1. The document discusses chemical communication in moths and honey bees, specifically pheromones and allelochemicals.
2. Pheromones are chemicals used for communication within a species, while allelochemicals are used between species.
3. In honey bees, pheromones are involved in colony functions like defense, foraging, and reproduction and allow communication between queens, workers, drones, and brood. Alarm and footprint pheromones elicit defensive and foraging behaviors.
Animals secrete pheromones to trigger many types of behaviors, including:
raising an alarm
signaling a food trail
triggering sexual arousal
tell other female insects to lay their eggs elsewhere
delineating a territory
bond between mother and offspring
warning another animal to back off
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Public Powerpoint for Animal Biology class 2016-20035 at NSU Broken Arrow campus. Presentation on Pheromones of phyla Chordata, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda using publicly available information and images referenced online.
Animals secrete pheromones to trigger many types of behaviors, including:
raising an alarm
signaling a food trail
triggering sexual arousal
tell other female insects to lay their eggs elsewhere
delineating a territory
bond between mother and offspring
warning another animal to back off
Reproductive behaviour: 1-Sexual behaviour in animalsrhfayed
Reproductive Behaviour involve behaviour patterns associated with courtship, copulation, birth, maternal care and with suckling attempts of newborn. It is species specific behaviour
Public Powerpoint for Animal Biology class 2016-20035 at NSU Broken Arrow campus. Presentation on Pheromones of phyla Chordata, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda using publicly available information and images referenced online.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection.
Social organization and social behaviour in insectsPoojaVishnoi7
Introduction
Properties of a society
Advantages of a society
Disadvantages of a society
Social organisation and social behaviour in insects:-
1. Termites
2.Honeybees
3.Ants
4.Yellow wasp
This presentation includes detailed explanation of Animal communication via different examples present in nature. It includes all the different methods animals use to convey information to their species or the other animals in nature.
Habitat is a fundamental niche which refers to the multidimensional space with proximate factors. Habitat provides shelter, food, protection, mates, space for breeding, feeding, resting, roosting, courtship, grooming, sleeping etc.
Animal behavior includes all the ways animals interact with other organisms and the physical environment. Behavior can also be defined as a change in the activity of an organism in response to a stimulus, an external or internal cue or combo of cues. ... Behavior is shaped by natural selection.
A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" and hormone, from Greek ὁρμή "impetus") is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individual. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Pheromones are used from basic unicellular prokaryotes to complex multicellular eukaryotes. Their use among insects has been particularly well documented. In addition, some vertebrates and plants communicate by using pheromones.
Types of pheromone in the mammals and Their functionsArubSultan
Mammalian pheromones, including those of humans, occur in four varieties, primer, releaser, signaler, and modulator, which, respectively, affect endocrine responses, elicit behavior, provide information, and influence emotion.Pheromones assist in reproduction, feeding, social interactions and maternal-neonatal bonding in mammals. By definition and according to evolutionary theory, pheromones work within a species. Some chemicals operate between species
Ecosystem Ecology: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, POPULATION ECOLOGY, INTRODUCTION TO SEED DISPERSAL
Producers, Consumers, Food Chain, Food Web, Relationships between living organisms, Biogeochemical Cycles
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Turkey is a native bird of America. This ppt covers the classification, geographic distribution, habitat, behaviour, reproduction and use of Turkey by humans.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
4. INTRODUCTION
• A broad term for chemicals involved in animal
communication is semiochemical, from the Greek
‘semeion’ means ‘sign’ (Law and Regnier, 1971).
Semiochemicals are usually divided into two
subclasses: pheromones, used for communication
within the species(intraspecific signals), and
allelochemicals, used for communication between
species(interspecific signals).
5. PHEROMONES
• PHEROMONES were originally defined as 'substances
secreted to the outside by an individual and received by a
second individual of the same species in which they release
a specific reaction, for instance a definite behaviour or
developmental process.
• PHEROMONES are chemical substances secreted by an
animal’s exocrine glands that elicit a behavioral or
physiological response by another animal of the same
species.
6. ALLELOCHEMICALS
• Allelochemicals, the second subclass of
semiochemicals, deal with inter specific
communication.
• Allelochemicals benefit the originator but not the
receiver.
• For example, during egg laying moths and betteles
use certain allelochemicals to repel insects of other
species, thereby protecting their progeny.
7. CHEMICAL ATTRACTION IN HONEYBEES
• Pheromones are involved in almost
every aspect of the honey bee colony
life.
• Pheromones allow communication
among all the honey bee castes: queen–
workers, workers–workers, queen–
drones, and between adult bees and
brood.
8. TYPES OF PHEROMONES
• Releaser pheromones cause rapid changes in
behavior. For example, alarm pheromone quickly
engages other bees to help defend the nest.
• Primer pheromones cause long-term changes in both
physiology and behavior. Brood pheromone, for
example, suppresses worker ovary development.
9. CHEMICAL ATTRACTION IN HONEYBEES
1. ALARM PHEROMONE, produced by workers, that
calls nest mates to help defend the colony from
intruders. A sting, which also releases alarm
pheromone, causes other bees to sting as well.
• Guard Bees: Patrol the entrance, release alarm
scent, recognize hive mates by rubbing antennae.
• Defender Bees: respond to danger by flying out of
the hive, stinging , and sometimes pursuing
intruders. Raise their abdomen to expose the sting
chamber
10. CHEMICAL ATTRACTION IN HONEYBEES
2. FOOTPRINT PHEROMONE, also known
as trail pheromone, is found in many social
insects. Worker honey bees secrete the
pheromone from their feet as they go about
their daily business, and the odor is attractive
to other honey bees. In theory, footprint
pheromone is used for orientation and may
aid the workers in finding the hive entrance
or in locating a good food source.
11. CHEMICAL ATTRACTION IN HONEYBEES
3. QUEEN
PHEROMONE, entices
worker bees to
groom and feed the
queen, and causes a
circle of attendants
to surround and
care for her.
12. CHEMICAL ATTRACTION IN HONEYBEES
4. BROOD ESTER PHEROMONE,
produced by larvae, is a primer
pheromone that, among other things,
inhibits ovarian development in
worker bees.
5. QUEEN MENDIBULAR
PHEROMONE, plays a role in the
suppression of egg laying by worker
bees, and in attracting drones when
mating.
13. CHEMICAL ATTRACTION IN MOTHS
• The pheromones of moths have been
particularly well studied as a source to
find a mate.
• Female silkworm moths (Bombyx mori)
attract male mates with the pheromone
bombykol, a volatile 16-carbon alcohol. In
the male moth's antennae, a pheromone-
binding protein conveys bombykol to a
membrane-bound receptor on a nerve cell.
14. CHEMICAL ATTRACTION IN
MOTHS
• When a female moth releases her volatile sex
pheromone into the night air, it is carried by the
wind like an invisible smoke plume from a
chimney. The wind shears it into pockets of air
with pheromone hits the antennae of a male
searching on the wing, he responds by flying
upwind for a fraction of a second. If he hits
another pocket of pheromone, he flies upwind
again. If he doesn’t hit more pheromone, he flies
from side to side until he hits pheromone again.
