Material Safety Data Sheets are great source of information if you are concerned with your safety. If you work with any chemical or hazardous material knowing about MSDS is a must for you! This presentation is all about consulting and getting desired information from MSDS.
Coal Dust Explosion and its Safety at Thermal Power PlantSyed Aqeel Ahmed
The document provides information about coal dust explosions and safety at thermal power plants. It discusses the conditions necessary for a dust explosion, including combustible dust, oxygen, an ignition source, and confinement. It also describes primary and secondary dust explosions and methods to prevent or mitigate combustible dust explosions, such as controlling dust accumulations through good housekeeping practices and ventilation systems. The goal is to educate workers about combustible dust hazards and demonstrate how to address these risks.
In this presentation for AIChE, Timothy Myers provides the background on dust explosions, the elements required to cause them, and the types of materials that can fuel them. He reviews regulations, consensus standards, enforcement issues, and solutions for prevention.
Process safety aims to prevent incidents involving hazardous materials that could endanger workers, property, and the environment. It involves applying engineering and operating practices to control hazards. Key elements of process safety management include process hazard analysis, operating procedures, employee participation, training, contractor management, pre-startup safety reviews, mechanical integrity programs, emergency response planning, compliance audits, and incident investigation. The goal is to anticipate, identify, evaluate, and control hazards to protect people and prevent accidents.
Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks ...Pradeep Dhondi
hi
i have made an excel base software base on API st.2000 "Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks" to make calculation easy and accurate , i have take many case study and verified my software got positive result.
if you think you need this software for design the vent , please go to "rajiravi.ml" website there you can find complete information base on software and information based on contact etc...
Fire Fighting basics in Arabic and English, fire tetrahedron, fire fighting methods fire extinguishers types and properties and how to use them, desition making criteria
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely under normal conditions. Zone 2 risks are unlikely but possible in abnormal conditions.
- Proper area classification using guidelines allows safe selection of electrical equipment certified for use in the designated Zones to minimize risks of explosion.
Material Safety Data Sheets are great source of information if you are concerned with your safety. If you work with any chemical or hazardous material knowing about MSDS is a must for you! This presentation is all about consulting and getting desired information from MSDS.
Coal Dust Explosion and its Safety at Thermal Power PlantSyed Aqeel Ahmed
The document provides information about coal dust explosions and safety at thermal power plants. It discusses the conditions necessary for a dust explosion, including combustible dust, oxygen, an ignition source, and confinement. It also describes primary and secondary dust explosions and methods to prevent or mitigate combustible dust explosions, such as controlling dust accumulations through good housekeeping practices and ventilation systems. The goal is to educate workers about combustible dust hazards and demonstrate how to address these risks.
In this presentation for AIChE, Timothy Myers provides the background on dust explosions, the elements required to cause them, and the types of materials that can fuel them. He reviews regulations, consensus standards, enforcement issues, and solutions for prevention.
Process safety aims to prevent incidents involving hazardous materials that could endanger workers, property, and the environment. It involves applying engineering and operating practices to control hazards. Key elements of process safety management include process hazard analysis, operating procedures, employee participation, training, contractor management, pre-startup safety reviews, mechanical integrity programs, emergency response planning, compliance audits, and incident investigation. The goal is to anticipate, identify, evaluate, and control hazards to protect people and prevent accidents.
Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks ...Pradeep Dhondi
hi
i have made an excel base software base on API st.2000 "Design Calculations of Venting in Atmospheric and Low-pressure Storage Tanks" to make calculation easy and accurate , i have take many case study and verified my software got positive result.
if you think you need this software for design the vent , please go to "rajiravi.ml" website there you can find complete information base on software and information based on contact etc...
Fire Fighting basics in Arabic and English, fire tetrahedron, fire fighting methods fire extinguishers types and properties and how to use them, desition making criteria
The document discusses electrical risk management in hazardous industries and selection of electrical equipment for flammable atmospheres. It provides definitions of hazardous areas according to various standards and explains area classification methods. The key points are:
- Areas are classified into Zones 0, 1, 2 based on the likelihood and duration of explosive gas or vapor presence.
- Zone 0 has the highest risk where explosive atmospheres are present continuously. Zone 1 risks are likely under normal conditions. Zone 2 risks are unlikely but possible in abnormal conditions.
- Proper area classification using guidelines allows safe selection of electrical equipment certified for use in the designated Zones to minimize risks of explosion.
This document provides an introduction to flame arrestor technology, including the history and operating principles of flame arrestors. It discusses how Sir Humphry Davy discovered the principle of blocking flame propagation through narrow passages in 1815. Modern flame arrestors operate on the same principle, removing heat from the flame as it attempts to pass through narrow passages. The document outlines the different types of flame arrestors, how flames propagate when unconfined versus confined, and the development stages a confined flame can reach.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
This document provides definitions and information related to fire and explosion hazards. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, fire, explosion, ignition sources, and stages of combustion. It also discusses flash point, fire point, auto-ignition temperature, and flammability limits. The document outlines how to prevent and mitigate explosions through ventilation, ignition source control, containment, material substitution, and separation. It also discusses hazardous area classification and electrical equipment certification for different zones and gas/vapor groups.
The document discusses Process Safety Management (PSM) and provides an overview of its key elements. PSM is a comprehensive management system that proactively avoids incidents in hazardous industries handling toxic chemicals. It integrates risk management across 14 elements, including employee participation, process hazard analysis, operating procedures, training, and compliance audits. The presentation aims to help organizations manage process safety risks in a more structured way.
The document discusses the key sections of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), which provides information on the properties and potential hazards of chemicals. An MSDS includes 16 sections that cover identification of the chemical/mixture and supplier; hazards; composition; first aid measures; firefighting measures; accidental release measures; handling and storage; exposure controls and personal protection; physical and chemical properties; stability and reactivity; toxicological information; ecological information; disposal considerations; transport information; and other information such as regulatory information. The MSDS provides important information to ensure chemicals are handled safely.
Improper management of highly hazardous chemicals, including toxic, reactive or flammable liquids, can cause accidental releases and emergency responses. OSHA’s Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals standard (29 CFR 1910.119) regulates the management of highly hazardous chemicals. Violations can carry fines of up to $126,000. Do you have a PSM program in place?
The document provides an overview of OSHA's Process Safety Management (PSM) rule. The PSM rule aims to prevent catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals. It requires chemical facilities to develop a comprehensive safety program that addresses hazards through process safety information, process hazard analyses, operating procedures, employee training, and other measures. The rule is estimated to have avoided hundreds of deaths and injuries in its first 10 years of implementation.
The document provides an orientation on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). It discusses the definition, importance, and standard formats of MSDS, including OSHA, ANSI, NFPA, and HMIS formats. It explains how to read an MSDS and covers technical terms commonly used in MSDS, such as how chemicals can enter the body through absorption, inhalation, and ingestion. The presentation aims to familiarize attendees with MSDS and improve safety when handling chemicals.
A Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study is a structured technique used to identify potential problems in processes. It involves dividing a system into nodes and having a team apply guide words like "no", "more", "less" to process parameters at each node to identify possible deviations from design intent. The team then analyzes the causes and consequences of deviations and recommends actions. Key aspects of a HAZOP include composing a multidisciplinary team, using guide words and parameters at study nodes, and documenting results in a report with worksheets.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/fire-safe-tec-flame-arrester-ppt-susan-yao
For any further information, please do not hesitate to email sjd_susan@valve4s.com
Design Calculation of Venting for Atmospheric & Low Pressure Storage TanksKushagra Saxena
Storage Tanks are a very important part of a petroleum Industry, This software is based on the API Std. 2000, which calculates the design of Venting and its capacity for low pressure storage & atmospheric storage tanks in case of normal venting, due to thermal changes, and in case of fire exposure.
If you are in need of this software, Kindly contact at saxena.95kushagra@gmail.com
The document provides guidance on reading and understanding Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (PIDs) to identify process risks. It explains that to identify risks, one must understand the process, potential failures, and consequences. It then provides examples of common process equipment, their purposes, and typical failure modes. These include pumps, heat exchangers, storage tanks, separators, and valves. Control systems and sensors are also discussed. The document concludes by walking through identifying risks for a sample condensate pot process using the described methodology.
The document discusses the properties, uses, and health hazards of various chemicals used in power plants, including sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, hydrazine, ferric chloride, polyelectrolyte, hydrated lime, tri-sodium phosphate, chlorine, and hydrogen. Protective equipment like respirators and chemical safety goggles are recommended when handling these chemicals. Exposure should be treated by flushing affected areas with water and seeking immediate medical attention.
The document describes the key information contained in a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), including identification of the product and its ingredients, hazards identified, first aid measures, handling and storage requirements, exposure controls, physical and chemical properties, toxicological information, and disposal considerations. An MSDS provides important safety information about a product but is not a substitute for conducting a risk assessment when using chemicals. It should be consulted to help identify hazards but risk controls must be proportional to actual risk levels.
This document discusses health and safety in the oil and gas industry. It covers several topics:
- Management systems for health and safety with planning, performance, assessment, and improvement.
- Personal protective equipment (PPE) including responsibilities, hazard assessment, protective clothing, and training.
- Electrical safety including responsibilities, hazards, flash hazard analysis, and qualifications.
- Control of hazardous energy sources including lockout procedures.
- Emergency contingency planning including different plans for shelter in place, administrative closings, and occupant emergencies.
This document discusses the production of styrene via the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Key points include:
- Ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to styrene over a potassium promoted iron oxide catalyst at 600°C with steam.
- The main byproducts are toluene and benzene, formed via dealkylation and hydrodealkylation reactions.
- Styrene production facilities include reactors, distillation columns, vessels, pumps and heat exchangers to carry out the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction and separate/purify the products.
- Safety measures like monitoring air quality and educating employees on spill response are important due to styrene's flammable and toxic
This document discusses burner management systems (BMS), including their objectives, design standards, logic, types, and interface with SCADA systems. A BMS is defined as a control system dedicated to boiler safety during startup, operation, and shutdown. The document outlines BMS logic including purge, igniter, and main flame interlocks. It describes early hardwired and solid state systems, as well as modern microprocessor-based and PLC-based BMS. PLC systems offer flexibility, redundancy, and integration with SCADA. In summary, the document provides an overview of BMS design, functionality, and system types.
The document discusses fire and explosions in occupational health and safety. It outlines several key points:
1. The occupational health and safety act has provisions dealing with fire and explosion risks in the workplace. Employers must institute inspection and testing systems if volatile substances may be present. Any hazards must be removed or controlled.
2. There are five classes of fires (A-D) that present risks in different contexts. Different fire extinguishers are used depending on the class.
3. Explosions can occur through natural, chemical, nuclear, electrical, astronomical, or mechanical means. Each type presents unique dangers and precautions must be taken to prevent fires and explosions in occupational settings.
This document discusses the properties and hazards of hydrogen and nitrogen gases. Hydrogen is flammable over a wide range, has a low ignition energy, and can leak and diffuse quickly. Nitrogen makes up most of the air but can cause asphyxiation in high concentrations. The document recommends designing gas systems safely outside with ventilation, leak prevention, and ignition source elimination. Workers should be trained to never enter enclosed spaces without atmosphere testing.
This document discusses various methods for estimating capital costs for chemical engineering projects. It describes different types of cost estimates ranging from order-of-magnitude to detailed estimates. It also covers adjusting costs based on changes in equipment capacity and time. Methods like Lang factors, module cost approach, and total plant cost estimates are outlined. Factors like materials, pressure, and temperature that influence capital costs are also addressed.
Chemical properties describe how a substance can change into a new substance with different properties. There are two main chemical properties: flammability, which is the ability of a substance to burn, and reactivity, which is when two substances interact and cause a reaction like bubbling, fizzing, or a color change. Chemical properties can be observed through reactions like iron rusting when interacting with oxygen or acids, but are sometimes difficult to see without causing a reaction, like the flammability of wood.
Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV rays but its concentration is being reduced by ozone-depleting pollutants like CFCs and NOx. CFCs were commonly used in aerosol sprays and refrigerants until they were banned, but their effects will persist for a long time. When CFCs and NOx reach the stratosphere, their breakdown releases chlorine and nitrogen atoms that catalyze the destruction of ozone molecules, reducing the protective ozone layer. Alternatives to CFCs without chlorine, like HFCs and HCFCs, have been developed to prevent further ozone depletion.
This document provides an introduction to flame arrestor technology, including the history and operating principles of flame arrestors. It discusses how Sir Humphry Davy discovered the principle of blocking flame propagation through narrow passages in 1815. Modern flame arrestors operate on the same principle, removing heat from the flame as it attempts to pass through narrow passages. The document outlines the different types of flame arrestors, how flames propagate when unconfined versus confined, and the development stages a confined flame can reach.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
This document provides definitions and information related to fire and explosion hazards. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, fire, explosion, ignition sources, and stages of combustion. It also discusses flash point, fire point, auto-ignition temperature, and flammability limits. The document outlines how to prevent and mitigate explosions through ventilation, ignition source control, containment, material substitution, and separation. It also discusses hazardous area classification and electrical equipment certification for different zones and gas/vapor groups.
The document discusses Process Safety Management (PSM) and provides an overview of its key elements. PSM is a comprehensive management system that proactively avoids incidents in hazardous industries handling toxic chemicals. It integrates risk management across 14 elements, including employee participation, process hazard analysis, operating procedures, training, and compliance audits. The presentation aims to help organizations manage process safety risks in a more structured way.
The document discusses the key sections of a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), which provides information on the properties and potential hazards of chemicals. An MSDS includes 16 sections that cover identification of the chemical/mixture and supplier; hazards; composition; first aid measures; firefighting measures; accidental release measures; handling and storage; exposure controls and personal protection; physical and chemical properties; stability and reactivity; toxicological information; ecological information; disposal considerations; transport information; and other information such as regulatory information. The MSDS provides important information to ensure chemicals are handled safely.
Improper management of highly hazardous chemicals, including toxic, reactive or flammable liquids, can cause accidental releases and emergency responses. OSHA’s Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals standard (29 CFR 1910.119) regulates the management of highly hazardous chemicals. Violations can carry fines of up to $126,000. Do you have a PSM program in place?
The document provides an overview of OSHA's Process Safety Management (PSM) rule. The PSM rule aims to prevent catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals. It requires chemical facilities to develop a comprehensive safety program that addresses hazards through process safety information, process hazard analyses, operating procedures, employee training, and other measures. The rule is estimated to have avoided hundreds of deaths and injuries in its first 10 years of implementation.
The document provides an orientation on Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS). It discusses the definition, importance, and standard formats of MSDS, including OSHA, ANSI, NFPA, and HMIS formats. It explains how to read an MSDS and covers technical terms commonly used in MSDS, such as how chemicals can enter the body through absorption, inhalation, and ingestion. The presentation aims to familiarize attendees with MSDS and improve safety when handling chemicals.
A Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study is a structured technique used to identify potential problems in processes. It involves dividing a system into nodes and having a team apply guide words like "no", "more", "less" to process parameters at each node to identify possible deviations from design intent. The team then analyzes the causes and consequences of deviations and recommends actions. Key aspects of a HAZOP include composing a multidisciplinary team, using guide words and parameters at study nodes, and documenting results in a report with worksheets.
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/fire-safe-tec-flame-arrester-ppt-susan-yao
For any further information, please do not hesitate to email sjd_susan@valve4s.com
Design Calculation of Venting for Atmospheric & Low Pressure Storage TanksKushagra Saxena
Storage Tanks are a very important part of a petroleum Industry, This software is based on the API Std. 2000, which calculates the design of Venting and its capacity for low pressure storage & atmospheric storage tanks in case of normal venting, due to thermal changes, and in case of fire exposure.
If you are in need of this software, Kindly contact at saxena.95kushagra@gmail.com
The document provides guidance on reading and understanding Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (PIDs) to identify process risks. It explains that to identify risks, one must understand the process, potential failures, and consequences. It then provides examples of common process equipment, their purposes, and typical failure modes. These include pumps, heat exchangers, storage tanks, separators, and valves. Control systems and sensors are also discussed. The document concludes by walking through identifying risks for a sample condensate pot process using the described methodology.
The document discusses the properties, uses, and health hazards of various chemicals used in power plants, including sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, hydrazine, ferric chloride, polyelectrolyte, hydrated lime, tri-sodium phosphate, chlorine, and hydrogen. Protective equipment like respirators and chemical safety goggles are recommended when handling these chemicals. Exposure should be treated by flushing affected areas with water and seeking immediate medical attention.
The document describes the key information contained in a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), including identification of the product and its ingredients, hazards identified, first aid measures, handling and storage requirements, exposure controls, physical and chemical properties, toxicological information, and disposal considerations. An MSDS provides important safety information about a product but is not a substitute for conducting a risk assessment when using chemicals. It should be consulted to help identify hazards but risk controls must be proportional to actual risk levels.
This document discusses health and safety in the oil and gas industry. It covers several topics:
- Management systems for health and safety with planning, performance, assessment, and improvement.
- Personal protective equipment (PPE) including responsibilities, hazard assessment, protective clothing, and training.
- Electrical safety including responsibilities, hazards, flash hazard analysis, and qualifications.
- Control of hazardous energy sources including lockout procedures.
- Emergency contingency planning including different plans for shelter in place, administrative closings, and occupant emergencies.
This document discusses the production of styrene via the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. Key points include:
- Ethylbenzene is dehydrogenated to styrene over a potassium promoted iron oxide catalyst at 600°C with steam.
- The main byproducts are toluene and benzene, formed via dealkylation and hydrodealkylation reactions.
- Styrene production facilities include reactors, distillation columns, vessels, pumps and heat exchangers to carry out the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction and separate/purify the products.
- Safety measures like monitoring air quality and educating employees on spill response are important due to styrene's flammable and toxic
This document discusses burner management systems (BMS), including their objectives, design standards, logic, types, and interface with SCADA systems. A BMS is defined as a control system dedicated to boiler safety during startup, operation, and shutdown. The document outlines BMS logic including purge, igniter, and main flame interlocks. It describes early hardwired and solid state systems, as well as modern microprocessor-based and PLC-based BMS. PLC systems offer flexibility, redundancy, and integration with SCADA. In summary, the document provides an overview of BMS design, functionality, and system types.
The document discusses fire and explosions in occupational health and safety. It outlines several key points:
1. The occupational health and safety act has provisions dealing with fire and explosion risks in the workplace. Employers must institute inspection and testing systems if volatile substances may be present. Any hazards must be removed or controlled.
2. There are five classes of fires (A-D) that present risks in different contexts. Different fire extinguishers are used depending on the class.
3. Explosions can occur through natural, chemical, nuclear, electrical, astronomical, or mechanical means. Each type presents unique dangers and precautions must be taken to prevent fires and explosions in occupational settings.
This document discusses the properties and hazards of hydrogen and nitrogen gases. Hydrogen is flammable over a wide range, has a low ignition energy, and can leak and diffuse quickly. Nitrogen makes up most of the air but can cause asphyxiation in high concentrations. The document recommends designing gas systems safely outside with ventilation, leak prevention, and ignition source elimination. Workers should be trained to never enter enclosed spaces without atmosphere testing.
This document discusses various methods for estimating capital costs for chemical engineering projects. It describes different types of cost estimates ranging from order-of-magnitude to detailed estimates. It also covers adjusting costs based on changes in equipment capacity and time. Methods like Lang factors, module cost approach, and total plant cost estimates are outlined. Factors like materials, pressure, and temperature that influence capital costs are also addressed.
Chemical properties describe how a substance can change into a new substance with different properties. There are two main chemical properties: flammability, which is the ability of a substance to burn, and reactivity, which is when two substances interact and cause a reaction like bubbling, fizzing, or a color change. Chemical properties can be observed through reactions like iron rusting when interacting with oxygen or acids, but are sometimes difficult to see without causing a reaction, like the flammability of wood.
Ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from harmful UV rays but its concentration is being reduced by ozone-depleting pollutants like CFCs and NOx. CFCs were commonly used in aerosol sprays and refrigerants until they were banned, but their effects will persist for a long time. When CFCs and NOx reach the stratosphere, their breakdown releases chlorine and nitrogen atoms that catalyze the destruction of ozone molecules, reducing the protective ozone layer. Alternatives to CFCs without chlorine, like HFCs and HCFCs, have been developed to prevent further ozone depletion.
This document provides an overview of advanced material systems from Huntsman for protecting passive components such as transformers, capacitors, and resistors. It describes the key requirements for protecting each component and highlights two product systems - Arathane and Araldite - that provide benefits such as flame retardance, thermal resistance, and lifetime protection. Application and performance details are provided for using the materials with each component type.
SIMOPS refers to the performance of potentially conflicting operations simultaneously and in close proximity. This presents several risks such as hydrocarbon releases interacting with ignition sources. To safely conduct SIMOPS, strict safety procedures and monitoring systems must be in place. These include testing safety systems, controlling access, installing alarms and signs, having emergency response teams on standby, and providing all personnel with suitable protective equipment and training.
The document provides information for fire brigade members on firefighting equipment and techniques. It covers the components of fire, classes of fire, fire extinguishing methods, self-contained breathing apparatus, and stages of fire development. Practical firefighting skills like handling hoses and breathing apparatus are also discussed.
The document discusses using GIS for forest fire simulation and management. It describes several models for simulating wildfire spread, including concentric, pseudo-conical, polygonal, and network models. It then introduces an implemented model that uses a normal probability distribution curve to model fire spread from cell to cell based on factors like wind speed, topography, and flammability. GIS is useful for fire simulation, hazard mapping, resource management, and post-fire recovery efforts.
The document discusses key aspects of an effective fire prevention program, including life safety, property protection, and continuity of operations as primary goals. It describes the fire triangle of fuel, heat, and oxygen and strategies to control or isolate these elements. The document provides guidelines for good housekeeping, safe storage of flammables and combustibles, and identifies electrical hazards. It emphasizes the importance of compartmentalization through proper maintenance of fire barriers such as walls, doors, and dampers.
This document summarizes the Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) textile flammability regulations. It provides an overview of the CPSC, its authority, and regulations including parts 1610 on clothing textiles, 1611 on vinyl plastic films, and 1615/16 on children's sleepwear. Recent CPSC activity is also discussed, such as proposed amendments to furniture flammability standards and a report on the risk of cigarette ignition. Resources for CPSC laboratories, requirements for businesses, and contact information are also included.
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
Lydia Meli has over 10 years of experience in the aerospace industry as a cabin engineer and flammability specialist. She currently works for Airbus managing cabin upgrade projects and ensuring compliance with fire safety regulations. Previously, she worked for ATR on cabin customizations and certification. Lydia holds a Master's degree in Aerospace Engineering and is fluent in Italian, English, French and German.
Power consumption in room (split) airconditioning using alternative refrigera...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this age of rapid economic development India is in need of huge of amount of energy including electricity. The prohibitive cost of setting up of new facilities for production of electricity led to the introduction of various means for saving electricity at every front. Airconditioners are huge consumers of electricity. So, reduction in use of electricity in airconditioner could be very much beneficial to the cause of the nation. At the same time all measures are being taken to save the environment from the hazards of global warming producing chemicals and burning of fossil fuels. All these purposes could be met by introduction of hydrocarbon refrigerants like Isobutane (R-600a). As such in the present work tests have been conducted to measure the saving in electrical energy when the existing-22 gas (refrigerant) is replaced by R-600a as refrigerant in the same system. It is found that substantial saving could be achieved in the consumption of electricity by this replacement without compromising the basic cooling effect. However, the flammability factor of R-600a is to be properly taken care of.
Keywords: refrigerant, alternative, electricity, consumption, isobutane, Montreal protocol, ozone depletion, global warming, flammability
The currently used refrigerant properties were recommended as unsuitable for the future use due to their high ozone-depleting rate. To abide with the Montrcal Protocol norms have been taken into account and suitable alternative, which is innocuous to ozone layer.
Performance of HFC-152a is researched to develop the HFC-152a as alternative mixture. The HFC-152a has been tested under various systems. Its properties, comparison with HFC-134a, cost, risk assessment, efficiency and technological issues have been discussed.
This document provides a summary of 3M's 8440 Series silicone rubber cold shrink connector insulators. It describes the product as open-ended, tubular sleeves that are factory expanded and shrink to form a tight seal when installed. The document lists the product's key features such as being simple to install without tools or heat, resisting moisture and chemicals, and having an operating temperature range of -55°C to 260°C. It also provides application examples, specifications, test data on performance properties, and ordering information.
Low Global Warming Replacements for HCFCs in Stationary Air Conditioning Equi...UNEP OzonAction
Honeywell has been researching and developing low global warming refrigerants for over 10 years to replace HCFCs. They have developed refrigerants such as 1234yf for auto air conditioning and 1234ze for foam insulation with global warming potentials less than 10. For stationary air conditioning applications, they are exploring hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) blends such as L-41 and N-20 that have global warming potentials less than 500 and can replace R-410A and R-22 with similar or better performance. Testing shows these refrigerants can be used in existing equipment without major redesigns.
Veeraraghavan Dayalan is seeking a challenging technical role in design engineering. He has over 7 years of experience in aircraft cabin design and engineering. His experience includes premium class cabin design for commercial aircraft, aircraft seating products design, and business jet interior monument reverse engineering. He has strong skills in CAD tools like CATIA and NX and PLM tools like ENOVIA. He has individually designed and delivered over 20 aircraft carpets and runners.
This document provides information about the application of textiles in aircraft, including the materials used and testing processes. It discusses how textiles are used to cover aircraft structures and reinforce plywood, with a focus on improving passenger safety and comfort. A variety of textile materials are used for seats, seat belts, curtains, carpets, blankets, and pilot airbags, with specifications provided for fabrics like nylon, polyester, and wool. Essential textile tests are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing fibre and fabric reinforced composites used in modern aircraft like the Boeing 787, highlighting common matrix and reinforcing materials like glass, wood, carbon, and aramid fibres that improve properties such as strength, heat resistance
During the Airbus Military Trade Media Briefing 2013, held on May 29th and 30th 2013,
Angel Barrio Cardaba Head of Engineering and Technology provided an overview on a number of technological developments at Airbus Military over the past year. But the key system highlighted was the C295 W.
According to Airbus Military:
Featuring winglets and uprated engines as standard, the new model will provide operators with enhanced performance in all flight phases but is particularly aimed at those operating at “hot and high“ airfields where payload increases in excess of 1,000kg are promised.
In intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) roles such as airborne early warning (AEW) the enhancements will increase endurance by 30-60min and permit an operating altitude up to 2,000ft higher than now.
The new features will also provide an overall reduction in fuel consumption of around 4% depending on configuration and conditions.
The C295W, assembled in Seville, Spain, is being offered to the market from now on and will be the standard version of the aircraft in all versions from the fourth quarter of 2014. Certification is expected in 2Q14.
Airbus Military is committing to the C295W following flight-trials with winglets fitted to its company development aircraft which showed positive results for a weight penalty of only around 90kg.
The engines are the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127 turboprops which power all versions of the C295. New procedures recently certified by Canada and Spain permit operation in the climb and cruise phases at higher power settings at the discretion of the operator. As well as improved hot and high performance, the procedure improves operation over very high terrain such as the Andes or Himalaya mountains with only a minor influence on maintenance cost.
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case ExplosionsGerard B. Hawkins
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
1 SCOPE
2 OIL MIST/AIR MIXTURE EXPLOSIONS
3 PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
3.1 Design
3.2 Maintenance and Operation
FIGURES
1 FLAMMABILITY LIMITS AND SPONTANEOUS IGNITION REGION FOR MIXTURES OF LUBRICATING OIL VAPOR IN AIR.
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment
3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation
4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations
Gas Solid Mixing
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZED BED
5 MIXING IN FLUIDIZED BEDS
5.1 Group A Powders
5.2 Group B Powders
5.3 Group C Powders
5.4 Group D Powders
6 MECHANISMS OF MIXING AND SEGREGATION
6.1 Particle Segregation
6.2 Rate of Mixing
6.3 Solids Circulation
7 GRID DESIGN
7.1 Choice of Configuration
8 PLENUM CHAMBER DESIGN
9 SPOUTED BED
10 NOMENCLATURE
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 POWDER CLASSIFICATION DIAGRAM FOR
FLUIDIZATION BY AIR
2 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF MIXING BY A SINGLE RISING BUBBLE IN A BED OF SMALL
PARTICLES
3 SEGREGATION PATTERNS WITH 'PRACTICAL'
MATERIALS
4 SPOUTED BED – DIAGRAMMATIC
Gas Mixing
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING:
PLUG FLOW
5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING:
BACKMIXED INITIAL ZONE
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fluid Separation
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 A SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
5 METHODS OF DISTILLATION
5.1 Fractional Distillation
5.2 Azeotropic Distillation
5.3 Extractive Distillation
6 LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
7 OTHER COMMERCIAL METHODS OF SEPARATION
7.1 Adsorption
7.2 Fractional Crystallization
7.3 Ion Exchange
7.4 Membrane Processes
7.4.1 Ultrafiltration
7.4.2 Reverse Osmosis
7.4.3 Pervaporation
7.4.4 Liquid Membranes
7.4.5 Gas Permeation
7.4.6 Dialysis
7.4.7 Electrodialysis
7.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
7.6 Dissociation Extraction
7.7 Foam Fractionation
7.8 Clathration
7.9 Chromatography
8. OTHER METHODS OF SEPARATION
8.1 Precipitation
8.2 Paper Chromatography
8.3 Ligand Specific Chromatography
8.4 Electrophoresis
8.5 Isoelectric Focusing
8.6 Thermal Diffusion
8.7 Sedimentation Ultracentrifugation
8.8 Isopycnic Ultracentrifugation
8.9 Molecular Distillation
8.10 Gel Filtration
APPENDICES
A AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE, UNDERWOOD
B A GENERALIZED y - x DIAGRAM
C TEMPERATURE - COMPOSITION DIAGRAMS FOR
AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES
D A TYPICAL y - x DIAGRAM FOR EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION (SOLVENT FREE BASIS)
E RAPID ESTIMATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION REQUIREMENTS
F LIQUID - LIQUID EXTRACTION - THE USE OF EXTRACT REFLUX
G SELECTIVITIES REQUIRED FOR EQUAL PLANT COSTS
FIGURE
1 SEPARATION LOGIC TREE
Introduction
VULCAN Series VHT-S101
Catalyst storage, handling, charging
Health and safety precautions
Start-up of VHT-S101 hydrogenation catalyst
Operation of VHT-S101 hydrogenation catalyst
Shut-down of VHT-S101 hydrogenation catalyst
Sulfiding of hydrodesulfurization catalysts
Catalyst Discharge
Determination of Residue on Evaporation in Anhydrous AmmoniaGerard B. Hawkins
Determination of Residue on Evaporation in Anhydrous Ammonia
1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of the residue left after evaporation i.e., the non-volatile material in ammonia solution.
2 PRINCIPLE
A known weight of sample is evaporated to dryness in a platinum dish on a steam bath. The increase in mass of the dish is measured.
Hydrogen Compressors
Engineering Design Guide
1 SCOPE
2 PHYSICAL ROPERTIES
2.1 Data for Pure Hydrogen
2.2 Influence of Impurities
3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
3.1 Hydrogen from Electrolytic Cells
3.2 Pure Hydrogen
4 DESIGN
4.1 Pulsation
4.2 Bypass
5 TESTING OR COMMISSIONING RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
6 LUBRICATION
7 LAYOUT
8 REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 MOLLIER CHART - HYDROGEN
2 COMPRESSIBILITY CHART
3 NELSON DIAGRAM
4 WATER CONTENT IN HYDROGEN FOR OIL-LUBRICATED COMPRESSORS AS GRAMM/M2 SWEPT CYLINDER AREA
SYNOPSIS
The principles underlying centrifugal separation of particulate species are briefly considered, and the main types of separator available are noted. The procedures available for scale-up from laboratory or semi-technical data are then discussed in detail with particular reference to perhaps the most important class of machine for fine particle processing: the disc-nozzle centrifuge.
Starting with the basic concepts behind their design, discussion follows to explain the factors which may limit centrifuge performance. It is shown how a few simple; laboratory scale tests can give a valuable insight into the design and operation of full-scale industrial machines.
Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating Compressors into a ProcessGerard B. Hawkins
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF COMPRESSOR TYPE
2.1 Parameters
2.2 Preliminary Choice of Machine Type
2.3 Review of Other Types of Compressor
3 CHOICE OF NUMBER OF COMPRESSORS
3.1 Influence of Reliability Classification
3.2 Driver Considerations
3.3 Deterioration of Standby Machines
4 EFFECTS OF PROCESS GAS COMPOSITION
4.1 Particulate Contamination
4.2 Droplets in Suspension
4.3 Polymer Deposit
4.4 Molecular Weight Variation
4.5 Compressibility Variation
4.6 Gas Dryness
4.7 Gas Solution in Lubricating Oil for Cylinder and Gland
5 THROUGHPUT REGULATION
5.1 Inlet Line Throttle Valve
5.2 Inlet Line Cut-off Valve
5.3 Compressor Inlet Valve Lifter
5.4 Clearance Volume Variation
5.5 Speed Variation
5.6 Bypass
5.7 Hybrid Regulation Systems
6 PRINCIPAL FEATURES
6.1 Calculate Discharge Gas Temperature
6.2 Choice of Number of Stages
6.3 Configuration
6.4 Valve Operation Limit on Piston Speed
6.5 Limits for Mean Piston Speed
6.6 Estimation of Volumetric Efficiency
6.7 Estimation of Crankshaft Rotational Speed
6.8 Calculation of Piston Diameter
6.9 Choice of Number of Cylinders
7 DRIVER TYPE
7.1 Electric Motors
7.2 Steam Turbines
7.3 Special Drivers
8 VESSELS
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
B CONDITIONS FOR LUBRICATED CYLINDERS AND GLANDS
C ESTIMATE OF LUBE OIL CONTAMINATION OF PROCESS GAS
D INFLUENCE OF GAS COMPOSITION AND MACHINE CONSTRUCTION
ON FILLED PTFE PISTON RING SEALS
E LIMITS ON GAS TEMPERATURES
FIGURES
1 SELECTION CHART
2 DESIGN SEQUENCE 1 - ESTIMATE NUMBER OF STAGES
3 DESIGN SEQUENCE 2 - ESTIMATE CYLINDER SIZES
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENT
CASE STUDY #091406
Case Background
A Methanol plant operator would like to examine the technical feasibility of using Shale Gas as a feedstock to their Methanol plant.
The first step in the Methanol production process is gas pretreatment. The purpose of gas pretreatment is to make the gas suitable for the downstream processes. There are two groups of compounds that are usually present in natural gas and that should be removed during pretreatment—the associate NGL and the sulfur-containing compounds. Some natural gas reservoirs may also have other trace components that must be removed, but these are not discussed here.
This case study examines the impact of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) on the pre-treatment section design, performance and efficiency of ACME Methanol Plant’ feed gas pre-treatment section.
Case 1: Normal Shale Gas
Case 2: “Bad Gas”
Case 3: Low CO2
Case 4: High CO2
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL
3 CONTROL AT SOURCE
3.1 Choice or Solvent
3.2 Venting Arrangements
3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing
3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer
3.5 Batch Charging
3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow
3.7 Stock Tank Design
4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
4.1 By Inference or Calculation
4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment
4.3 Analytical Instruments
4.4 Vent Emissions Database
5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Available Options
5.2 Selection of Preferred Option
5.3 Condensation
5.4 Adsorption
5.5 Absorption
5.6 Thermal Incineration
5.7 Catalytic Oxidation
5.8 Biological Filtration
5.9 Combinations of Process technologies
5.10 Processes Under Development
6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7 REFERENCES
Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials
Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations
Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance
Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
Cast White Metal Bearings
1 SCOPE
2 BACKING MATERIAL
3 SURFACE
4 THICKNESS
5 CLEANING PROCEDURE
6 TINNING
7 WHITE METAL
8 BOND SOUNDNESS
9 WITNESSED INSPECTION
10 MACHINING
11 FINAL INSPECTION OF BOND FOR SEAL RINGS
APPENDIX
A - METHOD OF CALCULATING REFLECTANCE RATIO
Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering GuideGerard B. Hawkins
Protection Systems for Machines: an Engineering Guide
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CRITICAL MACHINE SYSTEMS
5 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES
5.1 Protection Against Over Pressure
5.2 Protection Against High or Low Temperature
5.3 Displacement Measuring Devices
5.4 Vibration Detection Devices
5.5 Pulsation Dampers
5.6 Knock-out Pots
5.7 Special Considerations for Dry Vacuum Pumps
6 DYNAMIC MACHINES
6.1 Dynamic Pumps
6.2 Sealless Pumps
6.3 Dynamic Compressors and Blowers
6.4 Gas Turbines/Expanders and Steam Turbines
7 CENTRIFUGES
8 LARGE ELECTRIC MOTORS AND ALTERNATORS
9 GEARBOXES
10 OIL LUBRICATED PLAIN BEARINGS AND LUBRICATING OIL SYSTEMS
11 SEALS AND SEALANT SYSTEMS
12 CONDITION MONITORING
13 TRIP AND ALARM SCHEDULES FOR ALL MACHINE
SYSTEMS
14 TESTING OF PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR MACHINES
14.1 All Machines
14.2 Critical Machines
15 MACHINES SAFETY DOCUMENTS
APPENDICES
A EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES DIRECTIVES
B REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT MACHINES
C REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOR DYNAMIC MACHINES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Batch Distillation
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND TO THE DESIGN
4.1 General
4.2 Choice of batch/continuous operation
4.3 Boiling point curve and cut policy
4.4 Method of design
4.5 Scope of calculations required for design
5 SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION
6 FRACTIONAL BATCH DISTILLATION
6.1 General
6.2 Approximate methods
6.3 Rigorous design - use of a computer model
6.4 Other factors influencing the design
6.4.1 Occupation
6.4.2 Choice of Batch Rectification or Stripping
6.4.3 Batch size
6.4.4 Initial estimate of cut policy
6.4.5 Liquid Holdup
6.4.6 Total reflux operation and heating-up time
6.4.7 Column operating pressure
6.5 Optimum Design of the Batch Still
6.6 Special design problems
7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF EQUIPMENT DESIGN
7.1 Kettle reboilers
7.2 Column Internals
7.3 Condensers and reflux split boxes
8 PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN
BATCH DISTILLATION
9 MECHANICAL DESIGN FEATURES
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A McCABE - THIELE METHOD - TYPICAL EXAMPLE
OVERVIEW - FIXED BED ADSORBER DESIGN GUIDELINES
Fixed-bed adsorber design is based upon the following considerations:
• Adsorbent bed profile and media loading capacity characteristics for the specific application and adsorbent material used.
• Pressure drop characteristics across the adsorbent bed.
• Reaction kinetics.
Typically, adsorber design entails use of the following methodology:
• Adsorbent selection based upon performance and application information.
• Bed sizing based upon adsorbent loading data and service life requirements.
• Bed sizing adjustment based upon pressure drop criteria.
• Bed sizing adjustment based upon reaction kinetics criteria.
A discussion of each design consideration follows.
Similar to Fire and Explosion Hazards in Dryers (20)
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
This document provides guidelines for engineering design of pressure relief systems. It discusses key principles such as identifying potential overpressure and underpressure causes, sizing relief systems to prevent hazards, and safely disposing of relieved materials. The guidelines cover statutory requirements, recommended design procedures, and documentation standards. The overall goal is to preserve equipment integrity and prevent failure from over or under pressure during all process phases.
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices GuideGerard B. Hawkins
This document discusses common problems that can occur in primary reformers and associated equipment. It identifies issues that can lead to plant shutdowns or efficiency losses, grouping them under catalysts, tubes, furnace boxes, burners, flue gas ducts, headers, and refractories. Some examples discussed include carbon formation, tube overheating, flame impingement, leaks in air preheaters, combustion air maldistribution, and damage to coffins. The document provides an overview of these issues to improve plant reliability over its lifespan.
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...Gerard B. Hawkins
El documento describe los procesos de refinería y catalizadores, así como los efectos del envenenamiento y ensuciamiento en el rendimiento de los catalizadores. El envenenamiento reduce la actividad de los catalizadores al bloquear los sitios activos o modificar la química de la superficie, lo que afecta la actividad y selectividad. Los niveles bajos de contaminantes tienen un mayor impacto en catalizadores con menor área de superficie. El envenenamiento también puede causar cambios estructurales en el catalizador y permitir
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...Gerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses adiabatic reactor analysis for methanol synthesis from syngas. It provides the reaction kinetics and calculates conversion, temperature, and reactor volume needed at different conversions. Energy and mass balances are used to derive relationships between conversion, temperature and reaction rate. Data is generated to plot conversion versus volumetric flow rate for reactor sizing. The plot indicates a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) could achieve 85% conversion before switching to a plug flow reactor (PFR) for higher conversion with less volume.
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses procedures for steaming Vulcan steam reforming catalysts to recover from sulfur poisoning and carbon formation incidents. It describes maintaining steam flow at 30-40% of design levels and an outlet temperature above 780°C. Gas samples should be taken hourly to monitor CO2, CH4, H2S and SO2. Steaming is complete when CO2 levels stabilize over 2-3 samples after increasing the temperature. The process typically takes 12-24 hours to complete and closely monitors pressure drop and tube conditions. After steaming, the catalyst requires reduction before restarting hydrocarbon feed.
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Gerard B. Hawkins
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
GBHE-APT-0102
PICKLING & PASSIVATION
CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK
2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT
3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT
4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT
5 TARGET RESULTS
6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning
6.6.2 Pre-rinsing
6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning
6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success
6.6.5 Rinsing
6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary
7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Gerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses using immobilized ionic liquids (IILs) in shale gas sweetening reactions. It proposes immobilizing a cobalt catalyst in the surface ionic liquid layer of a solid supported ionic liquid catalyst. This would create a "homogeneous catalyst" dissolved within the fixed IIL layer. Competing reactions like oxidation of sulfides to sulfones would need to be considered. Related work on using similar approaches for hydroformylation reactions is referenced. The concept aims to develop a solid IIL catalyst for sweetening reactions involving oxidation using techniques from other areas like hydroformylation.
El documento proporciona una descripción general de los servicios y tecnologías de procesamiento de catalizadores de GBH Enterprises Ltd. (GBHE), incluyendo refinación de petróleo, procesamiento de gas, industrias petroquímicas y venta de catalizadores. GBHE ofrece servicios de ingeniería, soporte técnico y consultoría, así como una línea de catalizadores patentados para aplicaciones como desulfuración y purificación de gas.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3Data Hops
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectorsDianaGray10
Join us to learn how UiPath Apps can directly and easily interact with prebuilt connectors via Integration Service--including Salesforce, ServiceNow, Open GenAI, and more.
The best part is you can achieve this without building a custom workflow! Say goodbye to the hassle of using separate automations to call APIs. By seamlessly integrating within App Studio, you can now easily streamline your workflow, while gaining direct access to our Connector Catalog of popular applications.
We’ll discuss and demo the benefits of UiPath Apps and connectors including:
Creating a compelling user experience for any software, without the limitations of APIs.
Accelerating the app creation process, saving time and effort
Enjoying high-performance CRUD (create, read, update, delete) operations, for
seamless data management.
Speakers:
Russell Alfeche, Technology Leader, RPA at qBotic and UiPath MVP
Charlie Greenberg, host
Connector Corner: Seamlessly power UiPath Apps, GenAI with prebuilt connectors
Fire and Explosion Hazards in Dryers
1. GBH Enterprises, Ltd.
Process Engineering Guide:
GBHE-PEG-DRY-004
Fire and Explosion Hazards in Dryers
Information contained in this publication or as otherwise supplied to Users is
believed to be accurate and correct at time of going to press, and is given in
good faith, but it is for the User to satisfy itself of the suitability of the information
for its own particular purpose. GBHE gives no warranty as to the fitness of this
information for any particular purpose and any implied warranty or condition
(statutory or otherwise) is excluded except to the extent that exclusion is
prevented by law. GBHE accepts no liability resulting from reliance on this
information. Freedom under Patent, Copyright and Designs cannot be assumed.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
2. Process Engineering Guide:
Fire and Explosion Hazards in
Dryers
CONTENTS
SECTION
0
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
2
1
SCOPE
3
2
FIELD OF APPLICATION
3
3
DEFINITIONS
3
4
FLAMMABILITY OF DUST CLOUDS
3
5
THERMAL STABILITY
4
6
IGNITION SOURCES
4
7
METHODS OF PROTECTION
4
7.1
7.2
Explosion Prevention
Explosion Protection
5
5
8
GENERAL ADVICE
6
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
7
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
3. 0
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
Most natural products of animal or vegetable origin are combustible, as are
approximately 70 % of synthetic organic powders and some oxidizable inorganic
compounds such as iron pyrites.
The handling of such powders poses both fire and explosion hazards, during
drying operations and also in downstream equipment.
Powders can present a number of hazards particularly when heated, for
example:
(a)
Clouds of combustible dust will burn when ignited resulting in an explosion
in an enclosed space or a flash fire.
(b)
Ignition of a dust layer may result in burning by flame or smouldering.
Smouldering may develop into a flame, depending on the nature of the
material, the local conditions, and any disturbance.
(c)
Ignition within a bulk powder can occur if it should self heat i.e., an
exothermic reaction is initiated. This may ignite the powder spontaneously
or possibly ignite some decomposition product.
The following conditions need to be satisfied simultaneously for a dust explosion
to occur:
(1)
The dust is to be combustible.
(2)
The dust needs to be in suspension in an atmosphere capable of
supporting combustion (usually air or oxygen).
(3)
The dust needs to have a particle size distribution that will propagate
flame.
(4)
The dust concentration in the suspension is to be within the explosive
range.
(5)
The dust suspension needs to be in contact with an ignition source of
sufficient energy.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
4. Where combustible dusty materials are handled, there country specific Statutory
Requirement to take practicable precautions
(i)
Where in connection with processing a dust is likely to be generated which
is liable to explode, all practicable steps shall be taken to prevent such an
explosion by enclosure of the plant, removal of any accumulations that
may escape, and exclusion or enclosure of any possible sources of
ignition.
(ii)
Where an explosive dust is present in a plant and the plant is not
constructed to withstand the pressures likely to be produced by an
explosion, all practicable steps shall be taken to restrict the spread and
effects of such an explosion by the provision of chokes, baffles and vents,
or other equally effective appliances.
In effect the Statutory Requirement’s requires a manufacturer to identify whether
he is handling an explosive dust. If so, it needs to be contained within the
process equipment, and good housekeeping is to be employed to ensure that
deposits do not build up outside the equipment. In addition precautions need to
be taken to mitigate the consequences of any explosion.
1
SCOPE
This Process Engineering Guide covers the general principles of fire and
explosion hazards in dryers and discusses the methods of protection which may
be used. It does not deal with the hazards associated with particular products.
2
FIELD OF APPLICATION
This Guide applies to Process Engineers in GBH Enterprises worldwide.
3
DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Guide, no special definitions apply.
With the exception of terms used as proper nouns or titles, those terms with initial
capital letters which appear in this document and are not defined above are
defined in the Glossary of Engineering Terms.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
5. 4
FLAMMABILITY OF DUST CLOUDS
If it is possible for a dust cloud to occur, the powder should be tested to
determine whether the dust cloud will be flammable.
It should be recognized that small changes in the composition of a dust, e.g. by
the addition of dedusting agents can markedly affect both its flammability and the
violence of any resulting explosion. Materials should be re-tested if the
composition is changed.
The test sample needs to be representative of the finest dust and should always
be at least as dry as the driest material encountered in the plant. As a rule the
flammability of a combustible dust is greater if the particle size is reduced. The
minimum ignition energy is reduced and the rate of pressure rise is also
increased with a decrease in particle size. Particle sizes greater than 500 µm
diameter are not likely to cause dust explosions although the possibility of fine
dust being generated during handling will need to be carefully considered.
Dusts are classified as follows:
(a)
GROUP A - Flammable.
(b)
GROUP B - Non-flammable.
This classification only applies to process temperatures of < 110°C. If the dust
cloud is to be subjected to higher temperatures then it is advisable to test
whether the dust propagates a flame at temperatures more closely simulating
dryer conditions [Ref.1].
Dusts designated Group B are classified as non-explosive at ambient
temperatures. They may be explosive at elevated temperatures and pose a
potential fire risk.
In the USA and Europe, a classification system based on the concepts of ignition
sensitivity and explosion severity is used.
Dusts are further classified using the St system based on the rate of pressure
rise, for example:
(1)
St 0 - Non-flammable.
(2)
St 1 - 3 - Flammable. Depending on rate of pressure rise, i.e explosion
severity.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
6. It is important to note that a dust cloud in air may become much more susceptible
to ignition and the violence of the resulting explosion may increase considerably
if the air contains a small quantity of flammable vapor, even though the vapor
concentration may be well below the Lower Flammability Limit (LFL). Such dust vapor - air mixtures are termed hybrid mixtures and can occur even with water
wetted material.
If a dust is flammable, or a hybrid mixture is suspected, further tests may be
required to determine its sensitivity to ignition and explosion. These include
determining the minimum ignition temperature (MIT) and minimum ignition
energy (MIE) in air. These parameters are important when assessing safe
operating temperatures for dispersion dryers (e.g. spray dryers, fluid bed dryers,
and pneumatic conveyer dryers).
5
THERMAL STABILITY
Heating of powders can lead to their decomposition which can cause particular
problems during drying operations. The temperature at which self heating starts
is markedly test dependent and can vary with air availability, composition, and
volume. Particular care should be taken when relating test data to full scale
conditions, [Ref.2,7], where powder is bulked or accumulates in layers.
Information on thermal stability of powders is required to specify safe operating
conditions of both test and full scale dryers e.g. inlet and outlet temperatures,
and product collection systems.
6
IGNITION SOURCES
When flammable dust clouds are handled, precautions should always be taken to
reduce the likelihood of ignition.
The main sources of ignition in dryers capable of igniting flammable vapors and
dusts, both as dispersions and in layers include:
(a)
Naked flames.
(b)
Hot surfaces.
(c)
Welding or cutting operations.
(d)
Electrical equipment.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
7. (e)
Friction heating or impact sparks.
(f)
Thermite sparks.
(g)
Electrostatic discharges.
(h)
Spontaneous heating.
7
METHODS OF PROTECTION
In dryers, safety can be based either on preventing an explosion occurring or
accepting that an explosion can take place and providing means of ensuring noone is injured by it (explosion protection). In the latter case it is also desirable
that the plant is not damaged by the explosion.
In most cases it is not sufficient to take preventative steps to avoid explosions.
Measures will need to be taken to limit the spread of an explosion.
When specifying a system of explosion prevention or protection for a process
plant, it is important to look at the plant as a whole and not just a specific item,
e.g., a dryer, in isolation.
7.1
Explosion Prevention
The following methods are designed to prevent an explosion. They will not
prevent exothermic decomposition however, which could produce effects similar
to an explosion if the volume of gas evolved is great enough.
7.1.1 Inerting
Inerting is the process of introducing an inert gas to a combustible mixture to
reduce the concentration of oxygen below the minimum oxygen concentration
(MOC). The inert gas is usually Nitrogen or Carbon Dioxide although Steam can
be used.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
8. The working Oxygen concentration should be a safe margin below the MOC
required to support combustion. In the case of explosive dusts, published data
should be treated with circumspection since some data have been obtained at
high temperatures (e.g. 850°C) which is a more severe condition than normally
encountered. If inerting is used as a method of prevention, the reliability of the
system should be routinely checked.
7.1.2 Avoiding Dust Cloud Formation
This is a feasible basis of safety in many tray dryers and band dryers handling
water/wetted solids. The critical requirement is that the air velocity across or
through the material should be low enough for particle entrainment to be
negligible.
7.1.3 Elimination of Ignition Sources
The elimination of ignition sources can only be used as a basis of safety in dryers
where it is certain that all potential sources of ignition have been identified and
precautions taken to prevent their occurrence. Particular care is needed in
evaluating the thermal stability of the product being dried which may lead to
spontaneous heating.
7.2 Explosion Protection
There are three methods of explosion protection:
(a)
Venting - relieves the pressure of the explosion.
(b)
Suppression - quenches the explosion.
(c)
Containment - contains the explosion.
Where explosion protection is used, care should be taken to prevent an
explosion in one vessel damaging ancillary equipment.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
9. 7.2.1 Venting
The principle of explosion relief venting is that at a predetermined pressure rise
an aperture opens to vent the explosion products [Ref.3]. Venting is common,
often the cheapest method of protection provided that a safe discharge area for
the products can be found. Due to environmental concerns, its use in the
chemical industry is diminishing. Guides to the use and designs of venting as a
method of explosion relief have been prepared by the Institution of Chemical
Engineers [Ref.4] and [Ref.5].
7.2.2 Suppression
An explosion is not an instantaneous event but takes a finite time to attain
destructive pressures in a vessel. Explosion suppression requires that the
incipient explosion is detected very soon after ignition, usually by means of a
pressure transducer, and that sufficient chemical suppressant is discharged into
the developing explosion. Explosion suppression is often used where safe
venting is not possible, particularly where an emission of toxic materials could
occur. Automatic suppression techniques are described in detail in an Institution
of Chemical Engineers Guide to dust explosion and prevention [Ref.7].
Sometimes suppression is used in conjunction with venting to protect a vessel.
Suppression will not provide protection against developing pressures resulting
from large quantities of gas evolved due to exothermic decomposition of material.
7.2.3 Containment
It is possible to achieve protection by making plant strong enough to contain the
maximum dust or vapor explosion without rupture. The maximum pressure
reached in a closed vessel as a result of a dust explosion (7-10 bar) is
characteristic of the dust concerned and may be determined from test
explosions.
Containment is a common method of protection for vacuum dryers since the
peak pressure generated by an explosion is dependent on the initial pressure.
However. careful consideration needs to be given to the charging and
discharging of material which occurs at atmospheric pressures.
Two different approaches for designing plant capable of withstanding this type of
explosion are used:
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
10. (a)
Pressure resistance. The plant is designed to prevent permanent
deformation or rupture.
(b)
Pressure shock resistance. The plant is designed to withstand the
explosion pressure without rupture but is subject to permanent
deformation [Ref.6].
Further details of the use of explosion containment as a protective measure can
be found in the Institution of Chemical Engineers Guide [Ref.7].
8
GENERAL ADVICE
Most powders are flammable and capable of forming combustible dust clouds. In
order to ensure the safety of proposed operations with a product, it is necessary
to carry out suitable tests to ascertain the characteristics of the material and its
suitability in the type of equipment concerned.
Most dryers and ancillary equipment contain dust clouds, dust deposits and
flammable vapors at some time during processing.
Many types of ignition source are to be found in dryers. It is vital therefore, that
adequate consideration is given to explosion prevention and protection.
Safety is critically dependent on the reliability of the prevention or protection
system used. Reliability needs to be assured by regular preventive maintenance.
When considering a system of explosion prevention or protection for a process
plant, it is essential to consider the plant as a whole rather than each vessel in
isolation.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
11. 9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]
FIELD P, (1982) Dust explosions. Handbook of powder technology,
Volume 4, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
[2]
BOWES P C, (1984) Self Heating: Evaluating and controlling the Hazards.
Building Research Establishment. HMSO.
[3]
DONAT C, (1971) Selection and sizing of pressure relief devices for dust
explosions, Staub - Reinhalt.
[4]
LUNN G A, (1992) Guide to dust explosion prevention and protection, Part
1 -Venting. The Institution of Chemical Engineers. (2nd Edition)
[5]
LUNN G A, (1988) Guide to dust explosion prevention and protection, Part
3 - Venting of weak explosions and the effect of vent ducts. The Institution
of Chemical Engineers.
[6]
ABBOTT J A, (1990) Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Dryers. The
Institution of Chemical Engineers.
[7]
SCHOFIELD C AND ABBOTT J A, (1988) Guide to dust explosion
prevention and protection, Part 2 - Ignition prevention, containment,
inerting, suppression and isolation. The Institution of Chemical Engineers.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
12. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com