how can we increase the fire resistance of steel ? so it can possess more effective role as building component ?!
in this report we discuss these subjects .
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
It is most typically used as transparent glazing material in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
High Rise Building Structure Systems Types
Slide Contents :
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN
DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
MATERIAL
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
structural glazing and curtain wall
MATERIAL USED
parts of structural glazing and curtain wall
history of glazing
glass description
case study according material
High Rise Building Structure Systems Types
Slide Contents :
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH-RISE DESIGN
DEMANDS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDING
MATERIAL
TYPES OF SYSTEMS
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Building Systems/ Products for construction of low rise houses (upto G+3) (ii) Products/Technologies
Primarily from Recycling of Industrial/Agricultural wastes, Waste Management Systems (iii) Materials &
Components (Doors, Windows, Construction Chemicals, Insulation, Plumbing, Plastering, Machinery)
(iv) Technologies already shortlisted under GHTC-India & suitable for low rise housin
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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2. • Structures should be constructed in a manner that it
becomes stable in the occurrence of fire
• Most materials reduce the inherent resistance at the
time of the fire. So to ensure the safe design, this
resistance should be maintained.
3. STRUCTURAL STEEL EXPOSURE TO FIRE
• All the materials reduce their strength when subjected to fire
but steel can recover strength for incombustible nature. When
steel exposes to fire it absorbs thermal energy, after a certain
time of cooling it returns either stable or unstable condition
During this heating and cooling operation the members may be:
• Scrapped due to large deformation.
• Perfect for its straightness behavior after fire exposure.
• Reusable by straightening.
4. Thermal Expansion
• Thermal expansion is the property to indicate the time of heating of the
structure.
• Variation of the thermal expansion is the cause of failure and this effect
is more essential in case of fire. It is the main cause of additional
pressure on connection and it creates sagging of the structure, when
cooling down it tries to return its original stage and creates buckling.
5.
6. Active fire protection
• Active fire protection is the system which is active in the occurrence of fire.
• It is an alarm detecting or a sprinkling system to reduce the effect of fire.
• Its function is to inhibit the small fire or the initiate steps to control the fire before
the action of the fire service.
• In the developing countries the sealed bulb of sprinkler is broken and active the head
of the sprinkler in the meantime of fire action.
7.
8. The Passive Fire Protection Solution :
• Passive fire protection delays the collapse of the
structure through insulating the structural steel
columns and beams that support the building fabric.
9. What are Common Fire Protection Systems for Steel
Structures?
• Boards and blanket fire protection system.
• Intumescent coating steel structure fire protection
system .
• Sprayed cementitious or gypsum based coatings .
10. Rigid Board Fireproofing
• Rigid board fireproofing can be installed quickly and easily.
• One of the benefits is that it can be installed as you go during
the process of installing steel decks and beams.
• This type of fireproofing can be mechanically fastened
• It also is available in different thicknesses to meet
requirements and can withstand moisture and humidity
without losing its fire-stopping characteristics.
• Boards can be designed to precise measurements and can
include decorative finishes.
11.
12.
13. Intumescent Coatings
• Also known as intumescent paint, this method provides fire resistance to structural steel members.
• One of the key benefits is that intumescent coatings will expand as much as 100 times the original
thickness of the material, providing superior fire resistance by creating a buffer between the fire and
the steel members. The coating will undergo a chemical reaction and expand when subjected to
extreme temperatures, but before the temperatures become hot enough to affect the integrity of the
steel.
• Intumescent coatings are a great solution when aesthetics come into play with steel that is exposed to
the general public. The product is applied just like paint, with every layer adding to the overall
thickness of the product. This fireproofing material can be applied to structural wood as well.
14. • This increased thickness would provide fire protection and fire-resistant
ratings is up to 2 hours.
• The thickness of intumescent coating is based on the size of steel
structure elements and it varies from 0.5mm to 5mm.
17. INTUMESCENT COATING SYSTEM BEFORE EXPOSED TO
FIRE (LEFT SIDE), EXPANSION OF FIRE PROTECTION
SYSTEM AFTER THE STEEL ELEMENT EXPOSED TO FIRE
18. Advantages:
• Low maintenance; comes with excellent bond strength even without a finish coat
• easy to apply, durable, cover complex shapes and design details easily, applied to
steel element surface quickly and can be repaired and maintained easily.
• Does not absorb moisture, thus preventing corrosion. Is even capable of resisting severe
water flow
• Low labor cost
• Low overspray
• Low application time and ease of application makes on-site savings much higher than initial
estimates make apparent
19. Disadvantages:
• high cost, maintenance of good quality coating needs great attention and
effort and it could be damaged if it applied offsite.
• May not be ideal for facilities where impact damage is high
• People often only compare the cost of application against cementitious
coatings and fail to take into account time and material savings
20. Sprayed Cementitious or Gypsum Based Coatings :
• Cement based material or gypsum in combination with lightweight aggregate are
materials used to produce sprayed compendious or gypsum based coatings.
• The cost of this fire protection system is considerably low and provides perfect
fire protection rating of up to 4 hours.
• Added to that, not only it is reliable and efficient but also it can be applied
quickly and is suitable for complex steel members and details of the structure
such as bolts and connections.
21. • However, it does not have sufficient strength to withstand mechanical damages. The
spray application process is wet and messy which might influence the schedule of
the project and its cost.
• Finally, the surface of steel structure should be prepared prior to spray applications,
and great effort would be needed to achieve aesthetically pleasing finishes.
24. Advantages
• Affordable raw materials and a more economical
solution
• Perfect for dry environments
• Highly resistant to high temperatures
25. Disadvantages
• More field work required and labour cost is higher since the coating
needs to be applied in many layers successively
• Not ideal for places with high moisture levels as it can cause gaps
between the substrate and the cementitious coating
• Prone to spalling, cracking, or disintegration when exposed to vibrations
and heavy impacts
• Adds significant weight to the overall structure which may increase
costs due to increased need for more structural steel.