Meningitis is the inflammation of the tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is usually caused by infection. It can be fatal and requires immediate medical care. Meningitis can be caused by several species of bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Most infections can be transmitted from person to person.
Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause meningitis.
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects saliva-producing (salivary) glands that are located near your ears. Mumps can cause swelling in one or both of these glands. Mumps was common in the United States until mumps vaccination became routine. Since then, the number of cases has dropped dramatically.
How long do mumps last?
Symptoms of mumps generally last about 10 days. Once you recover, you usually are immune from getting the mumps virus for the rest of your life.
Is the mumps serious?
A: Mumps can be serious, but most people with mumps recover completely within two weeks. While infected with mumps, many people feel tired and achy, have a fever, and swollen salivary glands on the side of the face
A brief description of a very common illness caused by Bacteria, Streptococcus. Commonly affecting children and presenting with sore throat, fever and rash. Useful for medical students, doctors, nurses, dermatologists and pediatricians. Refrences form Rooks textbook of dermatology. Helpful for USMLE exams and MRCP , FCPS and MCPS exams worldwide.
This week, cerebrospinal meningitis is on the news. This disease, which is majorly prevalent during the dry season has been reported to be ravaging five states in the North-West region of Nigeria including- Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina and Niger States.
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects saliva-producing (salivary) glands that are located near your ears. Mumps can cause swelling in one or both of these glands. Mumps was common in the United States until mumps vaccination became routine. Since then, the number of cases has dropped dramatically.
How long do mumps last?
Symptoms of mumps generally last about 10 days. Once you recover, you usually are immune from getting the mumps virus for the rest of your life.
Is the mumps serious?
A: Mumps can be serious, but most people with mumps recover completely within two weeks. While infected with mumps, many people feel tired and achy, have a fever, and swollen salivary glands on the side of the face
A brief description of a very common illness caused by Bacteria, Streptococcus. Commonly affecting children and presenting with sore throat, fever and rash. Useful for medical students, doctors, nurses, dermatologists and pediatricians. Refrences form Rooks textbook of dermatology. Helpful for USMLE exams and MRCP , FCPS and MCPS exams worldwide.
This week, cerebrospinal meningitis is on the news. This disease, which is majorly prevalent during the dry season has been reported to be ravaging five states in the North-West region of Nigeria including- Zamfara, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina and Niger States.
Gastrointestinal. Assessment will include inspection, auscultation, and light palpation of the abdomen to identify visible abnormalities; bowel sounds and softness/tenderness. Ensure stomach is not full at time of assessment as this may induce vomiting.
First Aid In Dislocation or muscles injury.pptxSachinDwivedi57
A dislocation is a separation of two bones where they meet at a joint. This injury can be very painful and can temporarily deform and immobilize the joint. The most common locations for a dislocation are shoulders and fingers, but can also occur in elbows, knees and hips.
ethical and cultural issues is a problem for child and nurse,ethical challenge is affect the nursing care of the child ,it impact the child health ,and development ,it may lead to the dangerous problems of the child .
congenital health problems in children is very serios problem in children ,it is major cause of mortality in children .it can prevented by proper care of mothers during pregnancy .
school health services are scheme for children ,to providing the preventive ,promotive ,curative care of school going children . for reducing work load of hospital
it is bleeding disorder of upper respiratory tract , it can cause by the weather change ,nose crusting etc . if minor bleeding have to manage at home ,and sever we can manage in hospital .
play is important for the children ,it is helpful for the development child physical ,mental ,and social,through the play child can learn color, numbers , shape to thing .
congenital heart disease is a heart defect, it is caused by the exposure of teracogenic substances during pregnancy ,it may lead to the congenital defect .
Management of challenged children Mentally, Physically, & Socially challenged...SachinDwivedi57
Mental health is a important aspect of ,child development if child is mentally chanlllenged,so that ,you have have to manage and handle appropriately., it can help full for child quality of life and ,survival also .
if normal newborn is born ,so we can develop healthy nation and develop the healthy nation ,normal newborn parameters,so it can help the identification of newborn problems.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. Introduction
9/5/2013 2
Meningitis is a disease caused by the inflammation of the
protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
known asthe meninges.
Theinflammation is usually causedby an infection of thefluid
surrounding the brain and spinalcord.
Meningitis can be life-threatening becauseof the
inflammation's proximity to the brain and spinal cord;
therefore the condition is classified asamedicalemergency.
3. FACTS
• Although meningitis is a notifiable disease, the exact
incidence rate is unknown.
• In 2010 – 420, 000 deaths
• In 2013 - 303,000 deaths.
• In 2015 - 379,000 deaths.
• In 2017 - 484,000 deaths.
• It can occur as a complication of other disease and
50% is an opportunistic infection.
4. Meninges
Themeninges is the system of membranes which envelops
the central nervous system.
It has3layers:
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoidmater
3. Pia mater
Subarachnoid space -
is the spacewhich
exists between the
arachnoid and the pia
mater, which is filled
with cerebrospinal
fluid.
4
6. DEFINITION
• Meningitis (from Greek méninx, "membrane”) is
an acute inflammation of the meninges.
• Mening= Covering of brain (Dura, Archnoid or pia)
• Itis= Inflammation.
• Means Meningitis is the inflammation of leptomeninges(Archnoid and pia
matter )
• Caused by bacteria, virus or fungi.
7. Causesof Meningitis
7
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Fungal
- Parasitic/ protozoal
- Physicalinjury
- Cancer
- Skull or Back bone Fractures
(trauma)
- Medical Procedures
- Blood or Lymphatic system
9. Premature babies and newborns (< 3 months): group B
streptococci,
Older children: Neisseria meningitidis andStreptococcu
pneumoniae (serotypes 6, 9, 14, 18 and 23) and those
under five by Haemophilus influenzae typeB
Adults: N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae (80% of all
cases) of bacterial meningitis, with increased risk of L.
monocytogenes (>50yrs)
9/5/2013 9
Bacterial
14. Viral Meningitis
9/5/2013 14
Incubation period : 3 to 6days.
Duration of the illness : approx 7 to10 days.
Milder and occurs more often thanbacterial
meningitis.
Affects children and adults under age30. Most
infections occur in children under age5.
Most viral meningitis is due to enteroviruses,that
also cancauseintestinal illness.
Diagnosed by laboratory tests of apatient’s spinal
fluid
16. PATHPHYSIOLOGY
Increased ICP
Increased CSF Cell count
Inflammation of the subarachnoid space and piamater occur
Enters and accumulates in sub archenoid sapace
Inflammatory cellular material from affected meningial tissue
Inflammation reaction in meninges
Cross the Blood brain barrior
Causative organism enters blood stream
Due to etiological factor such as bacteria ,virus etc
18. Kernig’s sign - is assessedwith the patient lying supine, with the hip and knee
flexed to 90 degrees. In a patient with a positive Kernig's sign, pain limits passive
extension of theknee.
Brudzinski signs-Apositive Brudzinski's sign occurswhen flexion of the neck
causesinvoluntary flexion of the knee andhip.
18
19. Skin findings: Nonspecific blanching, erythematous, maculopapular rash toa
petechial or purpuricrash.
**Approximately 6%of affected infants and children show signs
of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy . Thesesignsare
indicative of apoor prognosis.
19
22. DIAGNOSIS(contd..)
Lumbar puncture
The CSF sample is examined
for presence and types of
white blood cells, red blood
cells, protein content and
glucose level. Gram staining
of the sample may
demonstrate bacteria in
bacterial meningitis (60%
cases).
22
23. Type of meningitis
9/5/2013 23
CSF findings in different forms of meningitis
Glucose Protein Cells
Acute bacterial low high
PMNs
often > 300/mm³
Acute viral normal normal or high
mononuclear
< 300/mm³
Tuberculous low high
mononuclear and
PMNs, < 300/mm³
Fungal low high < 300/mm³
Malignant low high
usually
mononuclear
25. • Latexagglutination - Theclumping of cells such as
bacteria or RBCsin the presence of an antibody. The
antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and
joins them, creating alarge complex. Positive in meningitis
causedby Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria
meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia
coli and group B streptococci.
• Serotyping - Group of microorganisms classifiedtogether
basedon their cell surfaceantigens
(virulence, lipopolysaccharides in Gram-negative
bacteria), presence of an exotoxin or othercharacteristics
which differentiate two members of thesamespecies.
25
DIAGNOSIS(contd..)
26. • Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL): An aqueous
extract of blood cells (amoebocytes) from the
horseshoe crab, (Limulus polyphemus).
LALreacts with bacterial endotoxin or
lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is amembrane
component of “Gram negativebacteria”.
• Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)is atechnique
used to amplify small traces ofbacterial DNA
26
DIAGNOSIS(contd..)
28. Non- pharmacological Management
•Bed rest to prevent increased ICP.
•Prevention of Hyperthermia or decrease metabolic
demands.
•To prevent from infection
•To isolate the client as per causative organism.
•Prevent possible complication.
28
29. Pharmacological Management
• ANTIBIOTICS- Benzylpenicillin can be used
to initiate treatment in meningococcal and
pneumococcal infections.
• Chloramphenicol should be used in H.
influenzae infections or when gram-negative
organisms are causative in children below
five.
• Many physicians prefer to combine
chloramphenicol (100 rug/kg/day) with either
penicillin (150 mglkglday) or ampicillin (200
rug/kg/day) as the first line of treatment.
30. Pharmacological Management
•Treatment with an aminoglycoside (gentamycin,
tobramycin) preferably given intrathecally,
combined with a penicillinase-resistant penicillin
(nafcillin),
•Cephalosporins such as cefotaxime and
ceftazimide are very effective against gram-
negative bacilli.
•If seizures develop, these should he treated with
diazepam (5 to 10 mg intravenously) or with
phenytoin.
•Sedation should be avoided because of the risk of
aspiration pneumonia.
31. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT.
A subdural tap, using a
special needle with a
stylet, performed through
the edge of an open
anterior fontanelle may be
both diagnostic and
therapeutic. Repeated
taps may be required.
9/19/2023
31
33. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
a subdural-
peritoneal shunt,
may be required in
the very rare
instances where
repeated taps fail to
clear the effusion or
if the patient
remains
symptomatic.
34. PREVENTION
•Bacterial: Vaccines are available to protect us from
the most common– Hib, pneumococcal and most
strains of meningococcal diseases.
•Viral: MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccines
are useful against these infections that can lead to
viral meningitis (in case of measles, encephalitis).
35. RECENT ADVANCEMENT
In 2000 the 7-valent pneumococcal protein–
polysaccharide conjugate vaccine was introduced and
appeared to prevent invasive infections in young children.
The vaccine may have also reduced the rate of invasive
disease in older adults. Developing quadrivalent conjugate
vaccines (A/C/Y/W-135) for immunoprophylaxis against
meningococcal infection in at-risk groups may provide
more effective and longer-lasting immunity than the
current polysaccharide vaccine.
Another approach to prevent bacterial meningitis will be to
improve food processing and food-safety measures.
Doing so may specifically reduce the incidence of L.
monocytogenes meningitis, which is a growing problem in
the immunocompromised.
36. Nursing Management
• Admission history and physical exam.
• Baseline vital signs.
• Ongoing assessment for disease
progression is critical.
• The patient is monitored for life- threatening
complications e.g, respiratory failure.
37. Nursing Diagnosis
• Ineffective gas exchange r/t decreased
tissue perfusion
• Impaired physical mobility r/t paralysis,
fatigue.
• Pain r/t disease condition.
• Altered nutrition less than body requirement
r/t dysphagia ( c. nerve dysfunction).
38. Contd..
• High risk for injury r/t seizures episodes
• Impaired verbal function r/t cranial nerve
dysfunction.
• Fear and anxiety r/t loss of control and
paralysis.
• Potential for secondary complication
(infections etc)