final Biorefinery
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An oil refinery takes crude oil and refines it into useful petroleum products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel through distillation and cracking processes. A biorefinery similarly converts biomass into fuels, power, and chemicals through various conversion techniques like biochemical and thermochemical processes. Both aim to produce multiple energy and chemical products from raw feedstock materials in an integrated facility setup.
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This document discusses coal, fuel oil, and natural gas as fossil fuel sources. It provides information on what each fuel is composed of, how it is formed over long periods of time, and its various uses. Coal is described as a combustible rock formed from vegetation that is primarily used for heat and electricity generation. Fuel oil is a liquid fuel fraction obtained from petroleum distillation. Natural gas is a fossil fuel composed mainly of methane that is formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals buried underground. The document also outlines some pros and cons of using fossil fuels.
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Well there are a few alternatives:
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alternateFuels
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Bio_diesel_Production_Technology.pptx
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. It has lower emissions than petroleum diesel and is non-toxic. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification where vegetable oil or fat reacts with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin. Various crops like soybean, palm, and jatropha are good sources of oil for biodiesel production. Biodiesel provides benefits like reduced emissions, energy security, and rural employment. Standards are in place to ensure biodiesel quality for use as a transportation fuel.
alternate fuels
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This document summarizes a study investigating the production of biodiesel from rapeseed flower oil in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Rapeseed flowers grow wild in the spring and produce considerable amounts of oil. The study aims to optimize biodiesel production from this oil via transesterification. Parameters investigated include catalyst concentration, methanol to oil ratio, and reaction temperature. The optimum conditions found were 1.25% KOH catalyst, a 7:1 methanol to oil ratio, and a temperature of 60°C, yielding 96% biodiesel. Tests on the resulting biodiesel show it meets common standards. The study concludes rapeseed oil is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production in the region.
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Alternative fuels can be used like traditional fuels but don't contaminate the environment and are renewable. Biomass fuels come from living organisms and provide 1.4% of US electricity through burning. Ethanol is most often used as a motor fuel but increased food prices, while methanol can cause injury or death if ingested but is used in plastics, paints, and windshield washer fluid. Biodiesel is made from vegetable or animal fats and is non-toxic and biodegradable. Hydrogen can be produced from fossil fuels, biomass, or electrolyzing water and allows for virtually pollution-free transportation independence from imported oil. Propane infrastructure is widespread and it is used for fuel and
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alternative fuels for automobiles
The document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used for automobiles instead of fossil fuels. It describes fuels such as methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. For each fuel, it provides details on their production, use in vehicles, and environmental and performance advantages over gasoline and diesel. The conclusion emphasizes that alternative fuels generally have lower emissions and reduce dependence on petroleum. Comparing the different options economically and environmentally is important for determining the best short and long-term alternatives. Overall alternative fuels can help address issues like air, soil, and water pollution as well as global warming.
presentation on alternative fuels
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of conventional fossil fuels. It covers 4 generations of biofuels including those from food crops, non-food crops, algae, and those converted from vegetable oils. It also discusses natural gas, electricity in batteries and fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells, emulsified diesel, and producing fuel from plastic waste as promising alternative fuel sources. The use of alternative fuels can help address issues of rising energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming.
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Requirement of alternatives of conventional petrol and diesel is increasing day by day with increase in pollution. To overcome this situation alternative fuel is best way of future fuel - It prevents pollution also clean burning properties as a fuel.
It is Modern Era of Fuel.
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The document discusses alternative fuel sources and their uses as more sustainable options compared to fossil fuels. It notes that fossil fuel reserves will be depleted within 200-300 years for coal and a few decades for petroleum. As such, alternative fuels like hydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol and biomass are important to research and develop. Hydrogen can be extracted from water and power fuel cells or engines. Biodiesel is made from plant oils and animal fats and has similar performance to diesel. Ethanol is produced through fermentation and used in vehicles. Biomass from waste can be converted to energy through anaerobic digestion and used for heating. Overall, alternative fuels are more environmentally friendly and help conserve natural resources
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Alternative fuels are fuels other than conventional fuels like gasoline and diesel. They include methanol, ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, biodiesel, and electricity. Methanol can be produced from biomass or coal and used in gasoline engines with minor modifications. Natural gas and LPG are cleaner burning than gasoline but LPG cylinders take up space while natural gas stations are limited. Hydrogen produces no emissions but is expensive to store and distribute. Biodiesel is made from plant oils and fats, has low emissions, and can be blended with diesel.
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This lecture discusses transportation energy use and alternatives to petroleum. It recaps that transportation accounts for over 25% of total US energy use and over 90% comes from petroleum. The document outlines problems with petroleum dependence including economic costs, geopolitical issues, and environmental impacts. It then discusses various alternative fuels and vehicles including electric, hybrid, biofuels, natural gas, and hydrogen fuel cells. The lecture notes the complex challenges involved in transitioning away from near-exclusive reliance on oil for transportation.
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The document discusses various alternative fuels that could potentially replace or supplement gasoline and diesel fuels. It notes that conventional fossil fuels are depleting and contributing to pollution and global warming. Some key alternative fuels discussed include ethanol, methanol, vegetable oils/biodiesel, natural gas, propane, and hydrogen. The document provides details on production methods and potential benefits and drawbacks of different alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Overall it evaluates options for more sustainable fuel sources.
IC Engine:Futuristic Fuels
This presentation gives a brief about IC engines and the fuels which can be used to power the vehicles of tomorrow.
Alternative Fuel
The document discusses several alternative fuels to gasoline including ethanol, electricity, biodiesel, and hydrogen. Ethanol is made from distilling crops like barley to produce alcohol that can be mixed with gasoline. Electricity can power cars through battery cells that store energy or fuel cells that combine hydrogen and oxygen. Biodiesel is made from vegetable and animal fats and can be used directly in specially designed engines or mixed with petroleum. Hydrogen can be used in fuel cells by combining it with oxygen or mixed with natural gas. Each option requires infrastructure like manufacturing plants, fueling stations, and distribution networks. The author concludes that biodiesel would be the best near-term option as it utilizes waste materials and is
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This document discusses alternative fuels for spark ignition engines, including ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and methanol. Ethanol is produced from crops like corn and can be blended with gasoline. Hydrogen produces no emissions other than water but is costly to produce and store. Natural gas and propane emit fewer pollutants than gasoline and are available now. Methanol can be made from various feedstocks and used in fuel cells. Overall, alternative fuels can help reduce emissions and dependence on petroleum but many require infrastructure and technology development before widespread adoption.
alternateFuels
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) → 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 → CO
-> CO + H2O → CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
What's hot (19)
Alternative Fuels Presentation for Middle Schoolers
Alternative Fuels Presentation for Middle Schoolers
Alcohol (ethanol) as Alternative fuel for ic engine
Alcohol (ethanol) as Alternative fuel for ic engine
Similar to final Biorefinery
Bio_diesel_Production_Technology.pptx
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats that can be used in diesel engines. It has lower emissions than petroleum diesel and is non-toxic. Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification where vegetable oil or fat reacts with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to form biodiesel and glycerin. Various crops like soybean, palm, and jatropha are good sources of oil for biodiesel production. Biodiesel provides benefits like reduced emissions, energy security, and rural employment. Standards are in place to ensure biodiesel quality for use as a transportation fuel.
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This document defines fuel and discusses conventional and alternative fuels. It notes that fossil fuels will deplete within a few centuries unless alternatives are developed. Biodiesel is introduced as a renewable alternative produced through transesterification of vegetable oils. Algae are also discussed as a promising source for biodiesel, with several cultivation methods described, though commercialization challenges remain. The document concludes renewable fuels can help address energy and environmental issues if developed sustainably.
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This document summarizes a study investigating the production of biodiesel from rapeseed flower oil in the Iraqi Kurdistan region. Rapeseed flowers grow wild in the spring and produce considerable amounts of oil. The study aims to optimize biodiesel production from this oil via transesterification. Parameters investigated include catalyst concentration, methanol to oil ratio, and reaction temperature. The optimum conditions found were 1.25% KOH catalyst, a 7:1 methanol to oil ratio, and a temperature of 60°C, yielding 96% biodiesel. Tests on the resulting biodiesel show it meets common standards. The study concludes rapeseed oil is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production in the region.
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The document discusses algae biofuel as a promising alternative fuel source. It provides information on the advantages of algae biofuel such as its high yield per acre and ability to use wastewater. The document also discusses challenges such as the need for large-scale sustainable algae production and efficient oil extraction methods. It outlines the key steps in the potential algae biofuel production process and value chain.
Biofuel
-“Biofuel is an inexhaustible, biodegradable fuel manufactured from Biomass.”
• Renewable energy
• Derived from living materials.
• Pure and the easiest available fuels on planet earth.
Application of biodiesel ramdas narwade
The document summarizes research on biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It discusses how biodiesel is produced through transesterification of vegetable oils and fats. The properties of biodiesel are outlined and compared to fossil diesel. Experimental results are presented showing biodiesel blends and advanced injection timing can improve engine performance similar to diesel. However, higher carbon deposits and more frequent filter cleaning are issues. The document concludes biodiesel is a promising renewable alternative but requires further optimization.
Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel
This document discusses various methods for producing biodiesel as an alternative fuel. It describes biodiesel production from algae through oil extraction from algae, transesterification with methanol and sodium hydroxide catalyst, and separation of biodiesel. Biodiesel can also be produced from jatropha through oil extraction from seeds, transesterification, and from mahua through a two-stage esterification and transesterification process. Additionally, biodiesel can be produced from used cooking oil through collection, filtration, and transesterification. The document examines the advantages and disadvantages of different biodiesel production methods.
Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
During the past decade, significant advancement has been made on various extraction technologies to develop U.S. oil shale resources in an environmentally and economically sustainable fashion. This work has been driven by the increasing demand for domestic transportation fuels and the need to improve U.S. energy security. Although conventional hydrocarbon deposits are becoming more difficult to find and limited in volume, unconventional reserves are relatively easy to locate and plentiful. Hence, development of unconventional resources, particularly shale gas, oil sands, and shale oil continues to receive tremendous attention. The present work shows ex-situ process of oil shale in a five ton/day externally heated horizontal rotary reactor, and discuss the process parameters and yield. The main focus of this article is: A) Effect of reactor bed temperature, rotation speed and feed rate on the residence time, fuel consumption and process yield B) Hazardous environmental issue related to leaching of heavy metals and metalloids from spent shale by underground and/or surface water, which prevent further commercialization of this process. In addition, an Aspen diagram of the overall oil shale process is presented as ongoing work focusing on key mechanical issues that affect online reliability and process efficiency including particle size, bed temperature and solid/gas mixing efficiency.
Development of a Laboratory Scale Biodiesel Batch Reactor
The document describes the development of a laboratory-scale batch reactor for biodiesel production. Researchers in Nigeria designed and built a 12-liter reactor using locally available materials to make biodiesel production more accessible. Experiments using the reactor showed that the maximum biodiesel yield was obtained after 20 minutes, and the properties of the biodiesel matched standards. The reactor design incorporated a helical agitator and integrated separation unit to efficiently produce biodiesel from waste vegetable oil on a small scale.
Biodiesel 2
The document discusses biodiesel, including what it is, how it is made through transesterification, its properties and benefits compared to petroleum diesel. It also discusses biodiesel blends, production of biodiesel from algae, and potential applications and adoption of biodiesel in Pakistan.
Algae Biofuels
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to examine the increasing economic feasibility of algae biofuels. Algae can be grown in places where traditional crops cannot be grown and it consumes carbon dioxide, thus making it better than traditional sources of biofuels. It can also be harvested every 10 days thus making its oil yield per acre 200 times higher than corn and 40 times higher than sunflowers. The problem is that harvesting and extracting the algae requires large amounts of labor and energy (drying) and the algae may damage surrounding eco-systems. Thus new and better processes along with large scale production are needed to solve these problems. These slides discuss the various approaches (open pond, photo-bioreactor, fermentation), their advantages and disadvantages, their existing and future costs, and other improvements that are driving steadily falling costs. In the short term, algae will continue to be used in niche applications such as cosmetics, food, and fertilizers. In the long run, as the cost reductions continue, algae might become a major source of fuel for transportation and other applications.
Modern fuels and their environmental impacts
Modern fuels include renewable fuels synthesized from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar. Biofuels are considered modern fuels and are made from biomass sources like plants and waste. First generation biofuels are made from food crops while second and third generation biofuels can be made from non-food sources like cellulosic biomass and engineered plants. The production of biofuels is increasing but has led to concerns about food prices and using food for fuel. Future fuels will likely focus on electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles to address sustainability and emissions issues.
Algae Biofuels
This document discusses the potential of algae as a biofuel feedstock. It describes how algae can be grown through open pond systems or photobioreactors, then harvested and processed to extract oil. The oil can then be converted into biodiesel. Algae has advantages over petroleum and other biofuel feedstocks in that it is carbon neutral, does not require arable land, and can be harvested multiple times per year, making it a more efficient producer of oil. While challenges remain in making algae biofuels cost competitive, researchers are working to develop faster growing and higher oil producing algae strains through genetic engineering to improve the viability of algae as a sustainable transportation fuel alternative.
Biodiesel 101
What It Is and How It Is Made
Learn the basics of biodiesel including biodiesel markets and benefits, production technologies, quality control, distribution and storage issues. A replay of the actual lecture can be found at: www.pccbusiness.com/green
Production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil and engine performance t...
This document summarizes research on producing diesel-like fuel from waste engine oil through pyrolysis and testing the fuel's performance in a diesel engine. Key points:
- Waste engine oil is pyrolyzed at temperatures up to 550°C to produce a diesel-like fuel. About 750ml of fuel can be produced from 1kg of waste oil.
- The produced fuel is tested in a single-cylinder diesel engine. Engine performance is evaluated by measuring properties like power, fuel consumption, and emissions.
- Initial tests show the pyrolysis fuel has flash and fire points similar to diesel. It can be used partially or fully in diesel engines without modification.
- Further properties of the pyrolysis
Alternative fuels
AS THE USING FUELS MAY RUN OUT IN THE NEAR FUTURE WE SHOULD WORK ON THE ALTERNATIVES OF FUELS TO CONTINUE OUR DEVELOPMENT
biofuels.pptx
This seminar report discusses biofuels as an alternative fuel source. It defines biofuels as hydrocarbons produced from organic matter in a short period of time. The report outlines two generations of biofuels - first generation from food crops like corn and vegetable oils, and second generation from non-food feedstocks. Examples of first generation biofuels discussed are biodiesel and bioethanol. Current research is focused on improving crop yields and developing biofuels from waste. The report concludes that while biofuels show potential as a renewable alternative fuel, production methods need advancement to be more sustainable.
Engineering challenges in algae energy
There are significant biological, chemical, and mechanical engineering challenges to the commercialization of algae energy. Some of the key challenges include strain selection, maximizing photosynthetic efficiency, increasing lipid production, devising efficient fermentation processes, reducing the costs of harvesting, drying, and extracting oil from algae, and scaling up cultivation, harvesting, and processing systems in a cost-effective manner. Overcoming these challenges will be necessary for algae energy to become economically viable.
BIOFUELS AND THEIR FUTURE PERESPECTIVES
Biofuels provide a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and are becoming increasingly important. There are several types of biofuels like biogas produced from anaerobic digestion, bioethanol commonly from sugarcane or corn, and biodiesel usually from oils. Countries like Brazil and India have developed biofuel industries using their agricultural resources. New technologies allow extraction of oils from plants like jatropha and algae for biodiesel production. Microalgae have the highest oil yield per hectare and could potentially meet global fuel demands if commercially produced. Overall, biofuels offer environmental and economic benefits but large-scale production faces challenges.
Petroleum industry
Petroleum is a black or green liquid that forms from the remains of ancient plants and animals. It is extracted from underground reservoirs and is refined to produce fuels like gasoline and diesel. The largest reserves are found in the Middle East. The United States consumes the most petroleum per day, using it mainly for transportation and power generation. New biofuels made from plants are being developed as more environmentally friendly alternatives.
Similar to final Biorefinery (20)
The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock T...
The Investigation Of Utilizing Rapeseed Flowers Oil As A Reliable Feedstock T...
Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
Oil Shale Ex-Situ Process - Leaching Study of Spent Shale
Development of a Laboratory Scale Biodiesel Batch Reactor
Development of a Laboratory Scale Biodiesel Batch Reactor
Production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil and engine performance t...
Production of diesel like fuel from waste engine oil and engine performance t...
final Biorefinery
- 2. By A.M. Anan Atef Ebeid A.M.Salama M.W.Hussien Professor(s) name(s)……. Dr, Dina Ismail Abdel Meguid Dr, Y. Abdel Kader El bahloul
- 4. An oil refinery or petroleum refinery Is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. [1][2] A complex mixture containing thousands of different organic hydrocarbon molecules – 83-87% Carbon – 11-15% Hydrogen – 1-6% Sulfur http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery Oil refinery
- 5. • 1847 First “rock oil” refinery in England • 1849 Canada distills kerosene from crude oil • 1856 World’s first refinery in Romania • 1857 Flat-wick kerosene lamp invented • 2005 US Refining capacity is 17,042,000 bpd, 23% of World’s
- 8. • (LPG,gasolne,naphtha) Light distillate • (Keroaene,diesel) Middle distillates • (Heavy fuel oil, lubricating oils,wax,asphalt) Heavy distillates and Residuum http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery[4]
- 9. 1.Excellent source of organic molecules for building plastics, medicines, rubber, fiber, etc. 2.Natural gas is used to make fertilizers used in agriculture and household detergents 3. The oil industry has been a source of much advanced technology and many new products that have changed our lives for the better. 4. Oil refining produces the world's supply of elemental sulphur as a byproduct, used for many industrial applications. http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006020305594
- 10. 1.Oil is a carbon based fuel and the primary way it is used is to burn it, releasing more than its weight in CO2 because of the added oxygen. CO2 is a greenhouse gas and is expected by most scientists to be a cause of global warming. 2. Volatile components of oil and natural gas can contribute to smog. 3.We are running out. Estimates vary from 50 to 150 years before we run out of oil. This is impossible to predict, but most major oil companies have been failing to discover new reserves equal to the amount of oil they are producing for the last few years. 4. Oil must be transported in ever increasing quantities. 5. Sulphur in oil ends up in refined fuels and contributes to air pollution. Source: IPCC 2007 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006020305594
- 11. A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, heat, and value-added chemicals from biomass. The biorefinery concept is analogous to today's petroleum refinery, which produce multiple fuels and products from petroleum.[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorefinery[1] Biorefinery
- 12. Biomass Resources - oil - starch - sugar - lignocellulose - …. Biorefinery Based on different conversion processes - Bio-chemical - Thermo-chemical - Physical-chemical - Others Energy Chemicals liquid/gaseous transportation fuels electricity heat solid fuels bulk chemicals fine chemicals animal feed materials fertilizer ……
- 13. The main biomass resources 1. wood wastes 2. sugar crops 3. starch crops 4. herbaceous lignocellulosic crops 5. oil crops 6. agricultural wastes 7. municipal solid waste and refuse 8. industrial wastes
- 14. http://lh5.ggpht.com/_iSh0s9pVb-g/TGKRuFWGHrI/AAAAAAAADMU/DQcY6trygZk/Biofuel%20-%20applications.jpg
- 15. 1. B100 can be produced from renewable, domestic resources. 2. B100 is energy efficient. (The total fossil fuel energy efficiency of biodiesel is 320% vs. 83% for petroleum diesel.) (National Biodiesel Board, 1998) 3. B100 can be used directly in most diesel engin applications. 4. B100 can reduce global warming and tailpipe emissions (-41%) 5. B100 is nontoxic and biodegradable. 6. B100 is a good solvent and may clean out fuel line and tank sediments. (Note that this may result in fuel filter clogging during initial use.) [5] <http://www.ces.purdue.edu/bioenergy>
- 16. 1. B100 contains approximately 8% less energy per gallon. 2. B100 generally has a higher cloud and pour point (will freeze at a higher temp) than conventional diesel. 3. B100 is not compatible with some metals and plastics. 4. B100 may increase nitrogen oxide emissions. 5. It needs large amounts of Biomass to produce large amount of Bio-products 6. This process does not produce compounds important life. Such as asphalt. [5] <http://www.ces.purdue.edu/bioenergy>
- 20. 1-^ a b Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E. (1984). Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics (2nd Edition ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0-8247-7150-8 2- ^ a b Leffler, W.L. (1985). Petroleum refining for the nontechnical person (2nd Edition ed.). PennWell Books. ISBN 0-87814-280-0. 3. 3. ^ a b Leffler, W.L. (1985). Petroleum refining for the nontechnical person (2nd Edition ed.). PennWell Books. ISBN 0-87814-280-0. 4. National Biodiesel Board. Biodiesel Report. (March 1996). National Biodiesel Board. Summary of 1998 USDA/DOE Biodiesel Life Cycle Analysis <http://www.nbb.org/pdf_ files/fuelfactsheets/LifeCycle_Summary.PDF> U.S. Department of Energy. Biodiesel Handling and Use Guidelines. DOE/GO-102006-2288, (March 2006).