The document discusses casting as a manufacturing process. It provides details on the casting process, including the basic steps of placing a pattern in sand to create a mold, filling the mold with molten metal, and allowing the metal to cool. It also discusses casting terminology like patterns, flasks, cores, and risers. Different types of patterns are described, along with factors that affect pattern material selection.
This document provides an introduction to non-conventional machining processes. It discusses how these processes use indirect energy like sparks, lasers, heat, or chemicals rather than direct contact between a tool and workpiece. Some key non-conventional machining processes described include electrical discharge machining, wire EDM, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, electrochemical machining, and electrochemical grinding. Advantages of these processes include high accuracy, less wear, longer tool life, and reduced environmental hazards compared to conventional machining.
this is 2nd presentation of manufacturing processes in this presentation we discuss in detail about the theory of metal cutting, machiening processes,cutters etc
Forging processes involve shaping metals by applying compressive forces. There are four main types: hammer/drop forging uses gravity impacts, press forging uses hydraulic or mechanical presses, and open-die and closed-die forging differ in whether dies fully contain the metal. Forging increases strength by working the metal and altering its microstructure. Proper die and process design are needed to control metal flow, fill dies completely, and minimize flash and defects. Die materials must withstand thermal and mechanical stresses, while coatings can extend die life.
Abrasive flow machining is a finishing process that uses a semi-solid abrasive putty to remove small amounts of material from workpieces. The putty is forced through or across the workpiece using hydraulic pressure to deburr, radius, polish and perform other surface finishing operations. It is well suited for finishing metals, ceramics and plastics in a uniform and economical manner, though it is not used for heavy material removal due to its low material removal rate. The process involves selecting abrasive media based on the material and desired finish, and using tooling and pressure to direct the flow of media through restrictions in the workpiece.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water to cut materials. It is a cold cutting process that produces no heat-affected zones. The water jet travels at supersonic speeds and erodes material when the local pressure exceeds the material's strength. Key components include a hydraulic pump to pressurize water, an intensifier to further pressurize it, and a nozzle to direct the jet. It can cut a variety of materials and offers advantages over other cutting methods like reduced burrs, flexibility of cutting complex shapes, and not producing heat or fumes. However, it is not suitable for high-volume production.
The document discusses manufacturing processes and sand casting. It defines manufacturing as making goods by hand or machinery. Manufacturing processes are classified into casting, joining, forming, sheet metal work, plastics processing, machining, powder metallurgy, heat treatment, and assembly. Sand casting is described as producing metal parts by pouring molten metal into sand molds. Molds are made using patterns, cores, and molding machines in a foundry. Sand casting can make complex shapes and is used to produce parts in large quantities.
The document discusses casting as a manufacturing process. It provides details on the casting process, including the basic steps of placing a pattern in sand to create a mold, filling the mold with molten metal, and allowing the metal to cool. It also discusses casting terminology like patterns, flasks, cores, and risers. Different types of patterns are described, along with factors that affect pattern material selection.
This document provides an introduction to non-conventional machining processes. It discusses how these processes use indirect energy like sparks, lasers, heat, or chemicals rather than direct contact between a tool and workpiece. Some key non-conventional machining processes described include electrical discharge machining, wire EDM, laser beam machining, electron beam machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, ultrasonic machining, electrochemical machining, and electrochemical grinding. Advantages of these processes include high accuracy, less wear, longer tool life, and reduced environmental hazards compared to conventional machining.
this is 2nd presentation of manufacturing processes in this presentation we discuss in detail about the theory of metal cutting, machiening processes,cutters etc
Forging processes involve shaping metals by applying compressive forces. There are four main types: hammer/drop forging uses gravity impacts, press forging uses hydraulic or mechanical presses, and open-die and closed-die forging differ in whether dies fully contain the metal. Forging increases strength by working the metal and altering its microstructure. Proper die and process design are needed to control metal flow, fill dies completely, and minimize flash and defects. Die materials must withstand thermal and mechanical stresses, while coatings can extend die life.
Abrasive flow machining is a finishing process that uses a semi-solid abrasive putty to remove small amounts of material from workpieces. The putty is forced through or across the workpiece using hydraulic pressure to deburr, radius, polish and perform other surface finishing operations. It is well suited for finishing metals, ceramics and plastics in a uniform and economical manner, though it is not used for heavy material removal due to its low material removal rate. The process involves selecting abrasive media based on the material and desired finish, and using tooling and pressure to direct the flow of media through restrictions in the workpiece.
Water jet machining uses a high-pressure stream of water to cut materials. It is a cold cutting process that produces no heat-affected zones. The water jet travels at supersonic speeds and erodes material when the local pressure exceeds the material's strength. Key components include a hydraulic pump to pressurize water, an intensifier to further pressurize it, and a nozzle to direct the jet. It can cut a variety of materials and offers advantages over other cutting methods like reduced burrs, flexibility of cutting complex shapes, and not producing heat or fumes. However, it is not suitable for high-volume production.
The document discusses manufacturing processes and sand casting. It defines manufacturing as making goods by hand or machinery. Manufacturing processes are classified into casting, joining, forming, sheet metal work, plastics processing, machining, powder metallurgy, heat treatment, and assembly. Sand casting is described as producing metal parts by pouring molten metal into sand molds. Molds are made using patterns, cores, and molding machines in a foundry. Sand casting can make complex shapes and is used to produce parts in large quantities.
The document discusses the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) format, which is a neutral file format used for CAD data exchange between different software packages. It describes the key components of an IGES file, including the start section, global section, directory entry section, parameter data section, and terminal section. The global section provides metadata about the file. The directory entry and parameter data sections define the geometric entities using parameters. Common entities that can be represented include lines, circles, surfaces of revolution. IGES aims to enable translation between different CAD systems by providing a common format for exchange of geometry and topology data.
Recrystallization is the process in which deformed grains of the crystal structure are replaced by a new set of stress-free grains that nucleate and grow until all the original grains have been consumed. The process is accomplished by heating the material to temperatures above that of crystallization.
The document discusses electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID), which uses electrolysis during grinding to maintain large grain protrusions and grit density on grinding wheels. There are different methods of ELID grinding, including using an electrode or the workpiece itself as the electrode. ELID reduces grinding forces and improves surface finish. It has applications in grinding structural ceramics, optics, and other precision components.
This document discusses two types of unconventional metal forming methods: high energy rate forming (HERF) and high velocity forming (HVF). HERF uses energy directly to form metals, while HVF first converts energy to mechanical energy imparting velocity. Explosive forming and electrohydraulic forming are examples of HERF that use explosives or electric sparks to rapidly form sheet metal. Explosive forming can be done via a standoff or contact method. Electrohydraulic forming uses high voltage discharge through water to rapidly form tubular parts. Both techniques can form complex shapes and large parts at high production rates.
This document discusses magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) as a micro/nano finishing process for advanced materials like ceramics. MAF uses magnetic abrasive particles composed of ferromagnetic material and abrasive grains to remove material in the form of microchips. It provides a concise overview of how MAF works, the mechanisms of material removal, key parameters that affect the process, and applications for finishing ceramics. Experimental results show MAF can produce very smooth surfaces down to the nano-scale on ceramics with no microcracks or residual stresses.
The document discusses design considerations for castings. It notes that casting involves pouring molten material into a mold to create complex shapes. Successful casting requires controlling variables like the material, casting method, cooling rate, and gases. The document outlines design considerations like designing parts for easy casting, selecting suitable materials and processes, locating parting lines and gates, and including features like sprues and risers. It also discusses designing parts to avoid defects from things like shrinkage, stress concentrations, and uneven cooling. The document concludes by mentioning some common casting defects and factors in the economics of casting like costs of molds, materials, and production rates.
This document discusses the process of solidification in castings. It covers topics including the introduction to solidification, concepts of solidification in castings, solidification of pure metals and alloys, nucleation and growth. Specifically, it describes how solidification begins with the formation of nuclei near the mold walls and progresses through dendritic growth until the entire melt is crystallized. It also discusses solidification curves and phase diagrams for pure metals and alloys.
This document provides an overview of metal forging processes. It begins with an introduction to forging and then classifies forging processes into hammer/drop forging and press forging. It further classifies processes as open-die forging or closed-die forging. The document also discusses typical forging operations, the types of forging machines, and provides examples of specific forging processes. It describes the goals of minimizing forging defects and achieving the desired final shape and properties of forged parts.
The document discusses plasticity theory and yield criteria. It introduces Hooke's law and its limitations under large strains. Generalized Hooke's law is presented for isotropic and anisotropic materials. Common stress-strain curves are shown including elastic-plastic and strain hardening responses. Several yield criteria are covered, including maximum principal stress, Tresca, and von Mises criteria. The von Mises criterion uses a second invariant of stress to predict yielding of ductile materials. An example compares predictions of yielding using Tresca and von Mises criteria for a given stress state in aluminum.
- Shell moulding is an efficient and economical casting method that uses a resin-sand mixture to form a thin "shell" around a heated pattern. This shell is then used as the mold cavity.
- Investment casting, also called lost-wax casting, is an ancient casting process used to produce complex shapes. It involves creating a wax pattern, coating it with refractory materials to form a ceramic "shell" mold, heating to remove the wax, and pouring molten metal into the shell. This allows for net-shape casting of intricate parts.
- Pressure die casting is a high-pressure casting process where molten metal is injected into steel dies to form castings. It is well-su
The document discusses various defects that can occur in metal forming processes. It describes the different types of bulk metal forming processes like rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. It also covers sheet metalworking processes like bending, drawing, and shearing. The document discusses factors that influence metal forming like material behavior, temperature, strain rate, friction, and lubrication. It explains defects like springback, wrinkles, and provides methods to minimize them.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on composite materials. It defines composite materials as a combination of two or more materials that results in improved properties over the individual components. It then classifies composites, discusses factors affecting their properties, advantages and limitations. It distinguishes between smart and composite materials and provides examples of civil engineering applications of composites such as smart concrete and rehabilitation/retrofitting of structures.
This Presentation gives the information of Manufacturing process-1 of Mechanical Engineering course as per VTU Syllabus. Please write to me at: hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Disclaimer:
Contents are taken from several text books and compiled for academic purposes only. Author doesn't hold the copyright for the contents used in this presentation.
This document contains lecture notes on manufacturing processes and metal cutting theory. It begins with definitions of manufacturing and an overview of various manufacturing processes. It then describes machine tools and their functions in metal cutting. Key sections cover classifications of manufacturing processes, cutting parameters like speed, feed and depth of cut, and characteristics and types of cutting tools materials. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to manufacturing processes, metal cutting theory, and machine tools.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including stress and strain, strength, elasticity, plasticity, stiffness, ductility, malleability, resilience, hardness, brittleness, creep, and fatigue. It defines each property and provides examples. Mechanical properties determine a material's behavior under applied forces and loads and are important for predicting how materials will perform and designing components.
This document provides information on various metal casting processes. It discusses the history of casting and defines the basic casting process as pouring liquid metal into a mold to solidify. It describes the main features of casting like molds, risers, gates, and cores. It categorizes casting processes as open mold or closed mold casting. It further classifies casting into expandable mold casting like sand casting and investment casting, and permanent mold casting like die casting and centrifugal casting. For each process, it provides details on the mold material, advantages, disadvantages and recommended applications. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right casting process based on the alloy, shape, tolerance and cost requirements of the final part.
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a powder metallurgy technique that uses high temperatures and pressures to densify metals and ceramics. HIP reduces porosity and increases density and mechanical properties. An inert gas applies uniform isostatic pressure at temperatures up to 2000°C to consolidate materials into fully or near fully dense components for applications like ball bearings, body armor, and dental implants.
This document discusses parameters that affect the surface roughness of electrochemically machined surfaces. It outlines several key parameters including: the type of power supply used, duty cycle, voltage, inter-electrode gap, electrolyte concentration, temperature and flow rate, the type of tool used, and the micro-tool feed rate. Maintaining an optimal inter-electrode gap of 15-20 micrometers and using a duty cycle of 0.3 were found to produce the best surface roughness. The concentration of the electrolyte and keeping the temperature below 50 degrees Celsius also impacted surface quality.
Non-traditional machining techniques remove material using various energy sources besides traditional cutting tools. They are divided into mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical techniques. Non-traditional techniques are needed for hard or complex materials, and can machine intricate shapes and deep holes. Selection depends on the part geometry, material properties, machining capabilities, and cost effectiveness. While more expensive initially than traditional techniques, non-traditional machining offers higher precision, surface finish, and ability to machine difficult materials.
Stress concentration occurs where there is a discontinuity or abrupt change in geometry, such as a hole, notch, or crack. The theoretical stress concentration factor (Kt) is used to quantify the maximum stress at these locations compared to the nominal stress. Experimental methods like photoelasticity, brittle coatings, and strain gauges can be used to determine the actual stress concentration factor. The finite element method also allows modeling stress concentration by subdividing a component into small elements.
The document discusses stress concentration factors (Kt) which describe how stresses are magnified in areas with geometric discontinuities like holes or cracks. It provides the theoretical equation for Kt of an elliptical hole and mentions some experimental methods for determining Kt including photoelasticity, brittle coatings, strain gauges, and finite element analysis. These methods are used to measure the maximum stress at discontinuities compared to the nominal stress without them.
The document discusses the Initial Graphics Exchange Specification (IGES) format, which is a neutral file format used for CAD data exchange between different software packages. It describes the key components of an IGES file, including the start section, global section, directory entry section, parameter data section, and terminal section. The global section provides metadata about the file. The directory entry and parameter data sections define the geometric entities using parameters. Common entities that can be represented include lines, circles, surfaces of revolution. IGES aims to enable translation between different CAD systems by providing a common format for exchange of geometry and topology data.
Recrystallization is the process in which deformed grains of the crystal structure are replaced by a new set of stress-free grains that nucleate and grow until all the original grains have been consumed. The process is accomplished by heating the material to temperatures above that of crystallization.
The document discusses electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID), which uses electrolysis during grinding to maintain large grain protrusions and grit density on grinding wheels. There are different methods of ELID grinding, including using an electrode or the workpiece itself as the electrode. ELID reduces grinding forces and improves surface finish. It has applications in grinding structural ceramics, optics, and other precision components.
This document discusses two types of unconventional metal forming methods: high energy rate forming (HERF) and high velocity forming (HVF). HERF uses energy directly to form metals, while HVF first converts energy to mechanical energy imparting velocity. Explosive forming and electrohydraulic forming are examples of HERF that use explosives or electric sparks to rapidly form sheet metal. Explosive forming can be done via a standoff or contact method. Electrohydraulic forming uses high voltage discharge through water to rapidly form tubular parts. Both techniques can form complex shapes and large parts at high production rates.
This document discusses magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) as a micro/nano finishing process for advanced materials like ceramics. MAF uses magnetic abrasive particles composed of ferromagnetic material and abrasive grains to remove material in the form of microchips. It provides a concise overview of how MAF works, the mechanisms of material removal, key parameters that affect the process, and applications for finishing ceramics. Experimental results show MAF can produce very smooth surfaces down to the nano-scale on ceramics with no microcracks or residual stresses.
The document discusses design considerations for castings. It notes that casting involves pouring molten material into a mold to create complex shapes. Successful casting requires controlling variables like the material, casting method, cooling rate, and gases. The document outlines design considerations like designing parts for easy casting, selecting suitable materials and processes, locating parting lines and gates, and including features like sprues and risers. It also discusses designing parts to avoid defects from things like shrinkage, stress concentrations, and uneven cooling. The document concludes by mentioning some common casting defects and factors in the economics of casting like costs of molds, materials, and production rates.
This document discusses the process of solidification in castings. It covers topics including the introduction to solidification, concepts of solidification in castings, solidification of pure metals and alloys, nucleation and growth. Specifically, it describes how solidification begins with the formation of nuclei near the mold walls and progresses through dendritic growth until the entire melt is crystallized. It also discusses solidification curves and phase diagrams for pure metals and alloys.
This document provides an overview of metal forging processes. It begins with an introduction to forging and then classifies forging processes into hammer/drop forging and press forging. It further classifies processes as open-die forging or closed-die forging. The document also discusses typical forging operations, the types of forging machines, and provides examples of specific forging processes. It describes the goals of minimizing forging defects and achieving the desired final shape and properties of forged parts.
The document discusses plasticity theory and yield criteria. It introduces Hooke's law and its limitations under large strains. Generalized Hooke's law is presented for isotropic and anisotropic materials. Common stress-strain curves are shown including elastic-plastic and strain hardening responses. Several yield criteria are covered, including maximum principal stress, Tresca, and von Mises criteria. The von Mises criterion uses a second invariant of stress to predict yielding of ductile materials. An example compares predictions of yielding using Tresca and von Mises criteria for a given stress state in aluminum.
- Shell moulding is an efficient and economical casting method that uses a resin-sand mixture to form a thin "shell" around a heated pattern. This shell is then used as the mold cavity.
- Investment casting, also called lost-wax casting, is an ancient casting process used to produce complex shapes. It involves creating a wax pattern, coating it with refractory materials to form a ceramic "shell" mold, heating to remove the wax, and pouring molten metal into the shell. This allows for net-shape casting of intricate parts.
- Pressure die casting is a high-pressure casting process where molten metal is injected into steel dies to form castings. It is well-su
The document discusses various defects that can occur in metal forming processes. It describes the different types of bulk metal forming processes like rolling, forging, extrusion, and drawing. It also covers sheet metalworking processes like bending, drawing, and shearing. The document discusses factors that influence metal forming like material behavior, temperature, strain rate, friction, and lubrication. It explains defects like springback, wrinkles, and provides methods to minimize them.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on composite materials. It defines composite materials as a combination of two or more materials that results in improved properties over the individual components. It then classifies composites, discusses factors affecting their properties, advantages and limitations. It distinguishes between smart and composite materials and provides examples of civil engineering applications of composites such as smart concrete and rehabilitation/retrofitting of structures.
This Presentation gives the information of Manufacturing process-1 of Mechanical Engineering course as per VTU Syllabus. Please write to me at: hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Disclaimer:
Contents are taken from several text books and compiled for academic purposes only. Author doesn't hold the copyright for the contents used in this presentation.
This document contains lecture notes on manufacturing processes and metal cutting theory. It begins with definitions of manufacturing and an overview of various manufacturing processes. It then describes machine tools and their functions in metal cutting. Key sections cover classifications of manufacturing processes, cutting parameters like speed, feed and depth of cut, and characteristics and types of cutting tools materials. In summary, the document provides a comprehensive introduction to manufacturing processes, metal cutting theory, and machine tools.
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including stress and strain, strength, elasticity, plasticity, stiffness, ductility, malleability, resilience, hardness, brittleness, creep, and fatigue. It defines each property and provides examples. Mechanical properties determine a material's behavior under applied forces and loads and are important for predicting how materials will perform and designing components.
This document provides information on various metal casting processes. It discusses the history of casting and defines the basic casting process as pouring liquid metal into a mold to solidify. It describes the main features of casting like molds, risers, gates, and cores. It categorizes casting processes as open mold or closed mold casting. It further classifies casting into expandable mold casting like sand casting and investment casting, and permanent mold casting like die casting and centrifugal casting. For each process, it provides details on the mold material, advantages, disadvantages and recommended applications. It emphasizes the importance of selecting the right casting process based on the alloy, shape, tolerance and cost requirements of the final part.
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is a powder metallurgy technique that uses high temperatures and pressures to densify metals and ceramics. HIP reduces porosity and increases density and mechanical properties. An inert gas applies uniform isostatic pressure at temperatures up to 2000°C to consolidate materials into fully or near fully dense components for applications like ball bearings, body armor, and dental implants.
This document discusses parameters that affect the surface roughness of electrochemically machined surfaces. It outlines several key parameters including: the type of power supply used, duty cycle, voltage, inter-electrode gap, electrolyte concentration, temperature and flow rate, the type of tool used, and the micro-tool feed rate. Maintaining an optimal inter-electrode gap of 15-20 micrometers and using a duty cycle of 0.3 were found to produce the best surface roughness. The concentration of the electrolyte and keeping the temperature below 50 degrees Celsius also impacted surface quality.
Non-traditional machining techniques remove material using various energy sources besides traditional cutting tools. They are divided into mechanical, electrical, thermal, and chemical techniques. Non-traditional techniques are needed for hard or complex materials, and can machine intricate shapes and deep holes. Selection depends on the part geometry, material properties, machining capabilities, and cost effectiveness. While more expensive initially than traditional techniques, non-traditional machining offers higher precision, surface finish, and ability to machine difficult materials.
Stress concentration occurs where there is a discontinuity or abrupt change in geometry, such as a hole, notch, or crack. The theoretical stress concentration factor (Kt) is used to quantify the maximum stress at these locations compared to the nominal stress. Experimental methods like photoelasticity, brittle coatings, and strain gauges can be used to determine the actual stress concentration factor. The finite element method also allows modeling stress concentration by subdividing a component into small elements.
The document discusses stress concentration factors (Kt) which describe how stresses are magnified in areas with geometric discontinuities like holes or cracks. It provides the theoretical equation for Kt of an elliptical hole and mentions some experimental methods for determining Kt including photoelasticity, brittle coatings, strain gauges, and finite element analysis. These methods are used to measure the maximum stress at discontinuities compared to the nominal stress without them.
This document summarizes research conducted on the failure of an 8000-ton heavy duty press. The researchers created a 3D model of the upper tool part and conducted finite element analysis to determine the stresses and strains. They found that low cycle fatigue was the mechanism responsible for failure of the upper tool part. Recommendations were made to stiffen the upper tool part to extend its life by reducing stresses. Submodeling and Neuber's approximation method were used to better understand stress distributions and strains in the upper tool part. The analyses identified low cycle fatigue as the cause of failure and provided suggestions to strengthen the tool and prolong its useful life.
ANALYSIS OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR COLLECTOR WITH LONGITUDINAL FINSIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a numerical simulation analyzing the thermal performance of solar collectors with longitudinal fins. Six collector models were created with varying fin configurations (number of fins and fin heights). The models were analyzed using ANSYS Fluent software to solve conservation equations for varying values of solar radiation and air velocity. Temperature contours, velocity fields, and outlet temperatures were compared for each model. Results showed that increasing the number of fins and fin height improved thermal performance by increasing the absorber surface area and heat transfer. Validating the numerical model against experimental data also showed good accuracy. The study provides insights into optimizing fin design parameters for maximum efficiency in solar collectors.
This document summarizes a study on active vibration control of composite plates using piezoelectric materials. Finite element models of composite beams with integrated piezoelectric layers were developed in ANSYS to simulate displacement feedback and direct velocity feedback control loops. The models were validated by comparing natural frequencies to experimental results. Vibration suppression was then analyzed for different composite layups under free and forced vibration conditions. The results showed that both feedback control methods successfully reduced vibration levels, with direct velocity feedback achieving steady state more quickly. Higher control gains led to greater vibration attenuation in both free and forced vibration cases.
New idea for solving safety factor of slopeIJERA Editor
Strength reduce method is an important way to solve the safety factor of slope, it has been applied widely since it
was proposed. Based on strength reduce method built-in FLAC-3D software and traditional automatic strength
reduce based on method of bisection, the paper introduces a new strength reduce method based on golden section
point that it can more quickly find out safety factor of slope. And through the examples help to prove that this new
strength reduce method not only can acquire the safety factor of slope more quickly than the method built-in
FLAC3D software and traditional automatic strength reduce method but also can has the same accuracy with the
other methods.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOLAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING HSDTP singh
Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.
This document discusses the implementation of the Energy Domain Integral method in ANSYS to calculate the 3D J-integral of a Compact Tension fracture specimen. It begins with providing theoretical background on fracture mechanics and the J-integral. It then discusses the contour integral method and weight function approach for numerically calculating the J-integral. The document describes creating a finite element model of a standard CT specimen in ANSYS and implementing the Energy Domain Integral method to calculate the J-integral. It concludes by comparing the ANSYS simulation results to theoretical and experimental results.
Mechanics of Materials and Finite Element Method; Lesson 6.pptNarineMartirosyan2
The document discusses using finite element analysis to study structural discontinuities. It introduces the finite element method and how to generate models. It then presents several studies analyzing stress concentrations around holes and cracks. Various crack repair methods are modeled to reduce stress intensity factors, including adding holes, patches, and arrester strips. Optimization of hole placement and sizes is examined to minimize stress concentrations.
Topics to be discussed-
Introduction
How Does FEM Works?
Types Of Engineering Analysis
Uses of FEM in different fields
How can the FEM Help the Design Engineer?
How can the FEM Help the Design Organization?
Basic Steps & Phases Involved In FEM
Advantages and disadvantages
The Future Scope
References.
The document discusses finite element methods and their applications in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It covers the basic formulation of finite element methods, including discretization, selection of displacement functions, derivation of element stiffness matrices, and assembly of global equations. It also discusses specific applications of finite element analysis to problems in MEMS like heat transfer analysis, thermal stress analysis, and static/modal analysis. The finite element method is well-suited for complex geometries and materials and can model irregular shapes, general loads/boundary conditions, and nonlinear behavior.
Numerical simulations have been undertaken
for the benchmark problem in a Square cavity by using
computational fluid dynamics software. This work aims at
discussing the fundamental numerical and computational
fluid dynamic aspects which can lead to the definition of
the following meshing methods and turbulence models.
The meshes used for the simulation are hexahedral,
hexahedral cell with near wall refinement, tetrahedral
grid, polyhedral, tetrahedral with near wall refinement
and polyhedral mesh with prism layer cells based the near
wall thickness of Y+ less than one. The turbulence models
used for the simulation work are AKN K-Epsilon Low-Re,
Realizable K-Epsilon, Realizable K-Epsilon Two-Layer,
standard K-Epsilon, standard K-Epsilon Low-Re,
Standard K-Epsilon Two-Layer, V2F K-Epsilon,
SST(Menter) K-Omega, and Standard(Wilcox) K-Omega.
From these meshes and turbulence models, we will
conclude the suitable mesh and turbulence for the
recirculation flow by the grid independent test. These
analytical values of results are compared with reference
data which gives an optimization of experimental work.
Unsteady simulation was ran for all the Grid Independent
mesh with the SST k omega model with the time step of
0.01 sec for 40 seconds. The flow nature is studied with
and without the temperature for Reynolds number, 1000
and 10000.
Three stress analysis methodologies were used to analyze stresses in a mild steel specimen with an eccentric hole under tension: theoretical analysis using equations, computational analysis using FEA software, and experimental analysis using strain gauges. Each method agreed the maximum stress occurred in the hole area, with the second highest in the net area and lowest in the gross area. Theoretical and experimental results differed by an average of 10%, theoretical and computational by 5.1%, and computational and experimental by 4.8%. Retesting revealed a bending moment induced by the testing machine, requiring averaging of results. Overall the different methodologies correlated well.
This document summarizes large eddy simulations of supersonic non-reactive and reactive flows performed with an immersed boundary method on two configurations. The first test case is a Mach 3.5 flow over a cylinder, which showed excellent agreement with theory. The second case is a supersonic hydrogen-air burner, where comparisons to experimental data for species mass fractions and temperature also led to good agreement. The impact of burner geometry on the velocity and species fields was studied using the immersed boundary method.
This document describes a photoelastic stress analysis of the bending strength of a helical gear. The analysis involved creating a 3D photoelastic model of the gear, subjecting it to loading, and freezing the stresses. Slices were cut from the model and observed under polarized light to determine stress distributions. Maximum bending stresses were calculated for different slices and scaled up to prototype values. Finite element analysis was also performed and showed good agreement with experimental results, with less than 2% variation in maximum stress values. The analysis found that helical gears experience higher peak bending stresses than spur gears due to their point contact loading.
This document outlines the course objectives and contents for a finite element methods in mechanical design course. The key points are:
1. The course will introduce mathematical modeling concepts and teach how to apply finite element methods (FEM) to solve a range of engineering problems.
2. The content will cover one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional FEM analysis. Solution techniques like inversion methods and dynamic analysis will also be discussed.
3. Applications of FEM include stress analysis, buckling analysis, vibration analysis, heat transfer analysis, and fluid flow analysis for both structural and non-structural problems.
Finite Element Analysis Lecture Notes Anna University 2013 Regulation NAVEEN UTHANDI
One of the most Simple and Interesting topics in Engineering is FEA. My work will guide average students to score good marks. I have given you full package which includes 2 Marks and Question Banks of previous year. All the Best
For Guidance : Comment Below Happy to Teach and Learn along with you guys
This document summarizes research developing a new isogeometric boundary element method using subdivision surfaces for solving Helmholtz problems. It presents the governing Helmholtz equation and boundary integral formulation for acoustic problems. Subdivision surfaces are introduced as an alternative to NURBS for isogeometric analysis that overcome limitations of tensor-product bases. Results show the subdivision boundary element method achieves higher accuracy than a Lagrangian discretization with the same order basis functions. Future work is outlined on coupling acoustic and structural models and electromagnetic scattering problems.
Finite element analysis (FEA) involves breaking a model down into small pieces called finite elements. FEA was first developed in 1943 and involved numerical analysis techniques. By the 1970s, FEA was used primarily by aerospace, automotive, and defense industries due to the high cost of computers. Modern FEA involves preprocessing like meshing a model, applying properties and boundary conditions, solving the model using software, and postprocessing to analyze results like stresses and displacements.
Peridynamic simulation of delamination propagation in fiber-reinforced compositeYILE HU
This document outlines a peridynamic simulation of delamination propagation in fiber-reinforced composites. It introduces peridynamic theory and the bond-based peridynamic model for composites. It describes the micromodulus, critical stretch criteria, and energy-based approaches for modeling failure. It also discusses explicit and implicit solvers, as well as the use of GPU computing to simulate crack propagation examples like double cantilever beam and transverse crack tension tests.
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KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
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11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
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Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
2. WHAT IS ANALYSIS?
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"In 1 million to 10 million years they
might be able to make a plane that
would fly."
-The New York Times, 1903
Imagination
ModelApplication
200 meters384,400 kilometers
3. METHODS OF ANALYSES
Mode of
analyses
Analytical &
numerical methods
Elementary theory
Slip Line
field theory
Finite
Element
Method
(FEM)
Finite Difference
method (FDM)
Upper &
Lower Bound
method
Empirical
Methods
Similarity theory
Visio plastic
method
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Image courtesy: Lecture notes, Fundamental of solving methods,
Prof Dr. –Ing. G. Hirt
5. UPPER & LOWER BOUNDARY METHOD
Method approximates the values of deforming forces to be
higher or lower than actual forces.
“Any estimate of the collapse load of a structure made by
equating the rate of the energy dissipation internally to the
rate at which external forces do work, in some assumed
pattern of the deformation will be greater than or equal to
the correct load”
-W.F. Hosford & R.M Caddell
Assumptions of the method:
Material being deformed is isotropic & homogenous
There is no effect of work hardening
No friction exists between work piece & tool interface.
Plane strain conditions assumed.
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William Hosford
6. due to
frictionless
upsetting
due to
Symmetr
y
Symmetr
y plane
Slip
line on
the
edge
SLIP-LINE THEORY
Here flow pattern from point to point while
deformation is considered & analyzed.
Slip line refers to the planes of maximum shear
stress which are inclined at 45o to the principle
planes.
Assumptions of the method:
Material being deformed is isotropic &
homogenous
There is no effect of work hardening & strain rate.
No friction exists between work piece & tool
interface.
Plane strain conditions assumed.
Effect of temperature , strain rate, & time
neglected.
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Image courtesy: Lecture notes, Fundamental of solving methods,
Prof Dr. –Ing. G. Hirt
7. COMPARISON
FEM
• Material flow analysis &
local states of stress &
strain described.
• Various boundary
conditions can be applied.
• Multi-axial stress in
consideration
Analytical methods
• Only Global analysis is done.
• Material homogeneity is assumed.
• 2-deminsional conditions.
• Temperature effects neglected.
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8. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
A brief history
Concept was developed by the works of Richard
Courant & Alexander Hrennikoff (early 40’s).
Idea was originated to solve complex problems
of civil engineering & structural analysis.
Idea was promoted by Boeing to compute sweep
of airplane wings (mid 50’s).
M.J Turner & Ray W. Clough articles established
the applications of FEA (mid 50’s).
Idea was also used to compute roof of Munich
Olympic stadium (late 60’s) 8
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Richard Courant
R.W.Clough
9. AREAS OF APPLICATIONS
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Engineering
• Fluid mechanics
• Thermodynamics
• Metal Forming etc
Biological Sciences
• Botany
• Zoology
• Archeological Anthropology
• Paleontology
General application
• Geology
• Astrophysics
10. ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
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C-blade Forging &
Manufacturing
Department of electronics &
Telecommunications, University of
Naples,Italy
Hochschule Regensburg,
Biomechanik
Numerical assessment of static & seismic behavior of
the Basilica of Santa Maria all’Impruneta (Italy)
Department of Atomic & Solid state
physics University of Cornell
Lehrstuhl Numerische Mathematik,
Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Heidelberg
11. HIERARCHY OF FEM
Physical Problem
Establish Finite element
model of the physical problem
Solve the problem
Interpret the result 11
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12. SPACE INCREMENTATION
Finite Elements:
Every model is sub-divided into
finite elements. Their junction
points are called as nodes.
Model assumes that forces act at
nodes & stresses & strain exist at
the finite element.
Reliability of FEA depends on
number of finite elements.
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15. SPACE INCREMENTATION
Meshing
Network of nodes is called a mesh.
There are 2 broad mesh-generation
methods.
Unstructured( Formed
automatically) A
Structured (Formed by grid based
sub-dividing of geometry) B 15
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16. SPACE INCREMENTATION
Meshing:
Accuracy of results always
depends on the assumptions.
Fine mesh is considered where
there are stress & strain
gradients.
A coarse mesh is used in the
areas of reasonably constant
stress or areas of interest.
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17. PROTOCOLS
Gaps are not permitted
during meshing.
Nodes are numbered
sequentially.
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20. SPACE INCREMENTATION
Remeshing
Why is it necessary?
Formation of unacceptable shapes due to large local deformations.
High relative motion between die surface & deforming material.
Large displacement causes computational problems.
Difficulties encountered in incorporating die boundary shapes with
increase in relative displacement.
To overcome above difficulties, periodic redefining of mesh is necessary 21
Abhishek&Jitendra
21. SPACE INCREMENTATION
Remeshing comprises of following
steps:
1. Assignment of new mesh
system to work piece
2. Transfer of information (strain,
strain rate, & temperature)
from the old to the new mesh
through interpolation.
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Abhishek&Jitendra
Image courtesy: emerald.com
22. SOLVERS
For simulation of metal forming, following 2 solutions
are used:
Implicit method ( Stable, iterative, high
computational effort)
Explicit method (conditionally stable, no iteration,
less computational effort)
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23. IMPLICIT SOLVERS
Studies reveal that this solver is
useful in smaller & 2D problems.
Each time step or increment has
to be treated as unconditionally
stable process.
Large time steps lead to larger
iterations & process do not
converge.
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(Newton Raphson method )Non-
linear analysis of reinforced
concrete beam
24. IMPLICIT SOLVERS
In the implicit approach a solution to the set of finite
element equations involves iteration until a convergence
criterion is satisfied for each increment.
Here computation is divided into several calculation time
steps.
At the end of each time step(increment) the equilibrium
between internal & external load must be reached.
Else iteration continues.
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25. EXPLICIT SOLVERS
The finite element equations in the explicit approach are
reformulated as being dynamic.
In this form they can be solved directly to determine the
solution at the end of the increment, without iteration.
Two methods are followed for time step calculations.
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26. EXPLICIT SOLVERS
Here largest allowable time step for a stable solution depends on:
Highest Eigen frequency occurring (ωmax )in the system
Corresponding damping (ξ)
∆tm ≤ (2/ωmax)* ((1+ξ2)0.5-ξ)
Sonic frequency & smallest element Le are estimated as follows:
∆ t ≤Le /C with C=(E/ρ)0.5
To compensate the disadvantage of extremely small time step, will
be reduced through increasing the density or shortening the process
time.
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27. COMPUTATIONAL TIME REQUIRED FOR
EXPLICIT/IMPLICIT METHODS
implicit: Complexity ~ number of freedom degrees x wave front
explicit: Complexity ~ number of freedom degrees
Complexity
Implicit
Explicit
Model-size
(Calculation time)
Efficiency
Statics Structural
dynamics
Highly
dynamic
Implicit Explicit
Image courtesy: Lecture notes, Fundamental of solving methods,
Prof Dr. –Ing. G. Hirt
28. NON-LINEARITIES IN FEM
Following Non-linearities are encountered during the
simulations.
Geometrical Non-linearity
Material Non-linearity
Contact variance (Change of boundary conditions)
Friction
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29. GEOMETRICAL NON-LINEARITY
In practical cases it is not
uncommon to encounter
strain of magnitude 2 or more
due to :
Large elongation
Large rotation
Portions of rigid body
movements 30
Abhishek&Jitendra
Courtesy: MRF tyres, India
30. GEOMETRICAL NON LINEARITY
Hydroforming
Operation Tools
Upper part
Lower partTube
In consideration of
geometrical nonlinearity
Geometrical nonlinearity
neglected
Image courtesy: Lecture notes, Fundamental of solving methods,
Prof Dr. –Ing. G. Hirt
31. MATERIAL NON-LINEARITY
Occurs when:
Transition of elastic to plastic
phase
Depends on ρ,θ, λ, CP
Note: This non-linearity is
important when considering
thermal effects z.B hot forming or
for calculation of temperature
increase during forming process.
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Courtesy: COMSOL, USA
32. Material-nonlinearity (flow curve)
MATERIAL NON-LINEARITY DURING TENSILE TEST
Image courtesy: Lecture notes, Fundamental of solving methods,
Prof Dr. –Ing. G. Hirt
kf = kf (v, v)
(strain hardened!)
considered Not considered
kf = 100 N/mm2 = const.Initial mesh
33. CONTACT NON-LINEARITY
Changing contact changes:
a.) Mechanical Boundaries
b.) Thermal Boundaries.
Types of contacts in metal forming
1.) Contacts with rigid tools
2.) Contacts with deforming tools
3.) Self contact
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Abhishek&Jitendra
Courtesy: ICS, Switzerland
34. FRICTION
Friction is non-linear. Friction leads to asymmetrical
equation system. This increases the calculation
complexity.
Categorization:
1. τ<µσN -- Sticking friction
2. τ=µσN – Slide friction
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35. WHY IS FEM ADVANTAGEOUS OVER OTHER
SOLVING METHODS
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without friction
with friction
36. Upsetting
without friction with friction
Comparision with & without
friction during upsetting
Image courtesy: Lecture notes, Fundamental of solving methods,
Prof Dr. –Ing. G. Hirt
37. VOTE OF THANKS & REFERENCES
Sincerely indebted to:
Prof Dr. –Ing. G. Hirt, Head of the department, IBF, RWTH Aachen
Dipl.-Ing. Simon Seuren, IBF, RWTH Aachen
Institute of Metal Forming, RWTH Aahcen
References:
Fundamentals of solving methods in metal forming by Prof.Dr.- Ing.G.Hirt
Metal forming & finite element method –Atlan,Oh, Kobayashi
Manufacturing process III –A.C.Niranjan
Comparison of the implicit and explicit finite element methods
using crystal plasticity- F.J. Harewood , P.E. McHugh
Web resources:
National program on technology enhanced learning, Dr. R. Krishnakumar, IIT madras.
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Abhishek&Jitendra
38. THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE & KIND ATTENTION!
FOR FURTHER DETAILS, QUERIES, AND SUGGESTIONS,
CONTACT US ON:
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Abhishek&Jitendra
abhishek.hukkerikar@rwth-aachen.de