lacked temperature and pH control. More advanced designs in the 1970s-1980s used double cloth hatching systems or floating hapas to improve conditions. Modern hatcheries now have precise environmental control and include features like vertical jars, plastic buckets, or entire Chinese-style hatchery systems. The role of hatcheries is crucial to reliably produce high quality fish seeds for farming.
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Aquaculture involves farming aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments. There are several types of aquaculture including freshwater, brackish water, and intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems. Proper water quality monitoring and fertilization are important to maintain a healthy environment for growth. Common aquaculture activities include culturing fish, prawns, and shellfish through various stages from hatcheries to harvest.
Culture of mud crab
The document provides information on the culture of mud crabs. It discusses the scientific classification of mud crabs, their biology, hatchery technology, and culture methods. Mud crabs can be cultured through monoculture or polyculture. They reach market size within 6 months when cultured and common diseases include white spot disease and bacterial shell diseases. The document concludes that mud crab farming is becoming popular due to demand and provides alternative livelihood opportunities through crab fattening.
FISHING CRAFT AND GEARS
This document provides an overview of various fishing gears and methods. It begins with an outline of the course topics, which include the study and classification of fishing gears and crafts. It then describes different gear types such as beam trawling, demersal otter trawling, dredging, drift nets, fish attraction devices, gill/fixed nets, handlines, jigging, longlining, pelagic trawling, pole and line fishing, and pots. For each gear type, it explains how it is used to target particular species. The document provides a comprehensive reference for different fishing techniques around the world.
Breeding Biology & Parameters of Finfish and Shellfish by Syekat
Breeding Biology & Parameters of Finfish and Shellfish by SyekatNazmul Haque Syekat, Noakhai Science & Technology University.
Reproduction is a fundamental biological process which enables continuation of species. In fisheries biology, reproduction assumes greater significance to understand sexual
dimorphism, process of maturation, size or age of maturity, breeding season, spawning area, sexual segregation, migration, fecundity, embryonic and larval development and
recruitment. Most of the management strategies in capture fisheries are based on reference points that are the manifestations of reproductive biology. In aquaculture,
knowledge of reproductive biology of a fish is essential for hatchery production of fish feeds.
,
Nazmul Haque SyekatBheri farming: shore based aquaculture
Shore based aquaculture or coastal brackish water aquaculture is practiced in many countries. There are various methods of traditional culture system based on the local conditions. Shrimp culture is the main attraction of this culture system. Some other fishes and other organisms like crabs, bivalves and seaweeds are also farmed. This type of culture system is mainly found in south East Asia.
Mullet Fish Culture
This document summarizes the culture methods for mullet fish. There are two main culture methods - monoculture and polyculture. The key steps include seed supply from wild or hatchery sources, nursery rearing for 4-6 months, on-growing using either monoculture or polyculture techniques in earthen ponds for 7-8 months, harvesting using nets, and handling and processing for fresh or chilled markets. Proper water quality maintenance, disease control, and analysis of production costs and market demand are also important considerations for mullet aquaculture.
Construction and maintenance of a fish farm
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of a fish farm. It describes selecting a suitable location based on topography, soil type, and water supply. The ideal layout includes hatchery pits, nursery ponds, rearing ponds, and stocking ponds of different sizes. Pond maintenance involves liming to control parasites, fertilizing to increase natural food sources, and harvesting fish when they reach maturity. Proper site selection and regular pond upkeep are essential for a productive and sustainable fish farming operation.
Age and growth
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
Inland fishery in the worlld
1) Inland waters comprise approximately 0.01% of total water on Earth but are home to 40% of all fish species and 20% of vertebrate species. Inland fisheries include capture fisheries from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs as well as culture fisheries where fish are farmed.
2) China is the world's largest producer of inland fish followed by India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Cambodia. Major inland fish species vary by region but include carp, catfish, tilapia, and others. Inland fisheries provide food and livelihoods for billions of people globally.
3) Threats to inland fisheries include pollution, habitat
Basics of aquaculture – definition
This document defines aquaculture as the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants. It involves interventions like regular stocking, feeding, and protection from predators to enhance production. India has a long coastline and extensive water resources that are well suited for aquaculture. The purpose of aquaculture includes increasing food production and income, as well as generating employment. There are various types of aquaculture defined by factors like the water system used, type of water, stocking combinations, and integration with other farming systems.
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Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copy
Breeding Biology & Parameters of Finfish and Shellfish by Syekat
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Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Fish nutrition and final product quality. Sus...
Global aquaculture production has grown rapidly due to the availability of affordable aquafeeds. China is the largest producer, accounting for over 60% of global aquaculture. Total aquafeed production has increased over 10-fold since 1995 and is expected to reach 50 million tonnes by 2015 and 70 million tonnes by 2020. While fishmeal and fish oil remain important aquafeed ingredients, several EU-funded projects from 2001-2010 demonstrated that they can be partially or fully replaced by plant ingredients in the diets of species like salmon, sea bream, and sea bass without negatively impacting growth. Further research is still needed to fully understand long-term effects of alternative ingredients on animal health and metabolism.
Hatchery Management of Oyster, Mud crab and Mussel
Any aquatic invertebrate animals having a cutaneous or calcareous shell surrounding there body and belonging to the phylum Mollusca, the class Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda), or phylum Echinodermata is known as shellfish. The term is often used for the edible species of the groups, especially those that are fished or raised commercially. The most commercially important shellfish are:
• Mollusk: Oysters, mussels, scallops and clams
• Crustacean: Shrimp, prawn, lobster, crab and crayfish
• Echinoderm: sea urchins and sea cucumbers
Shellfish hatchery is a place where shellfish seeds are produced in a controlled way. Hatchery management is a branch of science which deals with the activities including from collection of brood shellfish to seed production. Culturing of shellfish has occurred since ancient times. Although controlled rearing of young shell has long existed, hatchery production is a more recent advancement. Producing seed under controlled conditions in a hatchery will disconnect its production from environmental factors and provide a reliable supply of seed. Oysters, mussels and mud crabs are the most important groups of shellfish after shrimp and prawn. These are popular among the western countries and becoming more popular all over the world. So hatchery management of oyster, mussel and crab is crucial.
On Farm Fish Culture
This document provides an overview of the principles of integrated fish culture. It discusses the biology of a fish pond and importance of water quality. It describes the management of fertilizer application and how fertilizing the bottom of the pond can provide nutrients. Plant by-products, animal manure, and composting can be used as fertilizers. The choice of fish species depends on the available food sources.
Hatcheries advances in design and construction
Hatcheries have advanced significantly in design and construction methods over time. There are many different types of hatchery designs that have been developed for fish seed production. Some key hatchery components include broodstock tanks, breeding tanks, hatching tanks, larval rearing tanks, and water supply systems. Modern hatchery design aims to simulate natural riverine environments through systems like the Chinese-style hatchery, which incorporates breeding, hatching and rearing in an integrated facility with high water reuse rates. Recirculating aquaculture systems are also now commonly used in hatcheries for their water conservation and biosecurity benefits.
Fish Nutrition
Fish have more efficient feed conversion ratios than land animals like cows and pigs due to their biology and environment. Fish feeds are more concentrated in nutrients than feeds for land animals. A balanced nutrition mix for fish includes protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Proper storage, water quality factors like oxygen, temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite, and salinity are important for fish health. Routine water testing and monitoring of these factors is necessary in aquaculture.
Broodstock nd hatchery management
This document discusses the broodstock and hatchery management of Penaeus monodon. It describes the natural distribution and life cycle of P. monodon. It outlines the major components of broodstock management, including broodstock selection, maintenance, holding techniques, and maturation. It also discusses hatchery development and the larval rearing process. The overall management is divided into pre-spawning and post-spawning procedures, providing details on spawning, egg hatching, larval nutrition, and nursery facilities. Disease risks are also addressed.
Hatchery Management
This document provides information on proper incubation factors for bird eggs, including temperature, humidity, ventilation, and egg turning. It lists the ideal values for these factors for different bird species. Maintaining proper temperature and humidity is essential for hatching success, as improper control can interfere with embryo growth and development. Factors like ventilation, turning, and sanitation must also be controlled correctly.
Fish nutrition
This document discusses fish nutrition and feeding practices for intensive fish production. It addresses the essential nutrients fish require, including protein, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins. The appropriate protein levels needed vary depending on fish size, quality of protein source, and culture method. Feeding practices, such as determining feed rates and sizes, are important to maximize growth rates while maintaining good water quality. Proper nutrition management is key to the economic success of intensive fish farming operations.
Engineering aspects of fish and shrimp hatchery
This document discusses key considerations for establishing a fish or shrimp hatchery, including site selection criteria, basic hatchery facility requirements, and design principles. Specifically, it addresses factors like water availability and quality, infrastructure needs, broodstock requirements, and ensuring proper tank designs for maturation, spawning, larval rearing, and more. Topography, soil composition, and environmental conditions are among the important site characteristics to evaluate. The document provides technical guidance on setting up various hatchery systems and components.
Benoy Kumar Barman, WorldFish "Small Fish in Improving Nutrition, Increasing ...
Benoy Kumar Barman, WorldFish "Small Fish in Improving Nutrition, Increasing ...Independent Science and Partnership Council of the CGIAR
This document summarizes a project in Bangladesh that aimed to improve nutrition and increase incomes through the production and consumption of small, nutrient-rich fish species. The project worked with 1500 households with homestead ponds and 517 households managing wetlands. It led to more than doubling of fish production and incomes from ponds, and a three-fold increase in wetlands. Consumption of nutrient-rich small fish like mola increased, contributing to improved nutrition. The project demonstrated the benefits of small fish for nutrition, incomes, and disseminated the technologies to other areas.Viewers also liked (10)
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Fish nutrition and final product quality. Sus...
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Fish nutrition and final product quality. Sus...
Hatchery Management of Oyster, Mud crab and Mussel
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Benoy Kumar Barman, WorldFish "Small Fish in Improving Nutrition, Increasing ...
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Similar to Fish feeding technique
Fish Feeding Technique Notes
This document discusses different fish feeding techniques and mouth positions. It identifies 5 main feeding techniques: 1) filter feeders who suck in water and food through gill rakers, 2) scavengers who eat anything organic, 3) ambush feeders who hide and grab prey as it swims by, 4) gulp and suck feeders who create a current to suck in prey, and 5) surface feeders who feed at the water's surface. It also describes different mouth positions including terminal, sub-terminal, inferior, and superior openings related to these feeding techniques. Finally, it briefly covers some common fish diseases.
animalintro.ppt
This presentation wil help students understand the characteristics of vertebrates and invertebrates animals.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................hjfvdvchcvajsvqgdiqwugfdashvclasduqw cadgfewc sldjgc hdguyfdeuifge ufgewigfbwahgcvyuasvdq gduqiewgriefbshvfuial jsdfjklgniuegdwube yidvfeyugfsajbuie jsgfsdigfe79 bjsgcuigfgfyeg ledlelasdgejfbey yudhwvfeyufgveildidsg jdsjkbduigfehad yufedvfgr7egvfduvca kjsdaskfbahvfuiegfeobfsd djksib jdsggf jfgidgfb sfgiufg jkkefvguiogf basjkdgweuigfewqiu djigfieugfu ashdwyidfewiu skdsfdfhfouebc uuifaf fgeuiev skjdbsfeuiobv svgaoisydgjas relu9wasncbskdjf skjciudevb jkdzkvgdhfe n shjferyerf v nvbgewcvai scie ce world cndfgieofv chjfvgeuidv vashjvufew jlsliegfiehbn svdjhkfgewi klkcnelhfiewbf ahvdewufeuwdv hvdewyfewvfa s hjsvdeufgwfv hasgduygfewvh shsgasuigfqew khssdgeiufqwiua hscavfejhvasd
animalintro.ppt
This document is an interactive presentation about classifying animals into vertebrates and invertebrates. It begins with introduction and navigation slides. The main content covers the key differences between vertebrates and invertebrates, and then further breaks down the main classes within each group. Interactive review questions are included throughout to test comprehension. Upon completion, the user is congratulated on learning the material and their new status as an expert zookeeper is acknowledged.
Reproduction in animals and life cycle of animals
This document discusses reproduction and life cycles in animals. It covers:
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- The life cycle has different stages: infancy, growth, and decline. In infancy animals need care, in growth they mature, and in decline they weaken.
- It provides examples of the life cycles of frogs and fish, describing the stages from egg to adult.
European ruffe.pptx claudia
The European Ruffe is a small invasive fish species that originated in Europe and was introduced to the Great Lakes region through ballast water from ships. It resembles several native fish but has distinguishing features like spots on its fins and no scales on its head. The Ruffe is harmful because it outcompetes native fish for food and preys on their eggs, impacting populations of yellow perch and others. This has significant economic effects as the fishing industry generates billions annually. Steps taken to reduce the Ruffe population include introducing predators and restricting their transport and use as bait. Preventing further spread involves proper identification and containment of the Ruffe if encountered.
Varieties of Seafood-Composition of fish.pptx
1. The document discusses the classification, anatomy, and composition of various types of seafood including fish and shellfish.
2. It describes finfish and shellfish, breaking shellfish into two categories: crustaceans like crabs and lobsters, and mollusks like clams and oysters.
3. The anatomy of fish is examined in detail, identifying internal structures like gills, lateral line, and swim bladder, as well as external features like scales, fins, eyes, and mouth. Composition and cooking properties of different fish are also covered.
Whales
Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. There are two main types - toothed whales called Odontoceti that use their teeth to eat fish and squid, and baleen whales called Mysticeti that filter feed with baleen. Cetaceans vary widely in size from the largest, the blue whale, at 94 feet long, to the dwarf sperm whale at 8.5 feet. They exhibit complex social behaviors in pods, care for their young for over a year, and participate in activities like breaching and lobtailing. Many larger whale species are at risk of extinction due to past commercial whaling.
Whales
Cetaceans include whales, dolphins, and porpoises. There are two main types - toothed whales called Odontoceti that use their teeth to eat fish and squid, and baleen whales called Mysticeti that filter feed with baleen. Cetaceans vary widely in size from the largest, the blue whale, at 94 feet long, to the dwarf sperm whale at 8.5 feet. They exhibit complex social behaviors in pods, care for their young for over a year, and participate in activities like breaching and lobtailing. Many larger whale species are at risk of extinction due to past commercial whaling.
Lecture 7 ( phylum mollusca) ... ppt
The phylum Mollusca contains over 50,000 species including snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopuses and squid. They have bilateral symmetry, a mantle that secretes a calcium-based shell, and a muscular foot. Habitats include marine, freshwater and land. Reproduction is usually sexual with external or internal fertilization. The three main classes are Gastropoda (snails and slugs), Bivalvia (clams and oysters), and Cephalopoda (octopuses and squid). Gastropods have a coiled shell and radula, Bivalves have two shells, and Cephalopods are highly intelligent
Talapia
This document contains information about 5 students including their names and student IDs. It also contains taxonomic classification information about two species of tilapia fish, Oreochromis mossambicus and Oreochromis niloticus. Finally, it describes the form and function, ecological importance, and economic importance of tilapia.
Puffer fish beep lexi and me
Puffer fish eat mostly invertebrates and algae. They are poisonous due to a toxin called tetrodotoxin and there is no known antidote. They live in tropical and subtropical oceans around the world and come in various sizes, from one inch to over two feet. Puffer fish have spines, teeth, and can inflate their bodies as a defense mechanism.
Fish and shellfish
This document provides information about different types of fish and shellfish, including:
- Fish breathe using gills and swim by moving their tail fin left and right.
- Examples of types of fish mentioned include mahi mahi, sardines, tilapia, flounder, and strawberry grouper.
- Shrimp are small crustaceans that live on ocean floors and eat plants and small animals. Female shrimp carry their eggs attached to their swimming legs.
Underwater Life
Made this presentation for my sister for her school project .
Edit:
So apparently my sister had put in a lot of effort to build this presentation and my only contribution during the review was changing the word 'ma'am' to 'professor'. So all credits to her. ;)
Explanation by nita a malia dolpin
This presentation provides an overview of dolphins in 3 paragraphs or less. Dolphins are gray mammals that live in warm salty waters around the world. They are social animals that hunt fish in pods and communicate through sound. Dolphins breathe air, give live birth, and nurse their young. They have smooth skin, blubber for insulation, and senses like vision, hearing, and touch that help them survive as top predators in the ocean.
Mini beast
Leeches are segmented worms that live in a variety of habitats around the world. They range in size from 1 cm to over 25 cm long. Some leeches feed exclusively on blood, using anesthetics and anticoagulants in their saliva to feed on prey like fish, turtles, birds, and mammals, sometimes consuming more than their own body weight in a single meal. Other leeches prey on invertebrates. Leeches reproduce by depositing eggs in a cocoon and die after reproducing once or twice. While some species are predated on by fish and birds, leeches are not considered endangered.
Fish
This document provides information on the history and anatomy of fish. It begins with the earliest fish, the ostracoderms from the Ordovician Period, and discusses the evolution of jaws in placoderms and acanthodians. It then describes the general characteristics of modern fish, including their external anatomy such as fins, scales, skin and internal organs. The document also covers fish feeding, reproduction as egg-layers and scatterers, and care of marine invertebrates.
Claudia european ruffe.pptx final version
The European Ruffe is an invasive fish species that originated in Europe and was introduced to the Great Lakes region through ballast water in ships. As an invasive species, it threatens native fish populations by eating their eggs and competing for food. Its proliferation has negative economic impacts through reducing commercial and sport fishing yields. Steps taken to address the Ruffe invasion include introducing predator fish and restricting harvesting of bait fish from infested waters. Educating the public on proper identification and handling of Ruffe, if encountered, is important to prevent further spread.
Care taking
California sea lions are highly social animals that form large groups on land and smaller groups in water. They feed primarily on squids, octopuses, fish and other sea creatures, eating 5-8% of their body weight daily. Their diet and health is important to monitor because humans sometimes consume the same foods and can be impacted by biotoxins. Ensuring proper habitat with access to land, shade and water is important for their welfare.
The life of a fish it is considered as animals.pptx
Fish are cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates that have gills, fins, scales, and a backbone. They breathe through gills by taking in water and extracting oxygen. Fish eat a variety of insects and worms. Their tail fins help them move fast through water. As cold-blooded animals, fish's body temperature matches the temperature of the surrounding water.
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animalin tro to Invertebrates classification and forms .ppt
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The life of a fish it is considered as animals.pptx
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Protein Synthesis Notes
Protein synthesis involves DNA being transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into proteins with the help of tRNA and rRNA. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes, tRNA carries amino acids and bonds to mRNA through anticodons, and rRNA makes up ribosomes where protein synthesis occurs. The sequence of codons in mRNA determines the specific amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
DNA Replication Notes
DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands. Each single strand then serves as a template for new DNA synthesis. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand, resulting in two identical copies of the original DNA. There are proofreading enzymes that check the newly synthesized DNA for errors and repair mechanisms that help prevent mutations from environmental damage.
DNA Function and Structure Notes
DNA contains all of an organism's genetic information and is found in the cells of all living things. DNA is made up of long chains of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. The order of these bases in the DNA determines an organism's traits by encoding genes. James Watson and Francis Crick discovered that DNA exists as a double helix structure, with the bases pairing together in a complementary way between chains.
Mitosis Notes
Mitosis is the process of cell division that produces two daughter cells from one parent cell. It has four main phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. During interphase, the cell's DNA is replicated in S phase in preparation for division. In mitosis, the chromosomes condense and align at the center of the cell before being separated and moved to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, in telophase and cytokinesis, the cell cytoplasm divides and separates to form two new daughter cells each with identical DNA to the original parent cell.
Introduction to Cell Division Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell division. It explains that cell division, also called mitosis, allows cells to reproduce through copying their DNA and splitting into two identical daughter cells. This process allows for growth and repair of tissues. The key stages of mitosis are described, including how DNA condenses into chromosomes, replicates, and separates so each new cell contains an identical copy. Mitosis produces new cells with identical genetic material, while meiosis creates gametes like eggs and sperm with half the number of chromosomes.
Chemosynthesis Notes
The document discusses chemosynthesis, a process by which bacteria living symbiotically with tubeworms at deep sea thermal vents produce food. At these vents, bacteria inside the tubeworms' cells use hydrogen sulfide from the hot water as an energy source to produce glucose through chemosynthesis. This provides the basis for a unique food chain at the vents, where no sunlight penetrates.
Cellular Respiration Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose into usable energy (ATP). There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration, which uses oxygen to produce 36 ATP, and anaerobic respiration, which does not use oxygen and produces only 2 net ATP. The process begins with glycolysis in the cytoplasm, which breaks glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules. The cell then undergoes either anaerobic respiration through fermentation, or aerobic respiration in the mitochondria.
Photosynthesis Notes
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in chloroplasts through two stages - the light reactions where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where carbon is incorporated into organic compounds using the energy from the light reactions. Photosynthesis is essential as it provides the primary source of energy for nearly all life on Earth and removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Active Transport Notes
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using ATP as an energy source. Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large substances across cell membranes. Endocytosis ingests external fluids and particles by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Exocytosis moves proteins and other large molecules out of cells. The Golgi body packages proteins into vesicles, which the ER transports to the cell membrane for export outside the cell. These processes help maintain homeostasis by ensuring cells have sufficient macromolecules to function correctly.
Passive Transport Notes
Passive transport involves the movement of substances down their concentration gradient without requiring energy. There are four main types of passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and diffusion through ion channels. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low concentration and does not require energy. When a cell is placed in solutions of different concentrations, water will move in or out of the cell by osmosis to reach equilibrium. [/SUMMARY]
Introduction to Transport Notes
Cell membranes allow molecules to pass in and out of cells through passive or active transport in order to maintain homeostasis. Passive transport involves molecules moving down their concentration gradient through the cell membrane without requiring energy. Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient by using energy. This allows cells to regulate the movement of substances and control what passes through the selectively permeable cell membrane.
Cell Organelle Notes
This document provides information on the structures and functions of various cell organelles. It begins by stating that the following slides will review the names and functions of important cell organelles. It then discusses the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cilia, flagella, nucleus, and three additional organelles found in plant cells: cell walls, vacuoles, and plastids such as chloroplasts. For each organelle, it provides a brief definition of its name and role within the cell.
Introduction to Cell Notes
This document provides an introduction to cell structure and function. It defines what cells are and how they were first discovered using microscopes in the 17th century. The three main points of the cell theory are outlined. Cell diversity is discussed in terms of size, shape, and internal organization. The main organelles of animal and plant cells are defined, including their locations and functions. The key differences between plant and animal cells are that plant cells contain cell walls, vacuoles, and plastids.
Proteries of Water Notes
Water is essential for living things because it makes up most of their bodies. It has unique properties including polarity, hydrogen bonding, and temperature moderation. Polarity gives water polar molecules that allow it to dissolve many substances. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules accounts for its three states as a solid, liquid, or gas and allows water to stick to itself and other surfaces. Its high heat capacity means water absorbs large amounts of energy during temperature changes to maintain homeostasis in organisms.
Macromolecule Notes
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of many subunits or monomers linked together. There are four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates which provide energy, proteins which make up cells and catalyze reactions, lipids which store energy efficiently, and nucleic acids which store genetic information. Each macromolecule type has characteristic monomer subunits that polymerize to form larger structures with distinct functions, such as starch, keratin, phospholipids, and DNA/RNA.
Biochemistry Notes
Chemistry is important in biology because the structure and function of living things are governed by chemical laws. All living things are composed of six main elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Atoms of these elements form bonds and combine to create molecules and compounds through chemical reactions. Carbon is unique in that it can form four bonds, allowing it to make complex molecules with different shapes that are essential for life.
Catalysts Notes
Cells use catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy required. Catalysts work by lowering the energy barrier of a reaction without being used up in the process, allowing reactions to occur faster and with less energy. The most common type of catalyst in living things are enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions and help processes like digestion occur quicker without changing their own structure.
Scientific Method Notes
The document outlines the scientific method process. It begins with forming a hypothesis to explain an observation, such as predicting that adding salt to water will allow a golf ball to float. An experiment is then designed to test the hypothesis, with a control group (golf ball in plain water) and experimental group (golf ball in saltwater). Data is collected from both groups and analyzed to determine if it supports or disproves the original hypothesis. If repeated experiments continue to support the hypothesis, it may eventually become a scientific theory.
Characteristics of Living Organisms
All living things must have five key characteristics: 1) cells, 2) use energy, 3) homeostasis, 4) growth through cell division, and 5) reproduction. The document discusses these characteristics and provides examples of each one. Living things are made of cells, require food/energy, regulate internal conditions, grow by cell division, and reproduce offspring that are similar to the parents. Nonliving things do not possess all of these characteristics.
Midterm review game 2016
This document contains questions and answers about various topics in biology. It covers information about the antennae of different subphylums, appendages of arthropods, feeding techniques of sponges, jellyfish and tapeworms, important characteristics of rotifers, classes of cnidarians, the exoskeleton of arthropods, body forms of cnidarians, parts of a mollusk's body, classes of mollusks and platyhelminthes, segments of annelids, requirements for coral reefs, examples of different kingdoms, the anticoagulant in leech saliva, classes that leeches and earthworms belong to, parapodia, characteristics of animals, meaning of a
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一比一原版(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证如何办理
学校原件一模一样【微信：6496090 】【(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：6496090 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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6:个人职称评审加20分
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办理(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
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颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(McGill毕业证书)麦吉尔大学毕业证【微信：6496090 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
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Fish feeding technique
- 1. Fish Feeding Technique By Mr. “Eating Is Fun” Chapman
- 2. Feeding Technique • Types: • 1. Filter Feeders • 2. Scavengers • 3. Ambush Feeders • 4. Gulp and suck • 5. Surface feeders
- 3. Filter Feeders • Filter feeders suck in water and food like phytoplankton and zooplankton stick to filaments, which are then digested. • These fish usually have very large mouths and are located on the front of their head.
- 5. Scavengers • These type of fish are the clean-up crew of the rivers/lakes. • These fish eat anything that is organic (dead or alive). • Mouths are usually located on the front or bottom of the head.
- 7. Ambush Feeders • These fish hide and wait for a smaller fish to swim by its mouth, and then they jump out and grab the prey. • Predators may wait days for prey to swim. • Their mouths are located on the front or top of their head.
- 9. Gulp and Suck • These fish move around slowly, in a stealth like mode and when they get near prey they suck in water, which creates a current that sucks the prey into the predators mouth. • Their mouths are located on the front or top of their head.
- 11. Surface Feeders • These fish feed off animals on the surface of the water or out of the water. • These fish usually have very developed eyes. • These fish mouths are located on the top of their head.
- 13. Fish Diseases • Ich – is an external parasite, looks like little white dots all over the fish. • Ich is the most common type of disease.
- 14. Fish Diseases • Hole in the Head – caused by vitamin deficiency or dirty water, skin breaks open and you have a decay of tissue.
- 15. Fish Diseases • Fungal Infections – see white patches form on the fins and or body. • Looks like pieces of cotton. • Caused by dirty water and malnutrition.