This document provides comprehensive information on flame arresters, including their definitions, classifications, and operational principles as per ISO 16852. It discusses various types of flame arresters, their application fields, safety requirements, and relevant regulations. Additionally, the document covers specific product ranges, including pressure/vacuum valves, and includes design examples and documentation guidelines.

1. Susan Yao
Business Development Manager
SJD TRADING CO., LTD.
sjd_susan@valve4s.com
Page 1 www.valve4s.com “ENGINEERED for SAFETY””

2. general information – flame arrester
• terminology
• classification
• legal foundations / norms
• examples
product range of FireSafeTec
• flame arrester
• p/v-valves
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FireSafeTec GmbH
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3. Flame arrester (FA)
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Definition acc. ISO 16852
- device fitted to the opening of an enclosure,
or to the connection pipe work of a system of enclosures
- intended function:
is to allow flow but prevent the transmission of flame
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4. Application fields for flame arrester
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5. Flame arrester (FA)
oxygen
Ignition source
Flammable
substance
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needed when:
 explosive mixtures (fuel +
oxygen) are transported,
stored and processed
 ignition sources are
potentially available
(open flames, sparks, hot
surfaces and others)
Precondition for explosion
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6. Classification according installation location
in-line flame arrester
flame arrester that is fitted with two pipe
connections, one on each side of the flame
arrester
end-of-line flame arrester
flame arrester that is fitted with one pipe
connection only
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7. Classification according installation location
pre-volume flame arrester
prevents flame transmission from inside of an explosion-pressure-resistant
containment after ignition by an internal ignition source (e.g. a vessel or closed
pipe work) to the outside, or into the connecting pipe work
pre volume in-line flame arrester
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pre volume end-of-line flame arrester
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8. Classification by type of explosion
explosion
abrupt oxidation- or decomposition reaction with increase in
temperature, pressure or both at the same time
deflagration
explosion with subsonic speed
detonation
explosion with supersonic speed
characterized by a shock wave
unstable detonation
during the transition from a
deflagration to a stable detonation
(spatially limited area, depending from
pipe diameter, pipe configuration,
explosion group and others)
stable detonation
without signifant pressure- or
velocity change
athmospheric
deflagration
pipe- deflagration
volume-deflagration
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9. Classification of detonation flame arresters
detonation
unstable detonation
stable detonation
DET 1
DET 2
DET 3
Designation according to ISO 16852:
tested for unstable detonation
with restriction
tested for unstable detonation
without restriction
tested for stable detonation
with restriction
tested for stable detonation
without restriction
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DET 4
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10. Combustion process in a pipeline
stable detonationunstable detonation
detonation
most L/DN < 50 L/DN > 50
vandp
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11. Classification by type of flamequenching
dry flame arrester element
static flame arrester element
measurable type
metal foil element
not measurable type
gravel beds, sintered metals, knitted mesh
dynamic flame arrester element
flow monitored device
high speed valves
wet flame arrester element
flame arrester element with water
liquid seal, foot valve, hydraulic flame arrester
flame arrester with operating medium
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12. Metal foil element – Core of the flame arrester element
• constructed of a crimped and
a flat ribbon made of stainless steel
• precisely defined gap (measurable type)
• gap width from 0,2 to 0,9 mm available
metal foil element 0,7 mm
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13. Metal foil element – Mode of operation
Flamequenching
Gap length L
GapwidthSW
Gap width to large:
flame propagation
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Gap width reduced
or gap length enlarged:
no flame propagation
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14. Classification by fire behavior – burn rating
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no burn time
Burn rating BC
acc. to ISO 16852
„c“
„b“
„a“
stabilized burning
constant burning of a flame under stabilization at or near the flame
arrester element
short time burning
temporary burning for a certain time of 1 min to 30 min
endurance burning
stabilized burning for an indefinite time
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15. Classification by fire behavior
Examples for applications of end-of-line flame arresters:
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deflagration
end-of-line
flame arrester
deflagration- and
short time burning
end-of-line flame arrester
deflagration- and
endurance burning
end-of-line flame arrester
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16. Flame arresters and vents-
safety requirements
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Our flame arresters are compliant with the following regulations:
guideline 94/9/EG Equipment and protective systems intended for use in
potentially explosive atmospheres
EN ISO 16852 Flame arresters – performance requirements, test methods
and limits for use
Explosive atmospheres- Explosion prevention and protection
Part 1: basic concepts and methodology
EN 1127-1
Our vents are additionally compliant with the following regulations:
EN 13463-1 Non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive
atmospheres Part 1: Basic method and requirements
Non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive
atmospheres Part 5: Protection by constructional safety “c”
EN 13463-5
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17. Safety technical basics
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Classification of the explosion groups according to ISO 16852
Explosion
group
Maximum
experimental safe
gap in mm
NEC explosion
groups
(USA, Kanada)
Reference gas
IIA1 (I) ≥1,14 methane
IIA >0,90 D propane
IIB1 ≥0,85
IIB2 ≥0,75
IIB3 ≥0,65 C ethylene
IIB ≥0,50
IIC <0,50 B hydrogen
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18. Maximum experimental safe gap (MESG)
testing device for maximum experimental safe gap
Maximum experimental safe gap
(MESG)
Maximum gap of the joint between the two parts of the interior
chambers of a test apparatus, which when the internal
gas mixture is ignited under specific conditions, prevents
ignition of the external gas mixture through a 25 mm long joint
for all concentrations of the tested gas or vapor in air.
(IEC 60079-1-1)
Attention:
The MESG is not comparable with the performed gap width
of the metal foil element.
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19. Flame arresters and vents -
Safety requirements
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Our company and our products are officially approved by a notified body
under directive 94/9/EC:
notified body ident. no responsible for
IBExU - Institut für
Sicherheitstechnik GmbH
0637 EC-Type Examination
Certificate
IBExU - Institut für
Sicherheitstechnik GmbH
0637 Production Quality Assurance
acc. 94/9/EC - Annex IV
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20. Application - examples
in-line deflagration flame arrester in-line detonation flame arrester
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21. FST - flame arresters - design examples
FST102
in-line
flame arresters
end-of-line
flame arresters
FST103
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FST106
FST200

22. flame arrester FST102
protective system:
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in-line deflagration or
detonation flame arrester
IIA1, IIA, IIB3, IIC
1/4“ to 2“
explosion group:
nominal diameter:
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23. flame arrester FST103
protective system:
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in-line deflagration
flame arrester
IIA1
2“ to 3“
explosion group:
nominal diameter:
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24. flame arrester FST105
protective system:
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in-line deflagration or
detonation flame arrester
explosion group: IIA1, IIA, IIB3, IIC
nominal diameter: DN50 to DN200
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25. flame arrester FST200
protective system:
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end of line deflagration
flame arrester
explosion group: IIA1, IIA, IIB3
nominal diameter: 1“ to 2“
DN25 to DN400
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26. FST – Type designation (example)
FST 102 / 35-3/8“ / D2IIAp1,1T60-a
device type
- nominal size (NG)
(diameter of flame arrester element)
- nominal diameter (DN)
(diameter of flange or thread)
application
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27. FST – Type designation
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device type
FST 1 x x
FST 2 x x
FST 3 x x
FST 4 x x
FST 5 x x
FST 6 x x
FST 7 x x
FST 8 x x
FST 9 x x
in-line flame arrester
end-of-line flame arrester
pre-volume flame
arrester
valves with flame arrester element
valves without flame arrester
element
line-mounted
valves pilot-
operated valve
-
special equipmentwww.valve4s.com

28. FST – Type designation application
type of protection
explosion group
maximum operational pressure
maximum operational temperature
L/D-ratio
burning class BC
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in-line deflagration flame arrester IIA p1,2 T60 L60 -b
in-line detonation flame arrester D4 IIB3 p1,3 T60
End-of-line deflagration flame arrester IIA1 p1,1 T60 -a
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29. Pressure vacuum valves
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 application
 composition
 mode of operation
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30. Result of insufficiently venting
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31. Causes for overpressure
atmospherical warming
burning impact
filling
overpressure
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32. Causes for vacuum
atmospherical
cooling and
rainfall
vacuum
emptying
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33. p/v-valve FST420
protective system:
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end of line deflagration
flame arrester with p/v-valve
IIB3
+5 to +50 mbar
-2,5 to -50 mbar
DN50, DN80, DN100
explosion group:
setting pressure:
setting vacuum:
nominal diameter:
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34. FST420 – main components
Overpressure
valve insert
Vacuum valve
insert
Flame arrester
element
Tank pressure
Ambient
pressure
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35. FST420 – mode of operation
Overpressure Vacuum
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36. Documentation
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following documents are part of our documentation:
• Test certificate acc. EN 10204
• Dimension sheet
• Pressure drop / volume flow diagram
• Declaration of compliance
• Instruction for operating and maintenance
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37. FireSafeTec GmbH
Many thanks for
your attention !
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