SlideShare a Scribd company logo
ELECTRICAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES & SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES P.G. Sreejith   [email_address] Kerala, INDIA [email_address]
Hydrocarbon Risks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hazardous Areas-Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
COAL MININING SAFETY & CRUDE WAYS OF DETECTING METHANE GAS!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Area Classification? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Zoning? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
AREA CLASSIFICATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HAC as per IS 5572 is  not applicable  for: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Zone 0 -Typical areas  (Continous grade) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
How to identify  Zone 1 areas  (IS 5572)  ? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Zone 1 - Typical areas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Typical  Zone 2 areas  (IS 5572)  ? (Secondary grade) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Safe Areas -Typical areas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HAC- Comparison ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
A FEW RELEVANT DEFENITIONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HAZARDOUS AREA CLASSIFICATION-Guidelines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ,[object Object],[object Object]
EFFECT OF AIR CURRENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HEAVIER-THAN-AIR GASES & VAPOURS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Zones 1 or 2
LIGHTER-THAN-AIR GASES & VAPOURS ,[object Object],[object Object],Source of hazard R 4.5 m 8.0 m 4.5 m Zone 2 H<4.5m
How to classify areas? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
API RP 500- HAC Guidelines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
AREA CLASSIFICATION AS A TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT   A  LOGICAL APPROACH ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
AREA CLASSIFICATION AS A TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
HAC-based Risk Assessment Matrix
AREA CLASSIFICATION AS A TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
COMPARISON OF ZONES & DIVISIONS Classified area Z0 D1 Z1 Z2 D2 Time that haz. gases are present in ignitable Estimated % (Divisions)  Estimated % (Z) Continuously Normally present Occasionally in normal operations Not normally present <5% >95% <2% >60% <40%
PERCENTAGE OF CLASSIFIED AREAS O  10  20  30  40  50  60  70  80  90  100 C L A S S I F I E D A R E A S Z 0 Z  1 Z 2
[object Object]
HAC -RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
USEFUL REFERENCE BOOKS ON  HAC ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION T1  T Class Max. Surface Temperature (Deg. C) 450 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 300 200 135 100 85
GAS GROUP CLASSIFICATION (based on MESG & MIE) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
GAS GROUP & TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION-VARIOUS GASES/VAPOURS (IS 13408 Part I)
GAS GROUP & TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION-VARIOUS GASES/VAPOURS Gas    Representative Gas    Ignition Energy Group (mj) I  Methane  280 II A   Propane 260 IIB  Ethylene 95 IIC   Hydrogen 18
FLAMMABLE MIXTURE,  MIG, EXPLOSION
RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS FOR  ZONE  O ,[object Object],[object Object]
RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS FOR  ZONE  1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],*Ex o ,  Ex q  type equipment are also allowed for use as per IS 5571
RECOMMENDED PROTECTION METHODS FOR  ZONE  2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],* Minimum  IP 55  (for UN-insulated parts) and  IP 44  (for insulated parts) if  Ex e  protection is used for outdoor applications
[object Object],Ex
EXPLOSION-PROTECTION METHODS / EQUIPMENT -Popular types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
OTHER TYPES OF EXPLOSION PROTECTION- Not so popular types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EX ‘d’ Type  FLAMEPROOF EQUIPMENT ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],FLAMEPROOF  EQUIPMENT- A MISNOMER?
FLAMPROOF (EXPLOSION-PROOF) PROTECTION  (Ex ‘d’) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FLAMPROOF (EXPLOSION-PROOF) PROTECTION  (Ex ‘d’) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FLAMPROOF (EXPLOSION-PROOF) PROTECTION  (Ex ‘d’) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FLAMEPROOF EQUIPMENT- CONSTRUCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
FLAMEPROOF EQUIPMENT- CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES EX d typical marking:  EEx d IIB T5
INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT & CIRCUITS  (Ex ‘i’ ) Definition as per IS 5780 ,[object Object]
INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT & CIRCUITS  (Ex ‘i’ ) (insert a small photo) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT- Category-  Ex   ib ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],EX i typical marking:  EEx ia IIC T5
INTRINSICALLY SAFE EQUIPMENT ( Ex ‘i’  ) ,[object Object],[object Object]
INCREASED SAFETY EQUIPMENT ( Ex ‘e’ ) Definition as per IS 6381 A type of protection by which measures are applied so as to prevent with a minor degree of security, the possibility of excessive temperature and the occurrence of arcs or sparks in the interior and the external parts of electrical apparatus which does not produce them in normal service
INCREASED SAFETY EQUIPMENT ( Ex ‘e’ ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],EX d typical marking:  EEx e IIA T3
PRESSURIZATION TYPE ( Ex ‘p’  ) Definition as per IS 7389 ,[object Object]
PRESSURIZATION TYPE ( Ex ‘p’  ) TYPES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PRESSURIZATION TYPE ( Ex ‘p’  ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
PRESSURIZATION TYPE ( Ex ‘p’  ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Minimum actions of Failure of Protective Gas for Ex ‘p’
NON-SPARKING TYPE EQUIPMENT ( Ex ‘n’  ) ,[object Object],A type of protection applied to electrical apparatus such that , in normal operation it is not capable of igniting a surrounding atmosphere and a fault capable of causing ignition is not likely to occur EX n typical marking:  EEx n  II T5
NON-SPARKING TYPE EQUIPMENT ( Ex ‘n’  ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
POWDER FILLED TYPE EQUIPMENT  ( Ex ‘q’)   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
OIL IMMERSED TYPE EQUIPMENT  (Ex ‘o’)   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
SPECIAL TYPE EQUIPMENT  (Ex ‘s’)   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Add an appropriate photo ,[object Object]
Insert a IP photo with gasket ,[object Object],Degree of Protection of persons  against contact with or moving parts  inside the enclosure & Protection Of Equipment against  Solid ingress Ingress of  Liquid
IP Types and Protection Details FIRST NUMERAL 0  No protection 1 Objects greater than 50 mm 2 Objects greater than 12 mm 3 Objects greater than 2.5 mm 4 Objects greater than 1.0 mm 5 Dust - protected 6 Dust tight SECOND NUMERAL 0  No protection 1 Vertically dripping 2 Angular dripping 3 Sprayed water 4 Splashed water 5 Water jets 6 Heavy seas 7 Effects of immersion 8 Indefinite immersion
Indian Standards for Various Protection Techniques ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Indian Standards for Various Protection Techniques ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INSTALLATION & MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS (IS 5571) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INSTALLATION GUIDELINES OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VARIOUS  Ex  Types (except Ex d)  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],“ ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT USED IN HAZARDOUS ARAES ARE SPECIAL AND THEY NEEDS TO BE TREATED SPECIAL”
STATUTORY REGULATIONS & APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS
Approval / Testing Agencies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Statutory Regulations For Plants Utilizing Hydrocarbons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CCoE,  Department of Explosives  is entrusted with the responsibility of administration of the above statutory rules in India
Statutory Regulations For Plants Utilizing Hydrocarbons ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EXTRACTS FROM PETROLEUM ACT, 1934 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
EXTRACTS FROM PETROLEUM ACT, 1934 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CMRI, Dhanbad -Approval Agency for Electrical Equipment for Use In Hazardous Areas ,[object Object],[object Object]
Equipment Approval Procedure Tests by  CMRI Approval by  CMRI ISI  Certification (Tests by CMRI) as per applicable Indian Standards ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Drawing and prototype submittal to CMRI
ELECTRICAL SAFETY AUDITING IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
Focus Areas ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
European ATEX Directive ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Auditing Checklists ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MAINTENANCE RECOMMENDATIONS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
TOTAL RECAP ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
European ATEX Directive ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
CHOLAMANDALAM AXA RISK SERVICES LTD.  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
LET US MAKE OUR REFINERIES SAFER !!! ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

More Related Content

What's hot

Hazardous area classification
Hazardous area classificationHazardous area classification
Hazardous area classification
rajkumar_sm
 
Smpv(u) rules 2016-18
Smpv(u) rules  2016-18Smpv(u) rules  2016-18
Smpv(u) rules 2016-18
Abhishek Padiyar
 
Hazardous Area Classification
Hazardous Area ClassificationHazardous Area Classification
Hazardous Area Classificationguest81e1c7
 
Concept of hazardous area classification.
Concept of hazardous area classification.Concept of hazardous area classification.
Concept of hazardous area classification.
HareshYadav4
 
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
Aniruddha Kulkarni
 
Work Permit System
Work Permit SystemWork Permit System
Work Permit System
Gagan Tanwar
 
Surpermec Ex-proof Presentation.pptx
Surpermec Ex-proof Presentation.pptxSurpermec Ex-proof Presentation.pptx
Surpermec Ex-proof Presentation.pptx
bienax
 
Storage Tank Fire And Solution I Gaurav Singh Rajput
Storage Tank Fire And Solution I Gaurav Singh RajputStorage Tank Fire And Solution I Gaurav Singh Rajput
Storage Tank Fire And Solution I Gaurav Singh Rajput
Gaurav Singh Rajput
 
Hazloc overview
Hazloc overviewHazloc overview
Hazloc overview
John Kingsley
 
LOPA | Layer Of Protection Analysis | Gaurav Singh Rajput
LOPA | Layer Of Protection Analysis | Gaurav Singh RajputLOPA | Layer Of Protection Analysis | Gaurav Singh Rajput
LOPA | Layer Of Protection Analysis | Gaurav Singh Rajput
Gaurav Singh Rajput
 
Compressed gas safety
Compressed gas safetyCompressed gas safety
Compressed gas safety
Reliance
 
V 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling and storage
V 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling  and storageV 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling  and storage
V 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling and storage
Imran Bokhari
 
Basic training water based fire protection
Basic training  water based fire protectionBasic training  water based fire protection
Basic training water based fire protection
Sabrul Jamil
 
Areas clasificadas iec_nec
Areas clasificadas iec_necAreas clasificadas iec_nec
Areas clasificadas iec_nec
fgarcia_2011
 
The mexico city explosion of 1984
The mexico city explosion of 1984The mexico city explosion of 1984
The mexico city explosion of 1984
Mohit Nayal
 
Bleve
BleveBleve

What's hot (20)

Hazardous area classification
Hazardous area classificationHazardous area classification
Hazardous area classification
 
Smpv(u) rules 2016-18
Smpv(u) rules  2016-18Smpv(u) rules  2016-18
Smpv(u) rules 2016-18
 
Hazardous Area Classification
Hazardous Area ClassificationHazardous Area Classification
Hazardous Area Classification
 
Concept of hazardous area classification.
Concept of hazardous area classification.Concept of hazardous area classification.
Concept of hazardous area classification.
 
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
Hazardous area module- Zones, Method of Determination of Hazardous area Radiu...
 
Work Permit System
Work Permit SystemWork Permit System
Work Permit System
 
Surpermec Ex-proof Presentation.pptx
Surpermec Ex-proof Presentation.pptxSurpermec Ex-proof Presentation.pptx
Surpermec Ex-proof Presentation.pptx
 
Storage Tank Fire And Solution I Gaurav Singh Rajput
Storage Tank Fire And Solution I Gaurav Singh RajputStorage Tank Fire And Solution I Gaurav Singh Rajput
Storage Tank Fire And Solution I Gaurav Singh Rajput
 
Hazloc overview
Hazloc overviewHazloc overview
Hazloc overview
 
Intrinsic Safety
Intrinsic SafetyIntrinsic Safety
Intrinsic Safety
 
LOPA | Layer Of Protection Analysis | Gaurav Singh Rajput
LOPA | Layer Of Protection Analysis | Gaurav Singh RajputLOPA | Layer Of Protection Analysis | Gaurav Singh Rajput
LOPA | Layer Of Protection Analysis | Gaurav Singh Rajput
 
Compressed gas safety
Compressed gas safetyCompressed gas safety
Compressed gas safety
 
Bleve
BleveBleve
Bleve
 
V 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling and storage
V 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling  and storageV 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling  and storage
V 1 presentation on safety aspects of lpg handling and storage
 
Basic training water based fire protection
Basic training  water based fire protectionBasic training  water based fire protection
Basic training water based fire protection
 
Areas clasificadas iec_nec
Areas clasificadas iec_necAreas clasificadas iec_nec
Areas clasificadas iec_nec
 
The mexico city explosion of 1984
The mexico city explosion of 1984The mexico city explosion of 1984
The mexico city explosion of 1984
 
Flammables Ppt
Flammables PptFlammables Ppt
Flammables Ppt
 
TAC VS OISD RULES
TAC VS OISD RULESTAC VS OISD RULES
TAC VS OISD RULES
 
Bleve
BleveBleve
Bleve
 

Viewers also liked

The Practical Guide to Hazardous Area Classification eBook
The Practical Guide to Hazardous Area Classification eBookThe Practical Guide to Hazardous Area Classification eBook
The Practical Guide to Hazardous Area Classification eBook
Business Industrial Network
 
Hazardous area
Hazardous areaHazardous area
Hazardous areaumaji129
 
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchs
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchsHazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchs
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchs
Kristen_Barbour_PF
 
Electrical Safety
Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety
Electrical Safety
vkmalik
 
Presentacion atmosferas peligrosas ii
Presentacion atmosferas peligrosas iiPresentacion atmosferas peligrosas ii
Presentacion atmosferas peligrosas iisuperoctanos, C.A
 
Electrical hazards and safety measures
Electrical hazards and safety measuresElectrical hazards and safety measures
Electrical hazards and safety measures
Rock Wood
 
Electrical Safety
Electrical  Safety Electrical  Safety
Electrical Safety
Reliance
 
Electrical hazards & safety training
Electrical hazards & safety trainingElectrical hazards & safety training
Electrical hazards & safety training
SYED HAIDER ABBAS
 
Apea ip technical guidance for pss
Apea ip technical guidance for pssApea ip technical guidance for pss
Apea ip technical guidance for pssSamuel Maina
 
A te x wall chart
A te x wall chartA te x wall chart
A te x wall chart
Syamsul Nizam
 
161741053 curso-areas-clasificadas-ppt
161741053 curso-areas-clasificadas-ppt161741053 curso-areas-clasificadas-ppt
161741053 curso-areas-clasificadas-ppt
Carlos Riaño
 
7.4 clasificación de áreas
7.4 clasificación de áreas7.4 clasificación de áreas
7.4 clasificación de áreasLonchin
 
Identificacion de sustancias peligrosas y atmosferas peligrosas
Identificacion de sustancias peligrosas y atmosferas peligrosasIdentificacion de sustancias peligrosas y atmosferas peligrosas
Identificacion de sustancias peligrosas y atmosferas peligrosasanggelay
 
Safety
SafetySafety
Safety
SaraBahaa
 
Hazardous Area Location Guide - IEC NEC CEC & ATEX By Emerson Industrial
Hazardous Area Location Guide - IEC NEC CEC & ATEX By Emerson IndustrialHazardous Area Location Guide - IEC NEC CEC & ATEX By Emerson Industrial
Hazardous Area Location Guide - IEC NEC CEC & ATEX By Emerson Industrial
Thorne & Derrick International
 
Electrical tools and its function
Electrical tools and its functionElectrical tools and its function
Electrical tools and its function
Fortunato de Guzman
 
Electrical safety
Electrical safetyElectrical safety
Electrical safety
Hazem Al-Muallem
 
Basic hand tools (Electronics Technology)
Basic hand tools (Electronics Technology)Basic hand tools (Electronics Technology)
Basic hand tools (Electronics Technology)
Roderick Lamban
 
Craig & Derricott ATEX Zone 22 Isolators
Craig & Derricott ATEX Zone 22 IsolatorsCraig & Derricott ATEX Zone 22 Isolators
Craig & Derricott ATEX Zone 22 Isolators
Thorne & Derrick International
 

Viewers also liked (20)

The Practical Guide to Hazardous Area Classification eBook
The Practical Guide to Hazardous Area Classification eBookThe Practical Guide to Hazardous Area Classification eBook
The Practical Guide to Hazardous Area Classification eBook
 
Hazardous area
Hazardous areaHazardous area
Hazardous area
 
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchs
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchsHazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchs
Hazardous location protection methods e book by pepperl+ fuchs
 
Electrical Safety
Electrical SafetyElectrical Safety
Electrical Safety
 
Presentacion atmosferas peligrosas ii
Presentacion atmosferas peligrosas iiPresentacion atmosferas peligrosas ii
Presentacion atmosferas peligrosas ii
 
Electrical hazards
Electrical hazardsElectrical hazards
Electrical hazards
 
Electrical hazards and safety measures
Electrical hazards and safety measuresElectrical hazards and safety measures
Electrical hazards and safety measures
 
Electrical Safety
Electrical  Safety Electrical  Safety
Electrical Safety
 
Electrical hazards & safety training
Electrical hazards & safety trainingElectrical hazards & safety training
Electrical hazards & safety training
 
Apea ip technical guidance for pss
Apea ip technical guidance for pssApea ip technical guidance for pss
Apea ip technical guidance for pss
 
A te x wall chart
A te x wall chartA te x wall chart
A te x wall chart
 
161741053 curso-areas-clasificadas-ppt
161741053 curso-areas-clasificadas-ppt161741053 curso-areas-clasificadas-ppt
161741053 curso-areas-clasificadas-ppt
 
7.4 clasificación de áreas
7.4 clasificación de áreas7.4 clasificación de áreas
7.4 clasificación de áreas
 
Identificacion de sustancias peligrosas y atmosferas peligrosas
Identificacion de sustancias peligrosas y atmosferas peligrosasIdentificacion de sustancias peligrosas y atmosferas peligrosas
Identificacion de sustancias peligrosas y atmosferas peligrosas
 
Safety
SafetySafety
Safety
 
Hazardous Area Location Guide - IEC NEC CEC & ATEX By Emerson Industrial
Hazardous Area Location Guide - IEC NEC CEC & ATEX By Emerson IndustrialHazardous Area Location Guide - IEC NEC CEC & ATEX By Emerson Industrial
Hazardous Area Location Guide - IEC NEC CEC & ATEX By Emerson Industrial
 
Electrical tools and its function
Electrical tools and its functionElectrical tools and its function
Electrical tools and its function
 
Electrical safety
Electrical safetyElectrical safety
Electrical safety
 
Basic hand tools (Electronics Technology)
Basic hand tools (Electronics Technology)Basic hand tools (Electronics Technology)
Basic hand tools (Electronics Technology)
 
Craig & Derricott ATEX Zone 22 Isolators
Craig & Derricott ATEX Zone 22 IsolatorsCraig & Derricott ATEX Zone 22 Isolators
Craig & Derricott ATEX Zone 22 Isolators
 

Similar to Hazardous Area Classification

Understanding HAC Webinar v1.pdf
Understanding HAC Webinar v1.pdfUnderstanding HAC Webinar v1.pdf
Understanding HAC Webinar v1.pdf
SundaramoorthySelvan
 
Fire and Electrical Safety.ppsx
Fire and Electrical Safety.ppsxFire and Electrical Safety.ppsx
Fire and Electrical Safety.ppsx
Arpan Sheth
 
EEHA - Electrical Equipment in Hazardous areas
EEHA - Electrical Equipment in Hazardous areasEEHA - Electrical Equipment in Hazardous areas
EEHA - Electrical Equipment in Hazardous areas
Kannan Palanisamy
 
Hazardous area classification and control of ignition sources
Hazardous area classification and control of ignition sourcesHazardous area classification and control of ignition sources
Hazardous area classification and control of ignition sources
eldhoev
 
ERM.ppt
ERM.pptERM.ppt
Area Classification_Course.ppt
Area Classification_Course.pptArea Classification_Course.ppt
Area Classification_Course.ppt
ssuser6c7f421
 
dokumen.tips_hazardous-area-classification-558451d198cda.ppt
dokumen.tips_hazardous-area-classification-558451d198cda.pptdokumen.tips_hazardous-area-classification-558451d198cda.ppt
dokumen.tips_hazardous-area-classification-558451d198cda.ppt
ssuser3b06c0
 
HAC - Hazardous Area Classification
HAC - Hazardous Area ClassificationHAC - Hazardous Area Classification
HAC - Hazardous Area Classification
Harkishan Prajapati
 
A_Basics_of_Explosion_Protection_HAZARDO.pdf
A_Basics_of_Explosion_Protection_HAZARDO.pdfA_Basics_of_Explosion_Protection_HAZARDO.pdf
A_Basics_of_Explosion_Protection_HAZARDO.pdf
Hedi Ben Mohamed
 
E uv usexplosiveareas
E uv usexplosiveareasE uv usexplosiveareas
E uv usexplosiveareasIntertek CE
 
Performing Safety Modeling Analysis To Comply With LNG Facility Siting Requi...
 Performing Safety Modeling Analysis To Comply With LNG Facility Siting Requi... Performing Safety Modeling Analysis To Comply With LNG Facility Siting Requi...
Performing Safety Modeling Analysis To Comply With LNG Facility Siting Requi...
BREEZE Software
 
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh Rajput
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh RajputInspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh Rajput
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh Rajput
Gaurav Singh Rajput
 
Fcg flameproof middle east-nandita
Fcg   flameproof   middle east-nanditaFcg   flameproof   middle east-nandita
Fcg flameproof middle east-nandita
Nandita Shukla
 
Fcg Flameproof Middle East Nandita
Fcg   Flameproof   Middle East NanditaFcg   Flameproof   Middle East Nandita
Fcg Flameproof Middle East Nanditananditadev
 
Hazardous Area Classification.pdf
Hazardous Area Classification.pdfHazardous Area Classification.pdf
Hazardous Area Classification.pdf
SMTauseef1
 
Explosion Proof Solenoid Valves & Hazardous Areas
Explosion Proof Solenoid Valves & Hazardous AreasExplosion Proof Solenoid Valves & Hazardous Areas
Explosion Proof Solenoid Valves & Hazardous AreasThorne & Derrick UK
 
Combustible dust
Combustible dust Combustible dust
Combustible dust
anfelogo03
 
3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt
3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt
3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt
mkayalVizhi
 

Similar to Hazardous Area Classification (20)

Understanding HAC Webinar v1.pdf
Understanding HAC Webinar v1.pdfUnderstanding HAC Webinar v1.pdf
Understanding HAC Webinar v1.pdf
 
Fire and Electrical Safety.ppsx
Fire and Electrical Safety.ppsxFire and Electrical Safety.ppsx
Fire and Electrical Safety.ppsx
 
EEHA - Electrical Equipment in Hazardous areas
EEHA - Electrical Equipment in Hazardous areasEEHA - Electrical Equipment in Hazardous areas
EEHA - Electrical Equipment in Hazardous areas
 
Hazardous area classification and control of ignition sources
Hazardous area classification and control of ignition sourcesHazardous area classification and control of ignition sources
Hazardous area classification and control of ignition sources
 
ERM.ppt
ERM.pptERM.ppt
ERM.ppt
 
Area Classification_Course.ppt
Area Classification_Course.pptArea Classification_Course.ppt
Area Classification_Course.ppt
 
dokumen.tips_hazardous-area-classification-558451d198cda.ppt
dokumen.tips_hazardous-area-classification-558451d198cda.pptdokumen.tips_hazardous-area-classification-558451d198cda.ppt
dokumen.tips_hazardous-area-classification-558451d198cda.ppt
 
NGI-SIMOPS
NGI-SIMOPSNGI-SIMOPS
NGI-SIMOPS
 
HAC - Hazardous Area Classification
HAC - Hazardous Area ClassificationHAC - Hazardous Area Classification
HAC - Hazardous Area Classification
 
A_Basics_of_Explosion_Protection_HAZARDO.pdf
A_Basics_of_Explosion_Protection_HAZARDO.pdfA_Basics_of_Explosion_Protection_HAZARDO.pdf
A_Basics_of_Explosion_Protection_HAZARDO.pdf
 
E uv usexplosiveareas
E uv usexplosiveareasE uv usexplosiveareas
E uv usexplosiveareas
 
Performing Safety Modeling Analysis To Comply With LNG Facility Siting Requi...
 Performing Safety Modeling Analysis To Comply With LNG Facility Siting Requi... Performing Safety Modeling Analysis To Comply With LNG Facility Siting Requi...
Performing Safety Modeling Analysis To Comply With LNG Facility Siting Requi...
 
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh Rajput
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh RajputInspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh Rajput
Inspection of Fire Fighting Equipments | NFPA Regulations | Gaurav Singh Rajput
 
Fcg flameproof middle east-nandita
Fcg   flameproof   middle east-nanditaFcg   flameproof   middle east-nandita
Fcg flameproof middle east-nandita
 
Fcg Flameproof Middle East Nandita
Fcg   Flameproof   Middle East NanditaFcg   Flameproof   Middle East Nandita
Fcg Flameproof Middle East Nandita
 
Hazardous Area Classification.pdf
Hazardous Area Classification.pdfHazardous Area Classification.pdf
Hazardous Area Classification.pdf
 
Explosion Proof Solenoid Valves & Hazardous Areas
Explosion Proof Solenoid Valves & Hazardous AreasExplosion Proof Solenoid Valves & Hazardous Areas
Explosion Proof Solenoid Valves & Hazardous Areas
 
Combustible dust
Combustible dust Combustible dust
Combustible dust
 
Is.5572.2009
Is.5572.2009Is.5572.2009
Is.5572.2009
 
3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt
3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt
3190342-Hazardous-Area-Classification.ppt
 

More from guest81e1c7

Risk Management A Balancing Act
Risk Management A Balancing ActRisk Management A Balancing Act
Risk Management A Balancing Actguest81e1c7
 
Major 50 Fires & Explosions
Major 50 Fires & ExplosionsMajor 50 Fires & Explosions
Major 50 Fires & Explosionsguest81e1c7
 
Power Plant Major Losses
Power Plant Major LossesPower Plant Major Losses
Power Plant Major Lossesguest81e1c7
 
Global Electrical Safety
Global Electrical SafetyGlobal Electrical Safety
Global Electrical Safetyguest81e1c7
 
Major 50 Fires & Explosions
Major 50 Fires & ExplosionsMajor 50 Fires & Explosions
Major 50 Fires & Explosionsguest81e1c7
 
Electrical Risk Management
Electrical Risk ManagementElectrical Risk Management
Electrical Risk Managementguest81e1c7
 

More from guest81e1c7 (6)

Risk Management A Balancing Act
Risk Management A Balancing ActRisk Management A Balancing Act
Risk Management A Balancing Act
 
Major 50 Fires & Explosions
Major 50 Fires & ExplosionsMajor 50 Fires & Explosions
Major 50 Fires & Explosions
 
Power Plant Major Losses
Power Plant Major LossesPower Plant Major Losses
Power Plant Major Losses
 
Global Electrical Safety
Global Electrical SafetyGlobal Electrical Safety
Global Electrical Safety
 
Major 50 Fires & Explosions
Major 50 Fires & ExplosionsMajor 50 Fires & Explosions
Major 50 Fires & Explosions
 
Electrical Risk Management
Electrical Risk ManagementElectrical Risk Management
Electrical Risk Management
 

Recently uploaded

The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...
The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...
The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...
muslimdavidovich670
 
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
DOT TECH
 
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024  - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024  - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Quotidiano Piemontese
 
managementaccountingunitiv-230422140105-dd17d80b.ppt
managementaccountingunitiv-230422140105-dd17d80b.pptmanagementaccountingunitiv-230422140105-dd17d80b.ppt
managementaccountingunitiv-230422140105-dd17d80b.ppt
SuseelaPalanimuthu
 
Introduction to Value Added Tax System.ppt
Introduction to Value Added Tax System.pptIntroduction to Value Added Tax System.ppt
Introduction to Value Added Tax System.ppt
VishnuVenugopal84
 
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.
DOT TECH
 
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYChow can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
DOT TECH
 
how can I sell/buy bulk pi coins securely
how can I sell/buy bulk pi coins securelyhow can I sell/buy bulk pi coins securely
how can I sell/buy bulk pi coins securely
DOT TECH
 
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.
DOT TECH
 
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...
Vighnesh Shashtri
 
234Presentation on Indian Debt Market.ppt
234Presentation on Indian Debt Market.ppt234Presentation on Indian Debt Market.ppt
234Presentation on Indian Debt Market.ppt
PravinPatil144525
 
What price will pi network be listed on exchanges
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesWhat price will pi network be listed on exchanges
What price will pi network be listed on exchanges
DOT TECH
 
Intro_Economics_ GPresentation Week 4.pptx
Intro_Economics_ GPresentation Week 4.pptxIntro_Economics_ GPresentation Week 4.pptx
Intro_Economics_ GPresentation Week 4.pptx
shetivia
 
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
DOT TECH
 
PF-Wagner's Theory of Public Expenditure.pptx
PF-Wagner's Theory of Public Expenditure.pptxPF-Wagner's Theory of Public Expenditure.pptx
PF-Wagner's Theory of Public Expenditure.pptx
GunjanSharma28848
 
what is the future of Pi Network currency.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.what is the future of Pi Network currency.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.
DOT TECH
 
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
ydubwyt
 
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
DOT TECH
 
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Card
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit CardPoonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Card
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Card
nickysharmasucks
 
Commercial Bank Economic Capsule - May 2024
Commercial Bank Economic Capsule - May 2024Commercial Bank Economic Capsule - May 2024
Commercial Bank Economic Capsule - May 2024
Commercial Bank of Ceylon PLC
 

Recently uploaded (20)

The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...
The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...
The WhatsPump Pseudonym Problem and the Hilarious Downfall of Artificial Enga...
 
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.
 
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024  - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024  - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...
 
managementaccountingunitiv-230422140105-dd17d80b.ppt
managementaccountingunitiv-230422140105-dd17d80b.pptmanagementaccountingunitiv-230422140105-dd17d80b.ppt
managementaccountingunitiv-230422140105-dd17d80b.ppt
 
Introduction to Value Added Tax System.ppt
Introduction to Value Added Tax System.pptIntroduction to Value Added Tax System.ppt
Introduction to Value Added Tax System.ppt
 
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.
 
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYChow can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
 
how can I sell/buy bulk pi coins securely
how can I sell/buy bulk pi coins securelyhow can I sell/buy bulk pi coins securely
how can I sell/buy bulk pi coins securely
 
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.
 
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...
 
234Presentation on Indian Debt Market.ppt
234Presentation on Indian Debt Market.ppt234Presentation on Indian Debt Market.ppt
234Presentation on Indian Debt Market.ppt
 
What price will pi network be listed on exchanges
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesWhat price will pi network be listed on exchanges
What price will pi network be listed on exchanges
 
Intro_Economics_ GPresentation Week 4.pptx
Intro_Economics_ GPresentation Week 4.pptxIntro_Economics_ GPresentation Week 4.pptx
Intro_Economics_ GPresentation Week 4.pptx
 
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.
 
PF-Wagner's Theory of Public Expenditure.pptx
PF-Wagner's Theory of Public Expenditure.pptxPF-Wagner's Theory of Public Expenditure.pptx
PF-Wagner's Theory of Public Expenditure.pptx
 
what is the future of Pi Network currency.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.what is the future of Pi Network currency.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.
 
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
 
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
 
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Card
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit CardPoonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Card
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Card
 
Commercial Bank Economic Capsule - May 2024
Commercial Bank Economic Capsule - May 2024Commercial Bank Economic Capsule - May 2024
Commercial Bank Economic Capsule - May 2024
 

Hazardous Area Classification

  • 1. ELECTRICAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIES & SELECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES P.G. Sreejith [email_address] Kerala, INDIA [email_address]
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 27.
  • 28. COMPARISON OF ZONES & DIVISIONS Classified area Z0 D1 Z1 Z2 D2 Time that haz. gases are present in ignitable Estimated % (Divisions) Estimated % (Z) Continuously Normally present Occasionally in normal operations Not normally present <5% >95% <2% >60% <40%
  • 29. PERCENTAGE OF CLASSIFIED AREAS O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 C L A S S I F I E D A R E A S Z 0 Z 1 Z 2
  • 30.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35. TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION T1 T Class Max. Surface Temperature (Deg. C) 450 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 300 200 135 100 85
  • 36.
  • 37. GAS GROUP & TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION-VARIOUS GASES/VAPOURS (IS 13408 Part I)
  • 38. GAS GROUP & TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION-VARIOUS GASES/VAPOURS Gas Representative Gas Ignition Energy Group (mj) I Methane 280 II A Propane 260 IIB Ethylene 95 IIC Hydrogen 18
  • 39. FLAMMABLE MIXTURE, MIG, EXPLOSION
  • 40.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49.
  • 50.
  • 51. FLAMEPROOF EQUIPMENT- CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES EX d typical marking: EEx d IIB T5
  • 52.
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56. INCREASED SAFETY EQUIPMENT ( Ex ‘e’ ) Definition as per IS 6381 A type of protection by which measures are applied so as to prevent with a minor degree of security, the possibility of excessive temperature and the occurrence of arcs or sparks in the interior and the external parts of electrical apparatus which does not produce them in normal service
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62. Minimum actions of Failure of Protective Gas for Ex ‘p’
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67.
  • 68.
  • 69.
  • 70. IP Types and Protection Details FIRST NUMERAL 0 No protection 1 Objects greater than 50 mm 2 Objects greater than 12 mm 3 Objects greater than 2.5 mm 4 Objects greater than 1.0 mm 5 Dust - protected 6 Dust tight SECOND NUMERAL 0 No protection 1 Vertically dripping 2 Angular dripping 3 Sprayed water 4 Splashed water 5 Water jets 6 Heavy seas 7 Effects of immersion 8 Indefinite immersion
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73. INSTALLATION & MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
  • 74.
  • 75.
  • 76.
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.
  • 80.
  • 81.
  • 82.
  • 83.
  • 84. STATUTORY REGULATIONS & APPROVAL REQUIREMENTS
  • 85.
  • 86.
  • 87.
  • 88.
  • 89.
  • 90.
  • 91.
  • 92. ELECTRICAL SAFETY AUDITING IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95.
  • 96.
  • 97.
  • 98.
  • 99.
  • 100.