The document discusses the urgent need to transition from fossil fuels due to their impending depletion within this century, with predictions indicating oil, natural gas, and coal availability lasting only up to 50, 53, and 114 years respectively. It outlines various alternative fuels, including hydrogen, biodiesel, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, and electricity, highlighting their production methods and advantages over fossil fuels. Emphasizing the importance of rapidly developing these alternatives, it concludes that if fossil fuel consumption continues at the current rate, depletion could occur as early as 2060.

1. ALTERNATE
FUELS
TEAM WANDERING MINDS

2. Burning fossil fuels is like breaking up the furniture to feed the fireplace because it's easier than
going out to the woodpile.
~ Daryl Hannah

3. What's Next?
Conclusion: how long will fossil fuels last? It is predicted that
we will run out of fossil fuels in this century. Oil can last up
to 50 years, natural gas up to 53 years, and coal up to 114
years

4. AS THE USING
FUELS MAY RUN
OUT IN THE NEAR
FUTURE WE
SHOULD WORK ON
THE ALTERNATIVES
OF FUELS TO
CONTINUE OUR
DEVELOPMENT

5. B
E
S
T
A
L
T
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R
N
A
T
I
V
E
S

6. About Hydrogen
WHAT IS IT
Hydrogen (H2) can be produced in several different ways. Today, nearly all hydrogen is produced by
reforming natural gas. The production of hydrogen through water electrolysis could be combined with
the growing renewable energy sector, which delivers, by nature, intermittent electrical power only.
Conversion to hydrogen could facilitate storage and transport of this renewable energy. Hydrogen
from electrolysis and renewable energy (wind, solar, water) is the basic building block for a range of
fuels. Hydrogen can be used directly as compressed or liquefied gas. In combination with carbon
dioxide, it can be converted to methane gas (i.e. power-to-gas [PtG]). Methane can be liquefied and
used in the same way as LNG. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide also can be converted to liquid “diesel-
like” fuels (i.e. power-to-liquid [PtL]). The PtG and PtL processes can be summarized as power-to-fuel
(PtF).

7. PRODUCTION
Hydrogen is found in the first group and first period in the
periodic table, i.e. it is the lightest and first element of all.
Since the weight of hydrogen is less than air, it rises in the
atmosphere and is therefore rarely found in its pure form, H2.
[4] In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the
hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O)
and releases energy.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) →2H2O (g) + energy
If carried out in atmospheric air instead of pure oxygen, as is
usually the case, hydrogen combustion may yield small
amounts of nitrogen oxides, along with the water vapor.

8. About Bio Deisel
WHAT IS IT
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or ‘fossil’ diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from
straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils
to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This process is described in more detail below. The largest possible
source of suitable oil comes from oil crops such as rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed
represents the greatest potential for biodiesel production. Most biodiesel produced at present is produced
from waste vegetable oil sourced from restaurants, chip shops, industrial food producers such as Birdseye
etc. Though oil straight from the agricultural industry represents the greatest potential source it is not being
produced commercially simply because the raw oil is too expensive. After the cost of converting it to
biodiesel has been added on it is simply too expensive to compete with fossil diesel. Waste vegetable oil
can often be sourced for free or sourced already treated for a small price. (The waste oil must be treated
before conversion to biodiesel to remove impurities). The result is Biodiesel produced from waste vegetable
oil can compete with fossil diesel. More about the cost of biodiesel and how factors such as duty play an
important role can be found here.

9. HISTORY OF BIO DEISEL
Before petroleum diesel fuel became popular, Rudolf Diesel,
the inventor of the diesel engine in 1897, experimented with
using vegetable oil (biodiesel) as fuel. Until 2001, the United
States consumed only small amounts of biodiesel. Since then,
U.S. biodiesel production and consumption have increased
substantially, largely because of the availability of various
government incentives and requirements to produce, sell,
and use biodiesel including the Renewable Fuel Standard
Program.
In 2019, the United States produced about 41 million barrels
(1.7 billion gallons) of B100, imported about 4 million barrels
(168 million gallons), exported about 2.7 million barrels (114
million gallons), and consumed about 43 million barrels (1.8
billion gallons) nearly all as blends with petroleum diesel.

10. About Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
WHAT IS IT
Liquefied petroleum gas, also referred to as LPG or propane, is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases
predominantly composed of propane and butane. LPG is typically obtained through the refinement process
of petroleum products or during the separation processing of natural gas sources that are heavy in non-
methane components. At atmospheric pressures and temperatures, LPG will evaporate and therefore is
stored in pressurized steel tanks. As a motor vehicle fuel, LPG is composed primarily of propane with varying
butane percentages to adjust for the vaporization pressure. Title 13, California Code of Regulations, section
2292.6 contains the fuel specifications for liquefied petroleum gas, effective on January 1, 1993. Three
amendments to the fuel specifications have been filed (effective April 13, 1995, January 6, 1998, and
December 8, 1999) since that time.

11. PRODUCTION
LPG is prepared by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas,
and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being
manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or
extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they
emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr.
Walter Snelling, and the first commercial products appeared
in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy
consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very
few sulfur emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or
water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution. LPG
has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared
with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium
grade petrol (gasoline).[8] However, its energy density per
volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or
fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L,
compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for gasoline)..

12. About Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
WHAT IS IT
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a gasoline and diesel fuel alternative consisting primarily of methane.
The gas is associated with other fossil fuels (coal or oil) and is created by methanogenic organisms in
landfills. The gas is extracted from the source and compressed to a high pressure where it can be stored in
a vehicle fuel tank.
Current Activities
The current CARB CNG specification has been undergoing review for a possible update. CARB staff has
temporarily put the review effort on hold while ASTM International is developing a fuel quality specification
for natural gas used as a motor vehicle fuel. The work item is currently going through the ballot process.
CARB staff has been participating in the work item development and will wait until the item completes
balloting before deciding whether the current CARB specification needs to be amended.

13. RESEARCH STUDIES
CARB funded several studies that examine the emissions
effect of natural gas. The first is the effect of natural gas
fuel composition on vehicles study, which was conducted by
the University of California at Riverside. This study examined
the emission effects that lower Methane Number and higher
Wobbe Index gas supplies may have on light and heavy-duty
engines. CARB partially funded the heavy duty emission
testing portion of the study. The second is the Tool for
Emission Processing of LNG Expansion Scenarios (TEMPLES)
study, which was developed by the University of California at
Irvine (UCI). This study is a predictive model used to estimate
changes in GHG and criteria pollutant emissions from mobile
and stationary sources. The research studies culminated with
reports covering the effect of gas quality on vehicle
emissions and with a model that examines the air quality
impact of changes to gas quality.

14. About E85 Ethanol
WHAT IS IT
E85 is a nominal blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline that is an alternative fuel for
automobiles. The actual ethanol content of E85 can vary depending upon the month of the year and
geographical location, and may be as little as 70 percent ethanol. E85 is used in flexible fuel vehicles
(FFVs). The Board approved the alternative fuel specifications, including E-85 Fuel Ethanol, by adopting
Resolution 92-9 at a public hearing on March 12, 1992. The Executive Officer subsequently issued Executive
Order G-775, adopting several sections including 2292.4, Title 13, California Code of Regulations. The
growing use of E85 has prompted a review of the specifications which have not been updated since
originally adopted.

15. PERFORMANCE
Nakata et al. (2006) used a high compression ratio (13:1)
naturally aspirated port-fuel injected spark-ignition engine and
found that torque increased by 5% and 20% using E100
compared with the operation on 100 RON and 92 RON gasoline,
respectively. The full improvements in torque due to being able
to run MBT ignition timing were apparent for E50. Marriot et al.
(2008) show significant performance benefits for E85 (RON
measured as 107.7) compared with a 104 RON gasoline when
used in a naturally aspirated direct-injection gasoline engine.
Peak torque generated by the engine increased by 5% and peak
power by about 4% at the same enriched air–fuel ratio. An
increase in volumetric efficiency of about 3% was measured at
the peak torque operating point. Smaller but still significant
performance benefits were available from operation at
stoichiometric conditions when using E85 fuel. The majority of
the combustion-related benefit in performance using E85 was
determined to come from a reduction in the cumulative heat
energy rejected to the engine coolant.

16. About Electricity
WHAT IS IT
Electricity can be used to power plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including both all-electric vehicles, also
called battery-electric vehicles, as well as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. These vehicles can charge their
batteries by drawing electricity directly from the grid and other off-board electrical power sources. In
contrast, hybrid electric vehicles are fueled with liquid fuels, like gasoline, but use small batteries to
recapture energy otherwise lost during braking (ultimately boosting fuel economy). PHEVs can use off-board
electricity for power, which classifies them as a PEV, but can also use liquid fuels and operate similar to a
HEV if necessary. Using electricity to power vehicles can have significant energy

17. BENEFITS AND CONSIDERATIONS
In 2019, the United States imported about 3% of the petroleum it
consumed, and the transportation sector accounts for approximately
30% of total U.S. energy needs and 70% of U.S. petroleum consumption.
Using more energy efficient vehicles like hybrid and plug-in electric
vehicles is an important part of continuing this successful trend of
minimizing imported petroleum. This supports the U.S. economy and
helps diversify the U.S. transportation fleet. Additionally, using an energy
source such as electricity for transportation creates a resiliency benefit.
The multiple fuel sources used in the generation of electricity results in a
more secure and domestically generated energy source for the
electrified portion of the transportation sector. All of this adds to our
nation’s energy security.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) typically use less fuel than similar
conventional vehicles, because they employ electric-drive technologies
to boost vehicle efficiency through regenerative braking—recapturing
energy otherwise lost during braking. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs) and all-electric vehicles (EVs), also referred to as battery
electric vehicles, are both capable of being powered solely by
electricity, which is produced in the United States from natural gas,
coal, nuclear energy, wind energy, hydropower, and solar energy.

18. ADVANTAGES Produced From Renewable Resources.
Can be Used in Existing Diesel Engines.
A Fuel Supply That Never Runs Out
Grown, Produced, and Distributed Locally.
Zero Carbon Emissions
Biodegradable and Non-Toxic.
Better Fuel Economy.
Positive Economic Impact.
Reduced Foreign Oil Dependence.
More Health Benefits
Improved Air Quality
Renewable Energy Creates New Jobs
Cleaner Air and Water

19. G
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MOTIVATION OF USING
ALTERNATIVES
in this rapidily changing future the
fuels are also dropping their drops
which will result in spoting the earth
from development side so we should
make our aternatives available in a
quick way
Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4
40
30
20
10
0

20. CONCLUSION
74%
F U E L S A R E E X H A U S T I N G S O O N
If we keep burning fossil fuels at
our current rate, it is generally
estimated that all our fossil fuels
will be depleted by 2060
So we should use full power on
developing alternative fuels

21. THANK
THANK
YOU
YOU