Gas Mixing
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING:
PLUG FLOW
5 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING:
BACKMIXED INITIAL ZONE
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pumps for Hydrocarbon Service
1 SCOPE
2 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2.1 General
2.2 Pure Hydrocarbons
2.3 Associated Compounds
2.4 Crude Oil
2.5 Toxicology
2.6 Cavitation
2.7 Velocity of Sound
3 FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS
3.1 General
3.2 Definitions
3.3 The Electrical Area Classification
4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
5 LINE DIAGRAM (PROCESS)
6 LAYOUT
7 SHAFT SEALS
7.1 Selection
7.2 Engineering of Seals
8 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
8.1 General
8.2 Effects of Low Density
9 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
9.1 Process Wetted Parts
9.2 Mechanical Components
9.3 Non Metallic’s
APPENDIX A - BARNARD & WEIR SEAL THEORY FIGURES
1 VAPOR PRESSURE OF HYDROCARBONS
2 VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS
3 VAPOR PRESSURE OF GASOLINES
4 SPECIFIC HEAT OF HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS
5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF OLEFINE, DI OLEFINES AND PARAFFINS
6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AROMATICS
7 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART FOR PARAFFINS, AROMATICS
AND PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
8 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART FOR MINERAL LUBRICATING
OILS
TABLES
1 PURE HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2A CRUDE OILS PROPERTIES
2B NINIAN: PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OIL, NAPHTHAS AND KEROSENE
2C NINIAN: PROPERTIES OF GAS OILS AND RESIDUES
3 PURE HYROCARBON FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...Gerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses adiabatic reactor analysis for methanol synthesis from syngas. It provides the reaction kinetics and calculates conversion, temperature, and reactor volume needed at different conversions. Energy and mass balances are used to derive relationships between conversion, temperature and reaction rate. Data is generated to plot conversion versus volumetric flow rate for reactor sizing. The plot indicates a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) could achieve 85% conversion before switching to a plug flow reactor (PFR) for higher conversion with less volume.
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
How to Use the GBHE Mixing Guides
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE MIXING GUIDES
4.1 Mixing Guides
4.2 GBHE Mixing and Agitation Manual
5 DEVICE SELECTION
6 MIXING QUESTIONNAIRE
6.1 What is being mixed?
6.2 Why is it being mixed?
6.3 How is it to be mixed?
6.4 Is Heat Transfer Important?
6.5 Is Mixing Time Important?
6.6 Is Inventory Important?
6.7 Is Subsequent Phase Separation Important?
6.8 What Quantities?
6.9 What are the Selection Criteria?
6.10 What Data are required?
7 BASICS
7.1 Bulk Movement
7.2 Shear and Elongation
7.3 Turbulent Diffusion
7.4 Molecular Diffusion
7.5 Mixing Mechanisms
APPENDICES
A ROTATING MIXING DEVICES
B MIXING DEVICES WITHOUT MOVING PARTS
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat IntegrationGerard B. Hawkins
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat Integration
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 SEQUENCING OF SIMPLE COLUMNS
4.1 Sidestream Columns
4.2 Multi-Feed Columns
5 SIMPLE COLUMN SEQUENCING AND HEAT
INTEGRATION INTERACTIONS
5.1 Energy Quantity and Quality
5.2 Heat Integration within the Total Flowsheet
6 COMPLEX COLUMN ARRANGEMENTS
6.1 Indirect Sequence with Vapor Link
6.2 Sidestream Systems
6.3 Pre-Fractionator Systems
7 COMPLEX COLUMNS AND HEAT INTEGRATION
INTERACTIONS
FIGURES
1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SEQUENCES
2 A SINGLE SIDESTREAM COLUMN REPLACING 2
SIMPLE COLUMNS
3 A TYPICAL MULTI-FEED COLUMN
4 TYPICAL GRAND COMPOSITION CURVE
5 TYPICAL INDIRECT SEQUENCE WITH VAPOUR LINK
6 SIDESTREAM STRIPPER AND SIDESTREAM
RECTIFIER
7 SIMPLEST PRE-FRACTIONATOR SYSTEM
8 SIMPLEST PRE-FRACTIONATOR SYSTEM
9 PETLYUK COLUMN
This document provides an engineering design guide for pumps used in ammonium nitrate service. It discusses the properties of ammonium nitrate and its solutions, including decomposition, combustion, detonation, density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and freezing point. It also covers the calculation of pump duty, choice of pump type (centrifugal, rotary, reciprocating), recommended line diagrams, construction features of different pump types, materials of construction, and appendices on bearing lubricants. The guide is intended to help with the integration and design of pump systems for handling ammonium nitrate and its solutions in industrial processes.
This document provides guidance on residence time distribution (RTD) data for process engineers. It discusses:
1) How RTD data measures mixing in reactors and can be used to model reactor performance.
2) Examples of how RTD data can model reactors for first and second order reactions, and the differences between micro and macromixing models.
3) Techniques for measuring RTD using radioactive tracers and modeling results based on the measured curves.
Turbulent Heat Transfer to Non Newtonian Fluids in Circular TubesGerard B. Hawkins
Turbulent Heat Transfer to Non Newtonian Fluids in Circular Tubes
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE INTEGRATION OF THE ENERGY EQUATION
5 THE EDDY VISCOSITY FOR NON-NEWTONIAN AND DRAG REDUCING FLUIDS
6 THE CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS FOR NON-NEWTONIAN AND DRAG
REDUCING FLUIDS IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW
6.1 General
6.2 Drag Reducing Fibre Suspensions
6.3 Transition Delay
7 NOMENCLATURE
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Pumps for Hydrocarbon Service
1 SCOPE
2 HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2.1 General
2.2 Pure Hydrocarbons
2.3 Associated Compounds
2.4 Crude Oil
2.5 Toxicology
2.6 Cavitation
2.7 Velocity of Sound
3 FLAMMABILITY HAZARDS
3.1 General
3.2 Definitions
3.3 The Electrical Area Classification
4 CHOICE OF PUMP TYPE
5 LINE DIAGRAM (PROCESS)
6 LAYOUT
7 SHAFT SEALS
7.1 Selection
7.2 Engineering of Seals
8 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
8.1 General
8.2 Effects of Low Density
9 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
9.1 Process Wetted Parts
9.2 Mechanical Components
9.3 Non Metallic’s
APPENDIX A - BARNARD & WEIR SEAL THEORY FIGURES
1 VAPOR PRESSURE OF HYDROCARBONS
2 VAPOR PRESSURE OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS
3 VAPOR PRESSURE OF GASOLINES
4 SPECIFIC HEAT OF HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS
5 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF OLEFINE, DI OLEFINES AND PARAFFINS
6 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF AROMATICS
7 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART FOR PARAFFINS, AROMATICS
AND PETROLEUM FRACTIONS
8 VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART FOR MINERAL LUBRICATING
OILS
TABLES
1 PURE HYDROCARBON PROPERTIES
2A CRUDE OILS PROPERTIES
2B NINIAN: PROPERTIES OF CRUDE OIL, NAPHTHAS AND KEROSENE
2C NINIAN: PROPERTIES OF GAS OILS AND RESIDUES
3 PURE HYROCARBON FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adiabatic Reactor Analysis for Methanol Synthesis Plant Note Book Series: P...Gerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses adiabatic reactor analysis for methanol synthesis from syngas. It provides the reaction kinetics and calculates conversion, temperature, and reactor volume needed at different conversions. Energy and mass balances are used to derive relationships between conversion, temperature and reaction rate. Data is generated to plot conversion versus volumetric flow rate for reactor sizing. The plot indicates a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) could achieve 85% conversion before switching to a plug flow reactor (PFR) for higher conversion with less volume.
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
How to Use the GBHE Mixing Guides
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE MIXING GUIDES
4.1 Mixing Guides
4.2 GBHE Mixing and Agitation Manual
5 DEVICE SELECTION
6 MIXING QUESTIONNAIRE
6.1 What is being mixed?
6.2 Why is it being mixed?
6.3 How is it to be mixed?
6.4 Is Heat Transfer Important?
6.5 Is Mixing Time Important?
6.6 Is Inventory Important?
6.7 Is Subsequent Phase Separation Important?
6.8 What Quantities?
6.9 What are the Selection Criteria?
6.10 What Data are required?
7 BASICS
7.1 Bulk Movement
7.2 Shear and Elongation
7.3 Turbulent Diffusion
7.4 Molecular Diffusion
7.5 Mixing Mechanisms
APPENDICES
A ROTATING MIXING DEVICES
B MIXING DEVICES WITHOUT MOVING PARTS
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat IntegrationGerard B. Hawkins
Distillation Sequences, Complex Columns and Heat Integration
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 SEQUENCING OF SIMPLE COLUMNS
4.1 Sidestream Columns
4.2 Multi-Feed Columns
5 SIMPLE COLUMN SEQUENCING AND HEAT
INTEGRATION INTERACTIONS
5.1 Energy Quantity and Quality
5.2 Heat Integration within the Total Flowsheet
6 COMPLEX COLUMN ARRANGEMENTS
6.1 Indirect Sequence with Vapor Link
6.2 Sidestream Systems
6.3 Pre-Fractionator Systems
7 COMPLEX COLUMNS AND HEAT INTEGRATION
INTERACTIONS
FIGURES
1 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SEQUENCES
2 A SINGLE SIDESTREAM COLUMN REPLACING 2
SIMPLE COLUMNS
3 A TYPICAL MULTI-FEED COLUMN
4 TYPICAL GRAND COMPOSITION CURVE
5 TYPICAL INDIRECT SEQUENCE WITH VAPOUR LINK
6 SIDESTREAM STRIPPER AND SIDESTREAM
RECTIFIER
7 SIMPLEST PRE-FRACTIONATOR SYSTEM
8 SIMPLEST PRE-FRACTIONATOR SYSTEM
9 PETLYUK COLUMN
This document provides an engineering design guide for pumps used in ammonium nitrate service. It discusses the properties of ammonium nitrate and its solutions, including decomposition, combustion, detonation, density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and freezing point. It also covers the calculation of pump duty, choice of pump type (centrifugal, rotary, reciprocating), recommended line diagrams, construction features of different pump types, materials of construction, and appendices on bearing lubricants. The guide is intended to help with the integration and design of pump systems for handling ammonium nitrate and its solutions in industrial processes.
This document provides guidance on residence time distribution (RTD) data for process engineers. It discusses:
1) How RTD data measures mixing in reactors and can be used to model reactor performance.
2) Examples of how RTD data can model reactors for first and second order reactions, and the differences between micro and macromixing models.
3) Techniques for measuring RTD using radioactive tracers and modeling results based on the measured curves.
Turbulent Heat Transfer to Non Newtonian Fluids in Circular TubesGerard B. Hawkins
Turbulent Heat Transfer to Non Newtonian Fluids in Circular Tubes
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE INTEGRATION OF THE ENERGY EQUATION
5 THE EDDY VISCOSITY FOR NON-NEWTONIAN AND DRAG REDUCING FLUIDS
6 THE CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENTS FOR NON-NEWTONIAN AND DRAG
REDUCING FLUIDS IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW
6.1 General
6.2 Drag Reducing Fibre Suspensions
6.3 Transition Delay
7 NOMENCLATURE
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Interpretation and Correlation of Viscometric Data
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID BEHAVIOR
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids
4.3 Caution
5 VISCOMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR
TIME-INDEPENDENT FLUIDS
5.1 Concentric Cylinder Viscometers
5.2 Cone and Plate Viscometers
5.3 Parallel Plate Viscometer
5.4 Tube or Capillary Viscometer
5.5 Checks for Consistency of Data and Interpretation
5.6 Estimate of Process Shear Rate
6 MODEL FITTING TO FLOW CURVES
6.1 Power Law
6.2 Bingham Plastic
6.3 Direct use of Numerical Data
6.4 Rheological Models Involving Temperature Dependence
7 CHARACTERIZATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT LIQUIDS
7.1 Sample Loading
7.2 Tests at Constant Shear Rate
7.3 Dynamic Response Measurement
7.4 Changes in Shear Rate
7.4 Concluding Remarks
8 TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF
VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS
8.1 Stress Relaxation
8.2 Oscillatory Shear Measurements
8.3 Normal Force Measurement
8.4 Elongational Viscosity Measurement
9 NOMENCLATURE
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A EQUATIONS FOR VISCOMETERS
A.1 EQUATIONS FOR CONCENTRIC CYLINDER
VISCOMETERS
A.2 EQUATIONS FOR CONE AND PLATE VISCOMETERS
A.3 EQUATIONS FOR PARALLEL PLATE VISCOMETER
A.4 EQUATIONS FOR TUBE OR CAPILLARY VISCOMETER
Batch Distillation
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND TO THE DESIGN
4.1 General
4.2 Choice of batch/continuous operation
4.3 Boiling point curve and cut policy
4.4 Method of design
4.5 Scope of calculations required for design
5 SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION
6 FRACTIONAL BATCH DISTILLATION
6.1 General
6.2 Approximate methods
6.3 Rigorous design - use of a computer model
6.4 Other factors influencing the design
6.4.1 Occupation
6.4.2 Choice of Batch Rectification or Stripping
6.4.3 Batch size
6.4.4 Initial estimate of cut policy
6.4.5 Liquid Holdup
6.4.6 Total reflux operation and heating-up time
6.4.7 Column operating pressure
6.5 Optimum Design of the Batch Still
6.6 Special design problems
7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF EQUIPMENT DESIGN
7.1 Kettle reboilers
7.2 Column Internals
7.3 Condensers and reflux split boxes
8 PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN
BATCH DISTILLATION
9 MECHANICAL DESIGN FEATURES
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A McCABE - THIELE METHOD - TYPICAL EXAMPLE
Estimation of Pressure Drop in Pipe Systems
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 units
4 SOURCES OF DATA
5 BASIC CONCEPTS
5.1 Equation for Pressure Change in a Flowing
Fluid
5.2 Static and Stagnation Pressures
5.3 Sonic Flow
6 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PIPES OF CONSTANT
CROSS-SECTION
6.1 Straight Circular Pipes
6.2 Ducts of Non-circular Cross-section
6.3 Coils
6.4 General Equation for Incompressible Flow
in Pipes of Constant Cross-section
7 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PIPES OF CONSTANT
CROSS-SECTION
7.1 Isothermal Flow
7.2 Adiabatic Flow
7.3 Estimation of Pressure Drop for Adiabatic
Flow in Pipes of Constant Cross-section
7.4 Ratio of Isothermal to Adiabatic Pressure Drop
8 FLOW IN PIPE FITTINGS
8.1 Incompressible Flow
8.2 Compressible Flow
9 FLOW IN BENDS
9.1 Incompressible Flow in Bends
9.2 Compressible Flow in Bends
10 CHANGES IN CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
9.1 Incompressible Flow
9.2 Compressible Flow
11 ORIFICES, NOZZLES AND VENTURIS
11.1 Incompressible Flow through an Orifice
11.2 Compressible Flow through an Orifice or Nozzle
11.3 Venturi Choke Tubes
12 VALVES
12.1 General
12.2 Incompressible Flow in Valves
12.2 Compressible Flow in Valves
13 COMBINING AND DIVIDING FLOW
9.1 Incompressible Flow
9.2 Compressible Flow
14 COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR FLUID FLOW
15 NOMENCLATURE
16 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
B COMPRESSIBLE FLOW THROUGH ORIFICES
C THE ‘TWO-K’ METHOD FOR FITTING PRESSURE LOSS
The document is a process engineering guide from GBH Enterprises that discusses the design of homogeneous reactors. It provides definitions and outlines the key design steps, including determining reaction kinetics, selecting the ideal reactor type based on required residence time and flow pattern, and modeling different reactor configurations. Examples of equipment for gas and liquid phase reactors are also included to aid in the initial selection process.
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 DESCRIPTION OF PACKED COLUMN INTERNALS
7. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Selection of Packing Size
7.2 Rough Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 LIQUID DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION
8.1 Basic Concepts
8.2 Pour Point Density
8.3 Peripheral Irrigation - the Wall Zone
8.4 Distributor Levelness
8.5 Maximum Bed Height and Liquid Redistribution
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PACKED COLUMN DESIGN
9.1 Packing
9.2 Support Grid
9.3 Liquid Collector
9.4 Liquid Distributor or Redistributor
9.5 Packing Hold-down Grid
9.6 Reflux or Feed Pipe
9.7 Reboil Return Pipe
9.8 Liquid Draw-offs
9.9 Vapor Draw-offs
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A DEFINITIONS
A.1 INTRODUCTION
A.2 MECHANICAL DEFINITIONS
A.3 PERFORMANCE DEFINITIONS
B PACKING HYDRAULICS - THE NORTON METHOD
TABLES
1 PACKING FACTORS FOR THE MORE COMMON
RANDOM PACKINGS
Overflows and Gravity Drainage Systems
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM
5 DESIGNING FOR FLOODED FLOW
6 DESIGNING NON-FLOODED PIPELINES
6.1 Vertical Pipework
6.2 From the Side of a Vessel
6.3 Established (uniform) Flow in Near-horizontal Pipes
6.4 Non-uniform Flow
7 NON-FLOODED FLOW IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS
8 ENTRAINING FLOW
9 SIMPLE TANK OVERFLOWS
9.1 Venting of the Tank
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
11 NOMENCLATURE
TABLE
1 GEOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS OF PART-FULL PIPES
FIGURES
1 TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF SURGING FLOW
2 DESIGNING FOR FLOODED FLOW
3 CAPACITY OF SLOPING PIPELINES
4 OVERFLOW FROM SIDE OF VESSEL
5 METHODS OF AVOIDING LARGE CIRCULAR SIDE
OVERFLOWS
6 CAPACITY OF A GENTLY SLOPING PIPE AS A FUNCTION OF LIQUID DEPTH
7 COMPLEX PIPE SYSTEMS
8 REMOVAL OF ENTRAINED GASES
This document is a process engineering guide from GBH Enterprises on mixing of miscible liquids. It provides information on selecting between mechanically agitated vessels, jet mixed vessels, and tubular mixers. It also discusses the key parameters in designing agitated vessels, including mixing time, power requirements, vortex formation, heat transfer, and flow/circulation. Design considerations and correlations are presented for each of these parameters to aid in the selection and design of mixing equipment for miscible liquids.
Graphical Representation of Liquid-Liquid Phase EquilibriaGerard B. Hawkins
Graphical Representation of
Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibria
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
4.1 Use of Composition Diagrams
4.2 Ternary Systems with Immiscible Liquids
4.3 Graphical Design Using Ternary Diagrams
APPENDICES
A INTERPOLATION AND CORRELATION OF THE LINES
FIGURES
1 TRIANGULAR CO-ORDINATES
2 TYPE 1 SYSTEM: ONE PAIR OF PARTIALLY MISCIBLE LIQUIDS
3 TYPE 2 SYSTEM: TWO PAIR OF PARTIALLYMISCIBLE LIQUIDS
4 DESIGN OF COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION SYSTEM WITHOUT REFLUX – TYPE 1 SYSTEM
5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REFLUXED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
6 DESIGN OF COUNTERCURRENT SYSTEM WITH REFLUX
7 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONJUGATE LINE
Physical Properties for Heat Exchanger Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 COMPONENT PROPERTIES
4.1 General
4.2 Use of Component Properties for Mixtures
5 INPUT OF MIXTURE CURVES
5.1 General
5.2 Generation of the Mixture Curves
5.3 Selection of Temperature Points
5.4 Extrapolation
6 IMMISCIBLE CONDENSATES
FIGURES
1 TEMPERATURE POINTS SELECTED FOR EQUAL ENTHALPY CHANGE
2 TEMPERATURE POINTS SELECTED FOR GOOD
FIT TO CURVE
Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Turbulent Flow of Non-Newtonian FluidsGerard B. Hawkins
Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Turbulent Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESCRIPTION OF ANOMALOUS EFFECTS
4.1 Wall Slip
4.2 Drag Reduction in Polymeric Materials
4.3 Transition Delay by Polymeric Materials
4.4 Drag Reduction in Suspensions
5 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE DROP
IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW IN THE ABSENCE
OF DRAG REDUCTION
5.1 Pressure Drop in the Absence of Wall Slip and
Drag Reduction
5.2 Wall Slip
5.3 Pipe Roughness
5.4 Pipe Fittings
6 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DRAG REDUCING
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
6.1 General
6.2 Transition Delay
6.3 Pipe Roughness
6.4 Pipe Fittings
7 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DRAG REDUCING
FIBRE SUSPENSIONS
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
9 NOMENCLATURE
FIGURES
1 DRAG REDUCTION PHENOMENA
2 TRANSITION DELAY PHENOMENA
3 PROCEDURE FOR THE CALCULATION OF
PRESSURE DROP IN TURBULENT NON-NEWTONIAN
PIPE FLOW
4 TYPICAL RELATIONSHIP FOR Ψ VERSUS ʋ*
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
Large Water Pumps
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
SECTION ONE: INTEGRATION OF PUMPS INTO THE PROCESS
2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 Cooling Water
2.2 Brine
2.3 Estuary Water
2.4 Harbor Water
2.5 Oil-field water
3 CALCULATION OF DUTY
4 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
4.1 Type of Pump
4.2 Points to Consider
4.3 Number of Pumps
5 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM
5.1 Check List for Each Pump
6 RECOMMENDED LAYOUT
SECTION TWO: CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
7 HORIZONTAL, AXIALLY SPLIT CASING PUMPS
7.1 Pressure Casing
7.2 Bolting
7.3 Flanges and Connections
7.4 Rotating Elements
7.5 Wear Rings
7.6 Running Clearances
7.7 Mechanical Seals
7.8 Packed Glands
7.9 Bearings and Bearing Housings
7.10 Lubrication
7.11 Couplings
7.12 Guards
7.13 Baseplates
7.14 Flywheels
8 VERTICAL PUMPS
8.1 General
8.2 Pressure Casing
8.3 Bolting
8.4 Flanges and Connections
8.5 Rotating Element
8.6 Packed Glands
8.7 Bearings and Bearing Housings
8.8 Pump Head
8.9 Column Pipes
8.10 Line Shaft and Couplings
8.11 Reverse Rotation
8.12 Gearboxes
9 MATERIALS
9.1 Castings
9.2 Casings
9.3 Impellers
9.4 Shafts
9.5 Shaft Sleeves
9.6 Bolts and Nuts
10 DRIVERS
10.1 Electric Motor Drives
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES:
A COOLING WATER - EUROPEAN SITE
B TIDAL RIVER ESTUARY
C FLYWHEEL INERTIA FOR PRESSURE SURGE ABATEMENT
D RESIN COATING OF CASINGS FOR WATER PUMPS
E AREA RATIO METHOD
F NOTES ON PUMP IMPELLERS CASTINGS
G LIMIT ON SHAFT DIAMETER FOR HORIZONTAL PUMPS HAVING
ONE DOUBLE-ENTRY IMPELLER SUPPORTED BETWEEN BEARINGS
H FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS ON RISING MAIN ASSEMBLY
I POWER COSTS
J PUTATIVE COST COMPARISON SHEET
K TECHNICAL COMPARISON SHEETS
FIGURES
2.1 VAPOR TEMPERATURE CURVES
2.2 DENSITY TEMPERATURE CURVES
3.1 TYPICAL HEAD OF PUMPS
3.2 TOTAL HEAD OF VERTICAL IMMERSED PUMP
3.3 TYPICAL TIDAL RIVER ESTUARY LEVELS
3.5 SUBMERGENCE LIMITS
4.1 TYPES OF PUMP
4.2 GUIDE TO PUMP TYPE AND SPEED
5.1 TYPICAL LINE DIAGRAM
6 GUIDE TO SUCTION PIPEWORK DESIGN
7 CASING AND IMPELLER DETAILS
8.1 DRY WELL AND WET WELL PUMP INSTALLATIONS
8.2 BELLMOUTH DIMENSIONS FOR VERTICAL INTAKES
8.3 MAXIMUM SPACING BETWEEN SHAFT GUIDE BUSHING
8.4 LINE SHAFT COUPLING
9 TYPICAL VOLUTE CASING
10 TYPICAL CASE WEAR RINGS
11 SEAL AREA
TABLES
1 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (25% W/W)
2 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (20% W/W)
3 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (16.25% W/W)
4 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (15% W/W)
5 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (10% W/W)
6 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (5% W/W)
7 GUIDE TO PUMP TYPE AND SPEED
8 RECOMMENDED CAST MATERIALS FOR USE IN THE PUMP INDUSTRY
GRAPHS
1 GUIDE TO ROTOR INERTIA
2 LIMITS BETWEEN BEARINGS
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DESIGN GUIDE
Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps Into A ProcessGerard B. Hawkins
Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps into a Process
Engineering Design Guide
1 SCOPE
2 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF PUMP
SECTION A - TYPE/FLOW/PRESSURE/SPEED RATING
Al Pumping Pressure
A2 Pump Flowrate and Capacity
A3 Guide to Pump Speed & Type
A4 Metering Criteria
A5 Pressure Pulsation
A6 Over Delivery
SECTION B - INLET CONDITIONS
B1 Calculation of Basic NPSH
B2 Correction for Frictional Head
B3 Correction for Acceleration Head
B4 Calculation of Available NPSH
B5 Corrections to NPSH for Fluid Properties
B6 Estimation of NPSH Required
B7 Priming
SECTION C - POWER RATING
C1 Pump Efficiency
C2 Calculation of Absorbed Power
C3 Determination of Driver Power Rating
SECTION D - CASING PRESSURE RATING
Dl Calculation of Maximum Discharge Pressure
D2 Discharge Pressure Relief Rating
D3 Calculation of Pump Head Outlet Losses
D4 Casing Hydrostatic Test Pressure
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
FIGURES
A3.1 ESTIMATE OF CRANK SPEED
A3.3 SELECTION OF PUMPING HEAD TYPE
B5.1 ESTIMATE OF VISCOSITY OF FINE SUSPENSIONS
B6 ESTIMATE OF NPSH REQUIRED
C1.1 GRAPH - VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY VS MEAN DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
General Water Treatment For Cooling Water
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CHOICE OF COOLING SYSTEM
4.1 ‘Once through' Cooling Systems
4.2 Open Evaporative Recirculating Systems
4.3 Closed Recirculating Systems
4.4 Comparison of Cooling Systems
5 MAKE-UP WATER QUALITY
6 FOULING PROCESSES
6.1 Deposition
6.2 Scaling
6.3 Corrosion
6.4 Biological Growth
7 CONTROL OF THE COOLING SYSTEM
7.1 ‘Once through' Cooling Systems
7.2 Closed Recirculating Systems
7.3 Open Evaporative Cooling Systems
TABLES
1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF FOULING PROCESSES AND INSTALLED COSTS
2 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
FIGURES
1 PREDICTION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE SCALING
2 CALCIUM SULFATE SOLUBILITY
3 CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCALING INDEX
Filtration
0 INTRODUCTION
1 The Theory Underlying Filtration Processes
1.1 The Mechanism of Simple Filtration Systems
1.1.2 Cake Filtration
1.1.3 Complete Blocking
1.1.4 Standard Blocking
1.1.5 Intermediate Blocking
1.2 Cake Filtration – Models and Mechanisms
1.2.1 Classical Theory for the Permeability of Porous Cakes and Beds
1.2.2 The Rate of Filtration through a Compressible Cake – The Standard Filtration Equation
1.2.3 The Compression or Consolidation of Filter Cakes – Ultimate degree of dewatering
1.2.4 The Rate of Consolidation
1.2.5 Useful Semi-Empirical Relations for Constant Pressure and Constant Rate Cake Filtration
1.2.6 Constant Pressure Filtration
1.2.7 Constant Rate Filtration
1.2.8 Multiphase Theory of Filtration
1.3 Crossflow Filtration
2 The Range and Selection of Filtration Equipment Technology
2.1 Scale
2.2 Solids Recovery, Liquids Clarification or Feed stream Concentration
2.3 Rate of Sedimentation
2.4 Rate of Cake Formation and Drainage
2.5 Batch vs Continuous Operation
2.6 Solids Loading
2.7 Further Processing
2.8 Aseptic or “Hygienic” Operation
2.9 Miscellaneous
2.10 Shear versus Compressional Deformation
2.11 Pressure versus Vacuum
3 Suspension Conditioning Prior to Filtration
3.1 Simple Filtration Aids
3.2 Mechanical Treatments
4 Post-Filtration Treatments and Further Downstream Processing
4.1 Washing
4.1.1 Air-Blowing
4.1.2 Drying
5 Testing and Characterization of Suspensions
5.1 Introduction – Suspension
5.2 Properties relevant to Filtration Performance
5.2.1 Pre-Filtration Properties of Suspension
5.2.2 Properties of Filter Cake
5.2.3 Laboratory Scale Filtration Rigs
5.3 Means of Monitoring Flocculant Dosage
5.4 Filter Cake Testing
5.4.1 Strength Testing (See also piston press described earlier)
5.4.2 Cake Permeability or Resistance
5.4.3 Rate of Cake Formation
6 Examples of the Application of the Forgoing Principles
6.1 Dewatering of Calcium Carbonate Slurries
6.2 Dewatering of Organic Products – Procion Dyestuffs
6.3 Filtration of Biological Systems – Harvesting a Filamentous Organism
References
Tables
Figures
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Gas Solid Mixing
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZED BED
5 MIXING IN FLUIDIZED BEDS
5.1 Group A Powders
5.2 Group B Powders
5.3 Group C Powders
5.4 Group D Powders
6 MECHANISMS OF MIXING AND SEGREGATION
6.1 Particle Segregation
6.2 Rate of Mixing
6.3 Solids Circulation
7 GRID DESIGN
7.1 Choice of Configuration
8 PLENUM CHAMBER DESIGN
9 SPOUTED BED
10 NOMENCLATURE
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 POWDER CLASSIFICATION DIAGRAM FOR
FLUIDIZATION BY AIR
2 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF MIXING BY A SINGLE RISING BUBBLE IN A BED OF SMALL
PARTICLES
3 SEGREGATION PATTERNS WITH 'PRACTICAL'
MATERIALS
4 SPOUTED BED – DIAGRAMMATIC
Interpretation and Correlation of Viscometric Data
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID BEHAVIOR
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classification of Non-Newtonian Fluids
4.3 Caution
5 VISCOMETER MEASUREMENTS FOR
TIME-INDEPENDENT FLUIDS
5.1 Concentric Cylinder Viscometers
5.2 Cone and Plate Viscometers
5.3 Parallel Plate Viscometer
5.4 Tube or Capillary Viscometer
5.5 Checks for Consistency of Data and Interpretation
5.6 Estimate of Process Shear Rate
6 MODEL FITTING TO FLOW CURVES
6.1 Power Law
6.2 Bingham Plastic
6.3 Direct use of Numerical Data
6.4 Rheological Models Involving Temperature Dependence
7 CHARACTERIZATION OF TIME-DEPENDENT LIQUIDS
7.1 Sample Loading
7.2 Tests at Constant Shear Rate
7.3 Dynamic Response Measurement
7.4 Changes in Shear Rate
7.4 Concluding Remarks
8 TECHNIQUES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF
VISCOELASTIC LIQUIDS
8.1 Stress Relaxation
8.2 Oscillatory Shear Measurements
8.3 Normal Force Measurement
8.4 Elongational Viscosity Measurement
9 NOMENCLATURE
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A EQUATIONS FOR VISCOMETERS
A.1 EQUATIONS FOR CONCENTRIC CYLINDER
VISCOMETERS
A.2 EQUATIONS FOR CONE AND PLATE VISCOMETERS
A.3 EQUATIONS FOR PARALLEL PLATE VISCOMETER
A.4 EQUATIONS FOR TUBE OR CAPILLARY VISCOMETER
Batch Distillation
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND TO THE DESIGN
4.1 General
4.2 Choice of batch/continuous operation
4.3 Boiling point curve and cut policy
4.4 Method of design
4.5 Scope of calculations required for design
5 SIMPLE BATCH DISTILLATION
6 FRACTIONAL BATCH DISTILLATION
6.1 General
6.2 Approximate methods
6.3 Rigorous design - use of a computer model
6.4 Other factors influencing the design
6.4.1 Occupation
6.4.2 Choice of Batch Rectification or Stripping
6.4.3 Batch size
6.4.4 Initial estimate of cut policy
6.4.5 Liquid Holdup
6.4.6 Total reflux operation and heating-up time
6.4.7 Column operating pressure
6.5 Optimum Design of the Batch Still
6.6 Special design problems
7 GENERAL ASPECTS OF EQUIPMENT DESIGN
7.1 Kettle reboilers
7.2 Column Internals
7.3 Condensers and reflux split boxes
8 PROCESS CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION IN
BATCH DISTILLATION
9 MECHANICAL DESIGN FEATURES
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A McCABE - THIELE METHOD - TYPICAL EXAMPLE
Estimation of Pressure Drop in Pipe Systems
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 units
4 SOURCES OF DATA
5 BASIC CONCEPTS
5.1 Equation for Pressure Change in a Flowing
Fluid
5.2 Static and Stagnation Pressures
5.3 Sonic Flow
6 INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PIPES OF CONSTANT
CROSS-SECTION
6.1 Straight Circular Pipes
6.2 Ducts of Non-circular Cross-section
6.3 Coils
6.4 General Equation for Incompressible Flow
in Pipes of Constant Cross-section
7 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW IN PIPES OF CONSTANT
CROSS-SECTION
7.1 Isothermal Flow
7.2 Adiabatic Flow
7.3 Estimation of Pressure Drop for Adiabatic
Flow in Pipes of Constant Cross-section
7.4 Ratio of Isothermal to Adiabatic Pressure Drop
8 FLOW IN PIPE FITTINGS
8.1 Incompressible Flow
8.2 Compressible Flow
9 FLOW IN BENDS
9.1 Incompressible Flow in Bends
9.2 Compressible Flow in Bends
10 CHANGES IN CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
9.1 Incompressible Flow
9.2 Compressible Flow
11 ORIFICES, NOZZLES AND VENTURIS
11.1 Incompressible Flow through an Orifice
11.2 Compressible Flow through an Orifice or Nozzle
11.3 Venturi Choke Tubes
12 VALVES
12.1 General
12.2 Incompressible Flow in Valves
12.2 Compressible Flow in Valves
13 COMBINING AND DIVIDING FLOW
9.1 Incompressible Flow
9.2 Compressible Flow
14 COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR FLUID FLOW
15 NOMENCLATURE
16 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
B COMPRESSIBLE FLOW THROUGH ORIFICES
C THE ‘TWO-K’ METHOD FOR FITTING PRESSURE LOSS
The document is a process engineering guide from GBH Enterprises that discusses the design of homogeneous reactors. It provides definitions and outlines the key design steps, including determining reaction kinetics, selecting the ideal reactor type based on required residence time and flow pattern, and modeling different reactor configurations. Examples of equipment for gas and liquid phase reactors are also included to aid in the initial selection process.
Centrifugal Compressors
SECTION ONE - ANTI-SURGE PROTECTION AND THROUGHPUT REGULATION
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 MACHINE CHARACTERISTICS
2.1 Characteristics of a Single Compressor Stage
2.2 Characteristic of a Multiple Stage Having More
Than One Impeller
2.3 Use of Compressor Characteristics in Throughput
Regulation Schemes
3 MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF SURGE
3.1 Basic Flow Instabilities
3.2 Occurrence of Surge
3.3 Intensity of Surge
3.4 Effects of Surge
3.5 Avoidance of Surge
3.6 Recovery from Surge
4 CONTROL SCHEMES INCLUDING SURGE PROTECTION
4.1 Output Control
4.2 Surge Protection
4.3 Surge Detection and Recovery
5 DYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Interaction
5.2 Speed of Response of Antisurge Control System
6 SYSTEM EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
6.1 The Antisurge Control Valve
6.2 Non-return Valve
6.3 Pressure and flow measurement
6.4 Signal transmission
6.5 Controllers
7 TESTING
7.1 Determination of the Surge Line
7.2 Records
8 INLET GUIDE VANE UNITS
8.1 Application
8.2 Effect on Power Consumption of the Compressor
8.3 Effect of Gas Conditions, Properties and Contaminants
8.4 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.5 Control System Linearity
8.6 Actuator Specification
8.7 Avoidance of Surge
8.8 Features of Link Mechanisms
8.9 Limit Stops and Shear Links
APPENDICES
A LIST OF SYMBOLS AND PREFERRED UNITS
B WORKED EXAMPLE 1 COMPRESSOR WITH VARIABLE INLET PRESSURE AND VARIABLE GAS COMPOSITION
C WORKED EXAMPLE 2 A CONSTANT SPEED ~ STAGE COMPRESSOR WITH INTER-COOLING
D WORKED EXAMPLE 3 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE ANTISURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR A SERVICE AIR COMPRESSOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
E EXAMPLE OF INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
FIGURES
2.1 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT DISCHARGE CONDITIONS
2.2 TYPICAL COMPRESSOR STAGE CHARACTERISTIC PLOTTED WITH FLOW AT INLET CONDITIONS
2.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPRESSOR STAGE AT VARYING SPEEDS
2.4 SYSTEM WORKING POINT DEFINED BY INTERSECTION OF PROCESS AND COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS
2.5 DISCHARGE THROTTLE REGULATION
2.6 BYPASS REGULATION
2.7 INLET THROTTLE REGULATION
2.8 INLET GUIDE VANE REGULATION
2.9 VARIABLE SPEED REGULATION
3.1 GAS PULSATION LEVELS FOR A CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF CYCLIC FLOW DURING SURGE OF LONG PERIOD
3.3 TYPICAL WAVEFORM OF DISCHARGE PRESSURE DURING SURGE
3.4 MULTIPLE SURGE LINE FOR A MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR
3.5 TYPICAL MULTIPLE SURGE LINES FOR SINGLE STAGE AXIAL-FLOW COMPRESSOR
4.1 GENERAL SCHEMATIC FOR COMPRESSORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL TO FEED MULTIPLE USER PLANTS
4.2 ILLUSTRATION OF SAFETY MARGIN BETWEEN SURGE POINT AND SURGE PROTECTION POINT AT WHICH ANTISURGE SYSTEM IS ACTIVATED
4.3 ANTISURGE SYSTEM FOR COMPRESSOR WITH FLAT PERFO ..........
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 DESCRIPTION OF PACKED COLUMN INTERNALS
7. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Selection of Packing Size
7.2 Rough Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 LIQUID DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION
8.1 Basic Concepts
8.2 Pour Point Density
8.3 Peripheral Irrigation - the Wall Zone
8.4 Distributor Levelness
8.5 Maximum Bed Height and Liquid Redistribution
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PACKED COLUMN DESIGN
9.1 Packing
9.2 Support Grid
9.3 Liquid Collector
9.4 Liquid Distributor or Redistributor
9.5 Packing Hold-down Grid
9.6 Reflux or Feed Pipe
9.7 Reboil Return Pipe
9.8 Liquid Draw-offs
9.9 Vapor Draw-offs
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A DEFINITIONS
A.1 INTRODUCTION
A.2 MECHANICAL DEFINITIONS
A.3 PERFORMANCE DEFINITIONS
B PACKING HYDRAULICS - THE NORTON METHOD
TABLES
1 PACKING FACTORS FOR THE MORE COMMON
RANDOM PACKINGS
Overflows and Gravity Drainage Systems
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM
5 DESIGNING FOR FLOODED FLOW
6 DESIGNING NON-FLOODED PIPELINES
6.1 Vertical Pipework
6.2 From the Side of a Vessel
6.3 Established (uniform) Flow in Near-horizontal Pipes
6.4 Non-uniform Flow
7 NON-FLOODED FLOW IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS
8 ENTRAINING FLOW
9 SIMPLE TANK OVERFLOWS
9.1 Venting of the Tank
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
11 NOMENCLATURE
TABLE
1 GEOMETRICAL FUNCTIONS OF PART-FULL PIPES
FIGURES
1 TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF SURGING FLOW
2 DESIGNING FOR FLOODED FLOW
3 CAPACITY OF SLOPING PIPELINES
4 OVERFLOW FROM SIDE OF VESSEL
5 METHODS OF AVOIDING LARGE CIRCULAR SIDE
OVERFLOWS
6 CAPACITY OF A GENTLY SLOPING PIPE AS A FUNCTION OF LIQUID DEPTH
7 COMPLEX PIPE SYSTEMS
8 REMOVAL OF ENTRAINED GASES
This document is a process engineering guide from GBH Enterprises on mixing of miscible liquids. It provides information on selecting between mechanically agitated vessels, jet mixed vessels, and tubular mixers. It also discusses the key parameters in designing agitated vessels, including mixing time, power requirements, vortex formation, heat transfer, and flow/circulation. Design considerations and correlations are presented for each of these parameters to aid in the selection and design of mixing equipment for miscible liquids.
Graphical Representation of Liquid-Liquid Phase EquilibriaGerard B. Hawkins
Graphical Representation of
Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibria
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
4.1 Use of Composition Diagrams
4.2 Ternary Systems with Immiscible Liquids
4.3 Graphical Design Using Ternary Diagrams
APPENDICES
A INTERPOLATION AND CORRELATION OF THE LINES
FIGURES
1 TRIANGULAR CO-ORDINATES
2 TYPE 1 SYSTEM: ONE PAIR OF PARTIALLY MISCIBLE LIQUIDS
3 TYPE 2 SYSTEM: TWO PAIR OF PARTIALLYMISCIBLE LIQUIDS
4 DESIGN OF COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION SYSTEM WITHOUT REFLUX – TYPE 1 SYSTEM
5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REFLUXED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
6 DESIGN OF COUNTERCURRENT SYSTEM WITH REFLUX
7 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONJUGATE LINE
Physical Properties for Heat Exchanger Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 COMPONENT PROPERTIES
4.1 General
4.2 Use of Component Properties for Mixtures
5 INPUT OF MIXTURE CURVES
5.1 General
5.2 Generation of the Mixture Curves
5.3 Selection of Temperature Points
5.4 Extrapolation
6 IMMISCIBLE CONDENSATES
FIGURES
1 TEMPERATURE POINTS SELECTED FOR EQUAL ENTHALPY CHANGE
2 TEMPERATURE POINTS SELECTED FOR GOOD
FIT TO CURVE
Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Turbulent Flow of Non-Newtonian FluidsGerard B. Hawkins
Pipeline Design for Isothermal, Turbulent Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESCRIPTION OF ANOMALOUS EFFECTS
4.1 Wall Slip
4.2 Drag Reduction in Polymeric Materials
4.3 Transition Delay by Polymeric Materials
4.4 Drag Reduction in Suspensions
5 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR PRESSURE DROP
IN TURBULENT PIPE FLOW IN THE ABSENCE
OF DRAG REDUCTION
5.1 Pressure Drop in the Absence of Wall Slip and
Drag Reduction
5.2 Wall Slip
5.3 Pipe Roughness
5.4 Pipe Fittings
6 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DRAG REDUCING
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
6.1 General
6.2 Transition Delay
6.3 Pipe Roughness
6.4 Pipe Fittings
7 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR DRAG REDUCING
FIBRE SUSPENSIONS
8 BIBLIOGRAPHY
9 NOMENCLATURE
FIGURES
1 DRAG REDUCTION PHENOMENA
2 TRANSITION DELAY PHENOMENA
3 PROCEDURE FOR THE CALCULATION OF
PRESSURE DROP IN TURBULENT NON-NEWTONIAN
PIPE FLOW
4 TYPICAL RELATIONSHIP FOR Ψ VERSUS ʋ*
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
Large Water Pumps
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
SECTION ONE: INTEGRATION OF PUMPS INTO THE PROCESS
2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID
2.1 Cooling Water
2.2 Brine
2.3 Estuary Water
2.4 Harbor Water
2.5 Oil-field water
3 CALCULATION OF DUTY
4 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
4.1 Type of Pump
4.2 Points to Consider
4.3 Number of Pumps
5 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM
5.1 Check List for Each Pump
6 RECOMMENDED LAYOUT
SECTION TWO: CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
7 HORIZONTAL, AXIALLY SPLIT CASING PUMPS
7.1 Pressure Casing
7.2 Bolting
7.3 Flanges and Connections
7.4 Rotating Elements
7.5 Wear Rings
7.6 Running Clearances
7.7 Mechanical Seals
7.8 Packed Glands
7.9 Bearings and Bearing Housings
7.10 Lubrication
7.11 Couplings
7.12 Guards
7.13 Baseplates
7.14 Flywheels
8 VERTICAL PUMPS
8.1 General
8.2 Pressure Casing
8.3 Bolting
8.4 Flanges and Connections
8.5 Rotating Element
8.6 Packed Glands
8.7 Bearings and Bearing Housings
8.8 Pump Head
8.9 Column Pipes
8.10 Line Shaft and Couplings
8.11 Reverse Rotation
8.12 Gearboxes
9 MATERIALS
9.1 Castings
9.2 Casings
9.3 Impellers
9.4 Shafts
9.5 Shaft Sleeves
9.6 Bolts and Nuts
10 DRIVERS
10.1 Electric Motor Drives
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES:
A COOLING WATER - EUROPEAN SITE
B TIDAL RIVER ESTUARY
C FLYWHEEL INERTIA FOR PRESSURE SURGE ABATEMENT
D RESIN COATING OF CASINGS FOR WATER PUMPS
E AREA RATIO METHOD
F NOTES ON PUMP IMPELLERS CASTINGS
G LIMIT ON SHAFT DIAMETER FOR HORIZONTAL PUMPS HAVING
ONE DOUBLE-ENTRY IMPELLER SUPPORTED BETWEEN BEARINGS
H FORCES AND BENDING MOMENTS ON RISING MAIN ASSEMBLY
I POWER COSTS
J PUTATIVE COST COMPARISON SHEET
K TECHNICAL COMPARISON SHEETS
FIGURES
2.1 VAPOR TEMPERATURE CURVES
2.2 DENSITY TEMPERATURE CURVES
3.1 TYPICAL HEAD OF PUMPS
3.2 TOTAL HEAD OF VERTICAL IMMERSED PUMP
3.3 TYPICAL TIDAL RIVER ESTUARY LEVELS
3.5 SUBMERGENCE LIMITS
4.1 TYPES OF PUMP
4.2 GUIDE TO PUMP TYPE AND SPEED
5.1 TYPICAL LINE DIAGRAM
6 GUIDE TO SUCTION PIPEWORK DESIGN
7 CASING AND IMPELLER DETAILS
8.1 DRY WELL AND WET WELL PUMP INSTALLATIONS
8.2 BELLMOUTH DIMENSIONS FOR VERTICAL INTAKES
8.3 MAXIMUM SPACING BETWEEN SHAFT GUIDE BUSHING
8.4 LINE SHAFT COUPLING
9 TYPICAL VOLUTE CASING
10 TYPICAL CASE WEAR RINGS
11 SEAL AREA
TABLES
1 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (25% W/W)
2 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (20% W/W)
3 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (16.25% W/W)
4 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (15% W/W)
5 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (10% W/W)
6 LIQUID PROPERTIES SODIUM CHLORIDE (5% W/W)
7 GUIDE TO PUMP TYPE AND SPEED
8 RECOMMENDED CAST MATERIALS FOR USE IN THE PUMP INDUSTRY
GRAPHS
1 GUIDE TO ROTOR INERTIA
2 LIMITS BETWEEN BEARINGS
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DESIGN GUIDE
Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps Into A ProcessGerard B. Hawkins
Integration of Reciprocating Metering Pumps into a Process
Engineering Design Guide
1 SCOPE
2 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF PUMP
SECTION A - TYPE/FLOW/PRESSURE/SPEED RATING
Al Pumping Pressure
A2 Pump Flowrate and Capacity
A3 Guide to Pump Speed & Type
A4 Metering Criteria
A5 Pressure Pulsation
A6 Over Delivery
SECTION B - INLET CONDITIONS
B1 Calculation of Basic NPSH
B2 Correction for Frictional Head
B3 Correction for Acceleration Head
B4 Calculation of Available NPSH
B5 Corrections to NPSH for Fluid Properties
B6 Estimation of NPSH Required
B7 Priming
SECTION C - POWER RATING
C1 Pump Efficiency
C2 Calculation of Absorbed Power
C3 Determination of Driver Power Rating
SECTION D - CASING PRESSURE RATING
Dl Calculation of Maximum Discharge Pressure
D2 Discharge Pressure Relief Rating
D3 Calculation of Pump Head Outlet Losses
D4 Casing Hydrostatic Test Pressure
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
FIGURES
A3.1 ESTIMATE OF CRANK SPEED
A3.3 SELECTION OF PUMPING HEAD TYPE
B5.1 ESTIMATE OF VISCOSITY OF FINE SUSPENSIONS
B6 ESTIMATE OF NPSH REQUIRED
C1.1 GRAPH - VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY VS MEAN DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE
General Water Treatment For Cooling Water
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CHOICE OF COOLING SYSTEM
4.1 ‘Once through' Cooling Systems
4.2 Open Evaporative Recirculating Systems
4.3 Closed Recirculating Systems
4.4 Comparison of Cooling Systems
5 MAKE-UP WATER QUALITY
6 FOULING PROCESSES
6.1 Deposition
6.2 Scaling
6.3 Corrosion
6.4 Biological Growth
7 CONTROL OF THE COOLING SYSTEM
7.1 ‘Once through' Cooling Systems
7.2 Closed Recirculating Systems
7.3 Open Evaporative Cooling Systems
TABLES
1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF FOULING PROCESSES AND INSTALLED COSTS
2 WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
FIGURES
1 PREDICTION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE SCALING
2 CALCIUM SULFATE SOLUBILITY
3 CALCIUM PHOSPHATE SCALING INDEX
Filtration
0 INTRODUCTION
1 The Theory Underlying Filtration Processes
1.1 The Mechanism of Simple Filtration Systems
1.1.2 Cake Filtration
1.1.3 Complete Blocking
1.1.4 Standard Blocking
1.1.5 Intermediate Blocking
1.2 Cake Filtration – Models and Mechanisms
1.2.1 Classical Theory for the Permeability of Porous Cakes and Beds
1.2.2 The Rate of Filtration through a Compressible Cake – The Standard Filtration Equation
1.2.3 The Compression or Consolidation of Filter Cakes – Ultimate degree of dewatering
1.2.4 The Rate of Consolidation
1.2.5 Useful Semi-Empirical Relations for Constant Pressure and Constant Rate Cake Filtration
1.2.6 Constant Pressure Filtration
1.2.7 Constant Rate Filtration
1.2.8 Multiphase Theory of Filtration
1.3 Crossflow Filtration
2 The Range and Selection of Filtration Equipment Technology
2.1 Scale
2.2 Solids Recovery, Liquids Clarification or Feed stream Concentration
2.3 Rate of Sedimentation
2.4 Rate of Cake Formation and Drainage
2.5 Batch vs Continuous Operation
2.6 Solids Loading
2.7 Further Processing
2.8 Aseptic or “Hygienic” Operation
2.9 Miscellaneous
2.10 Shear versus Compressional Deformation
2.11 Pressure versus Vacuum
3 Suspension Conditioning Prior to Filtration
3.1 Simple Filtration Aids
3.2 Mechanical Treatments
4 Post-Filtration Treatments and Further Downstream Processing
4.1 Washing
4.1.1 Air-Blowing
4.1.2 Drying
5 Testing and Characterization of Suspensions
5.1 Introduction – Suspension
5.2 Properties relevant to Filtration Performance
5.2.1 Pre-Filtration Properties of Suspension
5.2.2 Properties of Filter Cake
5.2.3 Laboratory Scale Filtration Rigs
5.3 Means of Monitoring Flocculant Dosage
5.4 Filter Cake Testing
5.4.1 Strength Testing (See also piston press described earlier)
5.4.2 Cake Permeability or Resistance
5.4.3 Rate of Cake Formation
6 Examples of the Application of the Forgoing Principles
6.1 Dewatering of Calcium Carbonate Slurries
6.2 Dewatering of Organic Products – Procion Dyestuffs
6.3 Filtration of Biological Systems – Harvesting a Filamentous Organism
References
Tables
Figures
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
Gas Solid Mixing
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZED BED
5 MIXING IN FLUIDIZED BEDS
5.1 Group A Powders
5.2 Group B Powders
5.3 Group C Powders
5.4 Group D Powders
6 MECHANISMS OF MIXING AND SEGREGATION
6.1 Particle Segregation
6.2 Rate of Mixing
6.3 Solids Circulation
7 GRID DESIGN
7.1 Choice of Configuration
8 PLENUM CHAMBER DESIGN
9 SPOUTED BED
10 NOMENCLATURE
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 POWDER CLASSIFICATION DIAGRAM FOR
FLUIDIZATION BY AIR
2 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF MIXING BY A SINGLE RISING BUBBLE IN A BED OF SMALL
PARTICLES
3 SEGREGATION PATTERNS WITH 'PRACTICAL'
MATERIALS
4 SPOUTED BED – DIAGRAMMATIC
This document provides an introduction to fluidized bed processing, which involves coating, granulation, and drying of particulate materials. It describes the different types of spray processes in fluidized beds, including top spray, bottom spray, and tangential spray. Bottom spray processing, developed by Dr. Dale Wurster, is commonly used in pharmaceutical applications for coating uniformity. The document outlines the key components of a fluidized bed coater and discusses important process parameters like inlet temperature, spray rate, and batch size that can impact performance. Formulation factors like coating solution strength and batch size are also reviewed. Fluidized bed processing is used to improve drug properties like taste, appearance, and release characteristics.
Gas-Solid-Liquid Mixing Systems
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT
5 THREE-PHASE MASS TRANSFER WITH CHEMICAL REACTION
6 STIRRED VESSEL DESIGN
6.1 Agitator Design
6.2 Design for Solids Suspension
6.3 Vessel Design
6.4 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer Coefficient and Surface Area
7 THREE-PHASE FLUIDIZED BEDS
7.1 Gas and Liquid Hold-Up
7.2 Calculation Procedure
7.3 Bubble Size
7.4 Mass Transfer
7.5 Heat Transfer
7.6 Elutriation
8 SLURRY REACTORS
8.1 Gas Rate
8.2 Mass Transfer
9 NOMENCLATURE
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Data Sources For Calculating Chemical Reaction EquilibriaGerard B. Hawkins
Data Sources For Calculating Chemical Reaction Equilibria
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND TO THEORY
5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist
The purpose of this checklist is to identify the stages and potential problems associated with the scale up of fixed bed reactors from the drawing board to the full scale plant, and to determine how they should be checked.
The checking can be done using various methods. These are:
• Literature data.
• Lab testing.
• Calculation.
• Modeling.
• Semi-tech testing.
• Piloting or Sidestream testing.
Identifying the stages that need to be addressed for a particular catalyst/reactor development will help in estimating the time needed for the development of the reactor
This document provides an overview of applied fluid dynamics for agitation and mixing. It discusses key topics such as:
- Common agitation and mixing equipment like impellers, tanks, baffles, and their design considerations.
- The differences between agitation and mixing, and how each promotes mass and heat transfer.
- Design equations for sizing equipment, determining power requirements, and calculating time of mixing using concepts like power number and mixing time factors.
- The use of computational fluid dynamics software to model agitation and mixing systems.
Shortcut Methods of Distillation Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 ESTIMATIONOF PLATEAGE AND REFLUX
REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Generalized Procedure for Nmin and Rmin
2.2 Equation based Procedure for Nmin and Rmin
3 PREDICTION OF OVERALL PLATE EFFICIENCY
4 SIZING OF MAIN PLANT ITEMS
4.1 Column Diameter
4.2 Surface Area of Condensers and Reboilers
FIGURES
1 NON-IDEAL EQUILIBRIUM CURVE
2 AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE,
UNDERWOOD
3 PLATE EFFICIENCY CORRELATION OF O’CONNEL
The Selection of Flocculants and other Solid-Liquid Separation AidsGerard B. Hawkins
The use of chemical additives, such as flocculants, is a common step in solid-liquid separation operations. The correct selection of agent is an essential part of the design of such processes. Many excellent reviews and guides deal with this topic, and the interested reader is referred to works such as [l-4]. In particular the Harwell-Warren Spring Report “The Use and Selection of Flocculants" provides a good overview on the application of coagulants and flocculants. This section does not attempt to reproduce a detailed treatment of that kind; instead it is our intention to state a few general rules and principles concerning methods of choosing an additive, and to illustrate briefly their application in practice.
The types of agents employed in solid-liquid separation fall into three principal classes:
Tube Wall Temperature Measurement On Steam Reformers - Best PracticesGerard B. Hawkins
GBH Enterprises provides guidance on best practices for measuring tube wall temperatures in steam reformers using optical pyrometers. It is important to measure temperatures accurately to prevent overheating tubes while maximizing plant efficiency. GBH recommends taking multiple temperature and background readings per tube using handheld pyrometers and an emissivity correction factor. Safety precautions like protective equipment are also advised. Detailed procedures are outlined for top-fired, side-fired and terrace wall furnace configurations.
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 OPTIONS IN REACTOR MODELING
2.1 General
2.2 Level of Complexity of Model
2.3 Mode of Operation of Model
2.4 Deterministic versus Empirical Modeling
2.5 Platforms for Model
2.6 Steady State versus Dynamic Model
2.7 Dimensions Modeled in Reactor
2.8 Scale of Modeling for Multiphase Reactors
2.9 Writing and Using the Model
APPENDICES
A CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT REACTOR MODELS
B NEEDS FOR MODELING AT DIFFERENT SCALES IN
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTORS
C REACTOR MODELS EMPLOYED WITHIN GBHE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
This document provides guidelines for engineering design of pressure relief systems. It discusses key principles such as identifying potential overpressure and underpressure causes, sizing relief systems to prevent hazards, and safely disposing of relieved materials. The guidelines cover statutory requirements, recommended design procedures, and documentation standards. The overall goal is to preserve equipment integrity and prevent failure from over or under pressure during all process phases.
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL
3 CONTROL AT SOURCE
3.1 Choice or Solvent
3.2 Venting Arrangements
3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing
3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer
3.5 Batch Charging
3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow
3.7 Stock Tank Design
4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
4.1 By Inference or Calculation
4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment
4.3 Analytical Instruments
4.4 Vent Emissions Database
5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Available Options
5.2 Selection of Preferred Option
5.3 Condensation
5.4 Adsorption
5.5 Absorption
5.6 Thermal Incineration
5.7 Catalytic Oxidation
5.8 Biological Filtration
5.9 Combinations of Process technologies
5.10 Processes Under Development
6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7 REFERENCES
Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials
Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations
Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance
Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
Hydrogen Compressors
Engineering Design Guide
1 SCOPE
2 PHYSICAL ROPERTIES
2.1 Data for Pure Hydrogen
2.2 Influence of Impurities
3 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
3.1 Hydrogen from Electrolytic Cells
3.2 Pure Hydrogen
4 DESIGN
4.1 Pulsation
4.2 Bypass
5 TESTING OR COMMISSIONING RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
6 LUBRICATION
7 LAYOUT
8 REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 MOLLIER CHART - HYDROGEN
2 COMPRESSIBILITY CHART
3 NELSON DIAGRAM
4 WATER CONTENT IN HYDROGEN FOR OIL-LUBRICATED COMPRESSORS AS GRAMM/M2 SWEPT CYLINDER AREA
Integration of Special Purpose Reciprocating Compressors into a ProcessGerard B. Hawkins
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF COMPRESSOR TYPE
2.1 Parameters
2.2 Preliminary Choice of Machine Type
2.3 Review of Other Types of Compressor
3 CHOICE OF NUMBER OF COMPRESSORS
3.1 Influence of Reliability Classification
3.2 Driver Considerations
3.3 Deterioration of Standby Machines
4 EFFECTS OF PROCESS GAS COMPOSITION
4.1 Particulate Contamination
4.2 Droplets in Suspension
4.3 Polymer Deposit
4.4 Molecular Weight Variation
4.5 Compressibility Variation
4.6 Gas Dryness
4.7 Gas Solution in Lubricating Oil for Cylinder and Gland
5 THROUGHPUT REGULATION
5.1 Inlet Line Throttle Valve
5.2 Inlet Line Cut-off Valve
5.3 Compressor Inlet Valve Lifter
5.4 Clearance Volume Variation
5.5 Speed Variation
5.6 Bypass
5.7 Hybrid Regulation Systems
6 PRINCIPAL FEATURES
6.1 Calculate Discharge Gas Temperature
6.2 Choice of Number of Stages
6.3 Configuration
6.4 Valve Operation Limit on Piston Speed
6.5 Limits for Mean Piston Speed
6.6 Estimation of Volumetric Efficiency
6.7 Estimation of Crankshaft Rotational Speed
6.8 Calculation of Piston Diameter
6.9 Choice of Number of Cylinders
7 DRIVER TYPE
7.1 Electric Motors
7.2 Steam Turbines
7.3 Special Drivers
8 VESSELS
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
B CONDITIONS FOR LUBRICATED CYLINDERS AND GLANDS
C ESTIMATE OF LUBE OIL CONTAMINATION OF PROCESS GAS
D INFLUENCE OF GAS COMPOSITION AND MACHINE CONSTRUCTION
ON FILLED PTFE PISTON RING SEALS
E LIMITS ON GAS TEMPERATURES
FIGURES
1 SELECTION CHART
2 DESIGN SEQUENCE 1 - ESTIMATE NUMBER OF STAGES
3 DESIGN SEQUENCE 2 - ESTIMATE CYLINDER SIZES
SMR PRE-REFORMER DESIGN
Case Study #0618416GB/H
Contents
1. SMR Pre-Reformer Design
2. Inlet Baffle Design
3. Outlet Collector
4. Hold Down Grating
5. Floating Hold Down Screen
6. Catalyst Drop Out Nozzle
7. Thermowell Detail
8. Technical Performance requirements
9. SMR Pre-Reformer Isolation
Technical Review and Commentary on Proposed Design
APPENDIX
A. Operating / Mechanical Data
B. Materials Specifications
C. Fabrication and Inspection Requirements
D. Weights
E. Nozzle Data
F. Instrument Connections
G. Manholes
The Preliminary Choice of Fan or Compressor
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 METHOD FOR PRELIMINARY SELECTION
OF COMPRESSOR
5 PROCESS DATA SHEET
5.1 Essential Data for the Completion of a
Process Data Sheet
5.2 Gas Properties
5.3 Discharge Requirements
6 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF FAN AND
COMPRESSOR TYPE
6.1 Essential Data for Preliminary Selection
7 FAN AND COMPRESSOR APPLICATIONS
7.1 Fans
7.2 Centrifugal Compressors
7.3 Axial Compressors
7.4 Reciprocating Compressors
7.5 Screw Compressors
7.6 Positive Displacement Blowers
7.7 Sliding Vane Compressors
7.8 Liquid Ring Compressors
8 PROVISION OF INSTALLED SPARES
9 PRELIMINARY ESTIMATE OF COSTS
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case ExplosionsGerard B. Hawkins
Reciprocating Compressors - Protection against Crank Case Explosions
1 SCOPE
2 OIL MIST/AIR MIXTURE EXPLOSIONS
3 PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
3.1 Design
3.2 Maintenance and Operation
FIGURES
1 FLAMMABILITY LIMITS AND SPONTANEOUS IGNITION REGION FOR MIXTURES OF LUBRICATING OIL VAPOR IN AIR.
H - Acid Caustic Fusion Stage
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION
1 DESIGN INFORMATION
1.1 Reactor Type
1.2 Temperature Range
1.3 Pressure Range
1.4 Chemical System
2 BACKGROUND
3 KINETICS AND MECHANISM
4 MAXIMUM YIELD AND IMPLICATIONS FOR REACTOR DESIGN
5 USE OF DESIGN MODEL FOR START-UP AND MANUFACTURING MONITORING
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 FUSION MODEL OUTLINE MECHANISM AND KINETIC SCHEME
2 TEST RUN OPTIMIZATION OF HEATING TIME 3600 kg/h STEAM
Physical properties and thermochemistry for reactor technologyGerard B. Hawkins
Physical Properties and Thermochemistry for Reactor Technology
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
4.1 Form of Equations
4.2 The Physical Property System: “The VAULT”
4.3 Physical Property Programs
4.4 Physical Property Estimation
4.5 Sources of Expertise
5 INTERFACING COMPUTER PROGRAMS TO THE
GBHE VAULT PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PACKAGE
5.1 Preparation of the Physical Property Data
6 THERMOCHEMISTRY
6.1 Hess's Law
6.2 Standard States
6.3 Heats of Formation
6.4 Determination of Heats of Reaction
7 CALCULATION OF HEATS OF REACTION
7.1 Analogous Reactions
7.2 Heat of Formation Data Compilations
7.3 Estimation of Standard Heats of Formation
7.4 Heats of Neutralization
7.5 Temperature Effect on Heat of Reaction
8 HEATS OF SOLUTION, DILUTION AND MIXING
8.1 Calculation of Heats of Solution / Dilution from
Literature Data
8.2 Estimation of Heats of Solution and Mixing
8.3 Integral and Differential Heats
9 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF
THERMOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
9.1 Isoperibol Calorimetry for Heats of Reaction and Solution
9.2 Heat Flow Calorimetry
9.3 Adiabatic Calorimeter
9.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
10 COMPUTER CALCULATION OF ENTHALPY OR
TEMPERATURE
11 BIBLIOGRAPHY
This document provides guidance on implementing procedures for managing critical pressure systems as outlined in PEG 4. It covers the design, manufacture, repair, modification and periodic examination of pressure vessels, piping systems, and pressure relief streams. Key requirements include using recognized standards, qualified personnel, design verification, registration of equipment, and periodic inspections to ensure safety. The document is intended to support the development of detailed local engineering procedures for managing pressure equipment over its lifecycle.
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a ProcessGerard B. Hawkins
Integration of Special Purpose Centrifugal Fans into a Process
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 NOTATION
3 PRELIMINARY CHOICE OF NUMBER OF FANS
3.1 Volume Flow Q o
3.2 Definitions
3.3 Estimate of Equivalent Pressure Rise Δ P e
3.4 Choice of Fan Type
3.5 Choice of Control Method
4 GAS DENSITY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Calculation of Inlet Pressure
4.2 Calculation of Gas Density
4.3 Atmospheric Air Conditions
5 CAPACITY AND PRESSURE RISE RATING
5.1 Calculation of Fan Capacity
5.2 Calculation of Fan Pressure Rise
5.3 Multiple Duty Points
5.4 Stability
5.5 Parallel Operation
6 GUIDE TO FAN SELECTION
6.1 Effect of Gas Contaminants
6.2 Selection of Blade Type
6.3 Selection of Rotational Speed
6.4 Wind milling and Slowroll
6.5 Estimate of Fan External Dimensions
7 POWER RATING
7.1 Estimate of Fan Efficiency
7.2 Calculation of Absorbed Power
7.3 Calculation of Driver Power Rating
7.4 Motor Power Ratings
7.5 Starting Conditions for Electric Motors
8 CASING PRESSURE RATING
8.1 Calculation of Maximum Inlet Pressure ΔP i max
8.2 Calculation of Maximum Pressure Rise Δ P s max
8.3 Calculation of Casing Test Pressure
8.4 Rating for Explosion
9 NOISE RATING
9.1 Estimate of Fan Sound Power Rating LR
9.2 Acceptable Sound Power Level LW
9.3 Acceptable Sound Pressure Level L p
9.4 Assessment of Silencing Requirements
APPENDICES
A RELIABILITY CLASSIFICATION
B FAN LAWS
FIGURES
3.4 GUIDE TO FAN TYPE
4.5 VARIATION OF AIR DENSITY WITH TEMPERATURE AND ALTITUDE
6.3.1 DUTY BOUNDARY FOR SINGLE - INLET IMPELLERS
6.3.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAD COEFFICIENT AND SPECIFIC SIZE
6.3.6 ROTATIONAL SPEEDS FOR FAN IMPELLERS WITH BACK SWEPT VANES
6.3.7 ROTATIONAL SPEED FOR FAN IMPELLERS WITH RADIAL VANES
6.3.8 RELATIONSHIP OF IMPELLER TIP SPEED TO SHAPE
6.3.9 BOUNDARY DEFINING ARDUOUS DUTY
7.1 NOMOGRAPH FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFICIENCY OF A SINGLE STAGE FAN
7.2 GRAPH: COEFFICIENT OF COMPRESSIBILITY vs PRESSURE RATIO
7.5 GRAPH: MOMENT OF INERTIA OF FAN AND MOTOR (wR2) vs kW
Reactor and Catalyst Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CATALYST DESIGN
4.1 Equivalent Pellet Diameter
4.2 Voidage
4.3 Pellet Density
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 CATALYST SUPPORT
6.1 Choice of Support
TABLES
1 CATALYST SUPPORT SHAPES
2 SECONDARY REFORMER SPREADSHEET
FIGURES
1 GRAPH OF EFFECTIVENESS v THIELE MODULUS
2 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH CATALYST SIZE
3 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH CATALYST BED VOIDAGE
4 VARIATION OF COSTS WITH VESSEL DIAMETER
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation ColumnsGerard B. Hawkins
Design and Simulation of Continuous Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
5 ROUGH METHOD OF COLUMN DESIGN
5.1 Sharp Separations
5.2 Sloppy Separations
6 DETAIL DESIGN USING THE CHEMCAD DISTILLATION PROGRAM
6.1 Sharp Separations
6.2 Sloppy Separations
7 COMPLEX COLUMNS
7.1 Multiple Feeds
7.2 Sidestream Take-Offs
8 DESIGN USING A LABORATORY COLUMN
SIMULATION
9 DESIGN USING ACTUAL PLANT DATA
9.1 Uprating or Debottlenecking Exercises
10 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A WORKED EXAMPLE
B SLOPPY SEPARATIONS
C SIMULATION USING PLANT DATA : CASE HISTORIES
TABLES
Mixing of Immiscible Liquids
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 EQUIPMENT
4.1 Agitated Tanks
4.2 Flow Mixers
4.3 'High Shear' Mixers
5 SYSTEM PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
5.1 Density
5.2 Viscosity
5.3 Interfacial Tension
6 STIRRED VESSELS
6.1 Design for Complete Dispersion
6.2 Prediction of Phase Inversion
6.3 Design for Mass Transfer
6.4 Design for Dispersed Phase Mixing
6.5 Hold-Up in Continuous Vessels
7 FLOW MIXERS
7.1 Design for Turbulent Conditions
7.2 Design for Laminar Conditions
TABLES
1 REYNOLDS NUMBER RANGES
FIGURES
1 STANDARD TANK CONFIGURATION
2 EXPERIMENTAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASS
TRANSFER COEFFICIENT AND POWER DENSITY
"SEDIMENTATION"
INTRODUCTION - THE PHENOMENON OF SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the physical process whereby solid particles, of greater density than their suspending medium, will tend to separate into regions of higher concentration under the influence of gravity. As a solids/liquids separation technique it therefore possesses the great advantage of utilizing a natural, and therefore costless, driving force. This section of the suspension processing Guide is Intended to provide an Introduction to the science of the subject, and the means to judge where and how best to exploit sedimentation as a separation (or other processing) technique.
As a scientific discipline the subject of sedimentation is vast with perspectives ranging from the field of chemical engineering through to theoretical physics being covered In the literature [1-11]. Good reviews of the subject, with a bias towards the engineering aspects, have been written by Fitch and Koz [12, 13]. A short summary of some of the more relevant contributions from the literature is also provided in GBHE-SPG-PEG-302 “Basic Principles & Test Methods”, of the Suspensions Processing Guides.
.
The sedimentation process is traditionally divided into ..."
Cost Estimating: Turbo Blowers
This GBHE Engineering Guide provides information to assist in preparing an estimate for the cost of single stage, integrally geared, turbo-blowers. The data contained is based on analysis of past purchases for projects and offers by vendors.
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENTGerard B. Hawkins
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT; Case Study: #0978766GB/H
CASE STUDY OVERVIEW
Syn Gas Sour Shift: Process Flow Diagram
AGR: Acid Gas to VULCAN SYSTEMS Sour Gas Shift
DESIGN BASIS:
ACID GAS REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATION
SOUR SHIFT CASE
SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
COS REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
SWEET SHIFT CASE
SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
PERFORMANCE SIMULATION RESULTS
SOUR SHIFT SECTION
1 Cases Considered
2 Catalyst Used
3 Client Requirements
4 Oxygen and Olefins
5 HCN
6 NH3
7 Arsine
8 Input Data Sour Shift Unit
9 Activity (PROPRIETARY)
10 Results
ADIABATIC SWEET SHIFT SECTION: HTS Reactor followed by LTS Reactor
1 Catalyst Used
2 Inlet Operating Temperature HTS Reactor
3 Feed Flow Rate, Inlet Operating Pressure and Feed Composition HTS Reactor
4 Inlet Operating Conditions LTS Reactor
5 Client Requirements
6 Results: Standard Case as Presented to the Client
7 Results: Inlet Operating Pressure HTS Reactor = 25.2 bara
8 Results: Addition of 100 kmol/h N2
COS HYDROLYSIS SECTION FOR SWEET SHIFT CASE
1 Total Feed Flow Rate, Feed Composition, Direction of Flow, Inlet Operating Temperature, Inlet Operating Pressure
2 Inlet H2S and COS Levels
3 Equilibrium H2S and COS Levels (COS Hydrolysis Reaction)
4 Client Requirements
5 Results
H2S REMOVAL SECTION AFTER AGR UNIT
(2 Absorbent Beds (VULCAN VSG-EZ200) in Lead/Lag Arrangement)
1 Total Feed Flow Rate, Feed Composition, Direction of Flow, Inlet Operating Temperature, Inlet Operating Pressure
2 Inlet H2S and COS Levels
3 Client Requirements (All Cases)
4 Results
ISOTHERMAL SWEET SHIFT SECTION: Alternative Approach
VULCAN Simulation Input Data
1 Enthalpy method
2 Cases considered
3 Feed stream data
4 Kinetics
5 Catalyst
6 Catalyst Activity relative to standard
7 Catalyst size and packing details
8 Catalyst pressure drop parameters
9 Catalyst Volume
10 Standard die-off rate
11 BFW Rate
12 Vapor fraction
13 Steam Temperature
14 Steam Pressure
15 Boiling Model
16 Volumetric UA
Isothermal Shift Simulations Results
APPENDIX
Characteristics of Acid Gas Removal Technologies
OVERVIEW - FIXED BED ADSORBER DESIGN GUIDELINES
Fixed-bed adsorber design is based upon the following considerations:
• Adsorbent bed profile and media loading capacity characteristics for the specific application and adsorbent material used.
• Pressure drop characteristics across the adsorbent bed.
• Reaction kinetics.
Typically, adsorber design entails use of the following methodology:
• Adsorbent selection based upon performance and application information.
• Bed sizing based upon adsorbent loading data and service life requirements.
• Bed sizing adjustment based upon pressure drop criteria.
• Bed sizing adjustment based upon reaction kinetics criteria.
A discussion of each design consideration follows.
Solid Catalyzed Reactions
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL BACKGROUND
4.1 General Considerations
5 SOLID CATALYZED GAS REACTIONS
5.1 Reaction Kinetics
5.2 Tests for Transport Limitations
5.3 Building a Reaction Kinetic Equation
6 INTRAPARTICLE
6.1 Types of Pore System
6.2 The Catalyst Effectiveness Factor
6.3 The Measurement of Effective Diffusivity
7 ENHANCEMENT OF INTRAPARTICLE
8 NOMENCLATURE
8.1 Dimensionless Parameters
8.2 Greek Letters
8.3 Subscripts
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
9.1 Further Reading
APPENDICES
A LANGMUIR - HINSHELWOOD KINETICS
FIGURES
1 EFFECTIVE RATE CONSTANT
2 ITERATIVE APPROACH TO REACTOR MODEL
DEVELOPMENT
3 COMMON LABORATORY MICROREACTORS (FLOW TYPE)
4 THE BERTY REACTOR
5 STEPS IN BUILDING A REACTION RATE EQUATION
6 A CENTRAL-COMPOSITE DESIGN FOR TWO FACTORS
7 FIRST ORDER ISOTHERMAL IRREVERSIBLE
REACTION WITHIN A CATALYST SPHERE
8 INTEGRAL YIELD vs CONVERSION SHOWING EFFECT OF PELLET DIFFUSION
9 PREDICTED AND EXPERIMENTAL EFFECTIVENESS FACTORS
10 STRUCTURAL PERMEABILITY vs PRESSURE PARAMETER Z FOR BI-MODAL SUPPORTS
11 EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR vs THIELE MODULUS AND INTRAPARTICLE PECLET NUMBER
12 RELATIVE INCREASE IN CATALYST PERFORMANCE
The Design and Layout of Vertical Thermosyphon ReboilersGerard B. Hawkins
The Design and Layout of Vertical Thermosyphon Reboilers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 THE DESIGN PROBLEM
5 COMPUTER PROGRAMS
6 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
6.1 Heating Medium Temperature
6.2 Fouling Resistance
7 DESIGN PARAMETERS
7.1 Overall Arrangement and Specifications
7.2 Geometry Elements
8 ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE
PROGRAM RESULTS
8.1 Main Results
8.2 Supplementary Results
8.3 Error Analysis
8.4 Adjustments to Design
9 OPERATING RANGE
10 CONTROL
10.1 Control of Condensing Heating Medium Pressure
10.2 Control of The Condensate Level
10.3 Control of Sensible Fluid Flow Rate
11 LAYOUT
11.1 Factors Influencing Design
11.2 A Standard Layout
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
101 Things That Can Go Wrong on a Primary Reformer - Best Practices GuideGerard B. Hawkins
This document discusses common problems that can occur in primary reformers and associated equipment. It identifies issues that can lead to plant shutdowns or efficiency losses, grouping them under catalysts, tubes, furnace boxes, burners, flue gas ducts, headers, and refractories. Some examples discussed include carbon formation, tube overheating, flame impingement, leaks in air preheaters, combustion air maldistribution, and damage to coffins. The document provides an overview of these issues to improve plant reliability over its lifespan.
El impacto en el rendimiento del catalizador por envenenamiento y ensuciamien...Gerard B. Hawkins
El documento describe los procesos de refinería y catalizadores, así como los efectos del envenenamiento y ensuciamiento en el rendimiento de los catalizadores. El envenenamiento reduce la actividad de los catalizadores al bloquear los sitios activos o modificar la química de la superficie, lo que afecta la actividad y selectividad. Los niveles bajos de contaminantes tienen un mayor impacto en catalizadores con menor área de superficie. El envenenamiento también puede causar cambios estructurales en el catalizador y permitir
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
STEAMING PROCEDURE FOR VULCAN STEAM REFORMING CATALYSTSGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses procedures for steaming Vulcan steam reforming catalysts to recover from sulfur poisoning and carbon formation incidents. It describes maintaining steam flow at 30-40% of design levels and an outlet temperature above 780°C. Gas samples should be taken hourly to monitor CO2, CH4, H2S and SO2. Steaming is complete when CO2 levels stabilize over 2-3 samples after increasing the temperature. The process typically takes 12-24 hours to complete and closely monitors pressure drop and tube conditions. After steaming, the catalyst requires reduction before restarting hydrocarbon feed.
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Gerard B. Hawkins
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
GBHE-APT-0102
PICKLING & PASSIVATION
CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK
2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT
3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT
4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT
5 TARGET RESULTS
6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning
6.6.2 Pre-rinsing
6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning
6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success
6.6.5 Rinsing
6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary
7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment
3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation
4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Investigation of the Potential Use of (IILs) Immobilized Ionic Liquids in Sha...Gerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses using immobilized ionic liquids (IILs) in shale gas sweetening reactions. It proposes immobilizing a cobalt catalyst in the surface ionic liquid layer of a solid supported ionic liquid catalyst. This would create a "homogeneous catalyst" dissolved within the fixed IIL layer. Competing reactions like oxidation of sulfides to sulfones would need to be considered. Related work on using similar approaches for hydroformylation reactions is referenced. The concept aims to develop a solid IIL catalyst for sweetening reactions involving oxidation using techniques from other areas like hydroformylation.
El documento proporciona una descripción general de los servicios y tecnologías de procesamiento de catalizadores de GBH Enterprises Ltd. (GBHE), incluyendo refinación de petróleo, procesamiento de gas, industrias petroquímicas y venta de catalizadores. GBHE ofrece servicios de ingeniería, soporte técnico y consultoría, así como una línea de catalizadores patentados para aplicaciones como desulfuración y purificación de gas.
Burner Design, Operation and Maintenance on Ammonia PlantsGerard B. Hawkins
The document discusses burner design, operation, and maintenance on ammonia plants. It covers reformer burner types and designs, including premix and staged burners. It also addresses combustion characteristics like excess air and fuel viscosity effects. Maintenance best practices like checking burner pressures and atomizing steam temperatures are emphasized. Low NOx equipment uses techniques like staged air, fuel, and flue gas recirculation to reduce emissions. Good combustion requires attention to design, operation, maintenance, and partnership among related roles.
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the applicat...Gerard B. Hawkins
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the application of Zinc Titanates
1 Executive Summary
2 Claus Process
2.1 Partial Combustion Claus
2.2 Split Flow Claus
2.3 Sulfur Recycle Claus
3 Zinc Titanates
4 Application of Zinc Titanate to Debottleneck Partial Combustion Claus by 10%
4.1 Process
4.2 ASPEN Modeling Results
4.3 Cost of Zinc Titanate Bed Installation
4.3.1 Basis of Costing
4.3.2 Zinc Titanate Beds
4.3.3 Regen Cooler
4.3.4 Blowers
4.3.5 Results
4.4 Alternative Debottlenecking Technology for Partial Combustion Claus
4.5 Cost of 10% Debottlenecking Using COPE Process
5 Debottlenecking Claus Split Flow System by 10% with Zinc Titanates
6 Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recycle System With Zinc Titanate
7 Effect of Zinc Titanate Debottlenecking on Existing Tail; Gas Treatment Systems
7.1 Selectox
7.2 SuperClaus99
7.3 Superclaus 99.5
7.4 SCOT Process
7.5 Zinc Titanate as a Claus Tail Gas Treatment
7.6 H2S Removal Efficiency With Zinc Titanate
8 Effects on COS and CS2 Formation
9 Questions for further Investigation
FIGURES
Figure 1 Claus Unit and TGCU
Figure 2 Claus Process
Figure 3 Typical Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit
Figure 4 Two-Stage Claus SRU
Figure 5 The Super Claus Process
Figure 6 SCOT
Figure 7 SCOT/BSR-MDEA (or clone) TGCU
REFERENCES: PATENTS
US4333855_PROMOTED_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYTIC_AGENT
US4394297_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYST
US6338794B1_DESULFURIZATION_ZINC_TITANATE_SORBENTS
DEACTIVATION OF METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THERMAL SINTERING
3 CATALYST POISONING
4 REACTANT INDUCED DEACTIVATION
5 SUMMARY
TABLES
1 DEACTIVATION PROCESSES ON METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYSTS
2 MELTING POINT, HUTTIG AND TAMMANN TEMPERATURES OF COPPER, IRON AND NICKEL
3 SINTERING RATE CONSTANTS CALCULATED INLET AND OUTLET SIDE STREAM UNIT FOR VULCAN VSG-M101
4 COMPARISON BETWEEN CALCULATED S∞ AND DISCHARGED MEASUREMENTS ON VULCAN VSG-M101
5 EFFECT OF POSSIBLE CONTAMINANTS AND POISONS ON CU/ZNO/AL2O3 CATALYSTS FOR METHANOL SYNTHESIS
6 GUARD SCREENING TEST RESULTS ON METHANOL MICRO-REACTOR. EFFECT OF DEPOSITED METALS ON METHANOL ACTIVITY
FIGURES
1 THE HΫTTIG AND TAMMANN TEMPERATURES OF THE COMPONENTS OF A SYNTHESIS CATALYST
2 A SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF TWO CATALYST SINTERING MECHANISMS
3 SIDE STREAM DATA FOR VULCAN VSG-M101. INLET TEMPERATURE 242 OC, PRESSURE 1500 PSI, GAS COMPOSITION 6% CO, 9.2% CO2, 66.9% H2, 2.5% N2 AND 15.4% CH4, SPACE VELOCITY 17,778 HR-1. MEAN OUTLET TEMPERATURE 280 OC
4 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE RATE OF SINTERING
5 MECHANISM OF SULFUR RETENTION
6 CORRELATION OF SULFUR CAPACITY WITH TOTAL SURFACE AREA
7 EFFECT OF DEPOSITED (NI+FE) PPM ON METHANOL SYNTHESIS CATALYST ACTIVITY
8 DISCHARGED (FE + NI) DEPOSITION LEVELS ON METHANOL SYNTHESIS PLANT SAMPLES
9 EPMA ANALYSIS OF DISCHARGED LABORATORY SAMPLE OF POISONED VULCAN VSG-M101
10 THE EFFECT OF CO2 ON SYNTHESIS CATALYST DEACTIVATION
REFERENCES
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - II
Contents
Review of incidents by reactor
Primary reforming
Secondary reforming
HTS
LTS
Methanator
Reactor loading
Support media
Some general comments on alternative actions when a plant gets into abnormal operation
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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Paper: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61000-4_16
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In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
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1. GBH Enterprises, Ltd.
Process Engineering Guide:
GBHE-PEG-MIX-702
Gas Mixing
Information contained in this publication or as otherwise supplied to Users is
believed to be accurate and correct at time of going to press, and is given in
good faith, but it is for the User to satisfy itself of the suitability of the information
for its own particular purpose. GBHE gives no warranty as to the fitness of this
information for any particular purpose and any implied warranty or condition
(statutory or otherwise) is excluded except to the extent that exclusion is
prevented by law. GBHE accepts no liability resulting from reliance on this
information. Freedom under Patent, Copyright and Designs cannot be assumed.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
2. Process Engineering Guide:
Gas Mixing
CONTENTS
SECTION
0
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
2
1
SCOPE
2
2
FIELD OF APPLICATION
2
3
DEFINITIONS
2
4
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING:
PLUG FLOW
2
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING:
BACKMIXED INITIAL ZONE
4
BIBLIOGRAPHY
6
5
6
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
3. FIGURES
1
RESULTS OBTAINED USING A SULZER SMV MIXER
3
2
RECIRCULATION ZONE : CONFINED JET
4
3
RECIRCULATION ZONE : BLUFF BODY
5
4
STREAMLINES OF RECIRCULATION EDDY IN SWIRLING
JET, S = 1.57
5
SCHEME OF SWIRL BURNER WITH AXIAL AND
TANGENTIAL AIR ENTRIES
6
5
6
COMPARISON OF THE RADIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF VELOCITY
IN THE VORTEX REGION FOR JETS WITH AND WITHOUT
DIVERGENT EXTENSIONS
7
7
BACKMIXED 'PRE-REACTION' ZONE
7
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS
ENGINEERING GUIDE
8
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
4. 0
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
This Guide is one in a series of Mixing Guides and has been produced for GBH
Enterprises.
1
SCOPE
This guide covers the mixing of gases.
If a backmixed 'pre-reaction' zone is not required, refer to Clause 4. Where a
backmixed 'pre-reaction' zone is required, refer to Clause 5.
2
FIELD OF APPLICATION
This Guide applies to Process Engineers in GBH Enterprises worldwide.
3
DEFINITIONS
No specific definitions apply to this Guide.
With the exception of terms used as proper nouns or titles, those terms with initial
capital letters which appear in this document and are not defined above are
defined in the Glossary of Engineering Terms.
4
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING: PLUG FLOW
Jet flow mixers and static mixers are recommended for gas mixing. The design
procedures presented for miscible liquids in GBHE-PEG-MIX-701, should be
followed using the appropriate gas physical properties.
Empty pipes may be used in the turbulent region: for gases of the same density,
a length of about 100 pipe diameters is required for good mixing. For gases with
a density ratio > 2, up to 1000 pipe diameters may be required because of the
formation of stable layers.
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
5. Static mixers can achieve good mixing in less than five pipe diameters regardless
of the density difference. Figure 1 shows the results obtained using a Sulzer
SMV mixer. Unless the densities are similar and the flow rates constant, a
minimum operating velocity, UG, is recommended. For the Sulzer SMV mixer,
this is obtained if the modified Froude number exceeds 20 [Ref 1 : Germain et
al., 1982]:
. The values of f and DH are obtained from the manufacturers' data;
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
6. FIGURE 1
RESULTS OBTAINED USING A SULZER SMV MIXER
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
7. 5
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GAS MIXING: BACKMIXED INITIAL ZONE
Such cases are covered in the combustion literature, e.g. in Beer, J M and
Chigier, N A, ”Combustion Aerodynamics”, Krieger, 1983 (reprint of 1972
edition).
In this reference design of jet mixers for the particular requirements of
combustion, namely rapid mixing and stable flame, are discussed, and
information provided for entrainment rate into the jet, flow patterns, recirculation
vortex position, effects of jet swirl, etc.
A recirculation zone is often used to stabilized the flame (see Figure 2). Hot
gases, entrained at the downstream end, return to pre-heat the incoming fresh
gas and supply chemically active species to it. This enables velocities much
higher than the flame propagation velocity to be used without lift-off.
Recirculation zones are provided by:
(a)
FIGURE 2
Confining the jet and starving the entrainment.
RECIRCULATION ZONE : CONFINED JET
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
8. (b)
FIGURE 3
Using the wake behind a bluff body (see Figure 3).
RECIRCULATION ZONE : BLUFF BODY
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
9. (c)
FIGURE 4
Swirling the jet, with swirl number S > 0.6 (see Figure 4).
STREAMLINES OF RECIRCULATION EDDY IN SWIRLING
JET, S = 1.57
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
10. This can be evaluated from velocity profiles either assumed, or evaluated from
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis.
Swirl can be produced by using tangential inlets, helical guide vanes in the flow,
or by mechanically rotated vanes or walls (see Figure 5). The degree of swirl is
increased by higher swirl numbers and by the addition of a divergent exit duct
(see Figure 6).
FIGURE 5
SCHEME OF SWIRL BURNER WITH AXIAL AND TANGENTIAL
AIR ENTRIES
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
11. 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Reference
Authors, Title and Source
[1]
Germain, E & Wetter, R. Mélange Statique de gaz, Informations
Chimie No. 232. Dec 1982, p 135 (referred to in Clause 4).
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Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
12. FIGURE 6
COMPARISON OF THE RADIAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF VELOCITY
IN THE VORTEX REGION FOR JETS WITH AND WITHOUT
DIVERGENT EXTENSIONS
A European plant operator reactor achieves a backmixed 'pre-reaction' zone by
jet entrainment (see Figure 7).
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
13. FIGURE 7
BACKMIXED 'PRE-REACTION' ZONE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
This Process Engineering Guide makes reference to the following documents:
GBH ENTERPRISES ENGINEERING GUIDES
Glossary of Engineering Terms
(referred to in Clause 3)
GBHE-PEG-MIX-701
Mixing of Miscible Liquids
(referred to in Clause 4)
OTHER GBHE DOCUMENTS
“A Design Procedure for Droplet Production in Static Mixers for Newtonian and
Power Law Fluid” (referred to in Clause 4).
Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com
14. Refinery Process Stream Purification Refinery Process Catalysts Troubleshooting Refinery Process Catalyst Start-Up / Shutdown
Activation Reduction In-situ Ex-situ Sulfiding Specializing in Refinery Process Catalyst Performance Evaluation Heat & Mass
Balance Analysis Catalyst Remaining Life Determination Catalyst Deactivation Assessment Catalyst Performance
Characterization Refining & Gas Processing & Petrochemical Industries Catalysts / Process Technology - Hydrogen Catalysts /
Process Technology – Ammonia Catalyst Process Technology - Methanol Catalysts / process Technology – Petrochemicals
Specializing in the Development & Commercialization of New Technology in the Refining & Petrochemical Industries
Web Site: www.GBHEnterprises.com