Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Multicylinder Diesel ...ijsrd.com
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Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Rice-Bran biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at variable speed condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization has been done. The experiment is conducted at variable speed condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, CO2, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compared to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Rice-Bran biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Bio Kerosene Emission Cocktail July 01 2012drewn15
Â
Over the last three years
biofuels for aviation have matured from novelty towards commercialization. JATRO and BioJet have been pioneering ways to develop and commercialize biofuels from plants such as jatropha and camelina that do not compete with food crops for land or water. These sustainable fuels, which have a smaller lifecycle carbon footprint than petroleum-based
products, have proven that they can efficiently power commercial flights.
Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Multicylinder Diesel ...ijsrd.com
Â
Continuous rise in the conventional fuel prices and shortage of its supply have increased the interest in the field of the alternative sources for petroleum fuels. Biodiesel is one such alternative source which provides advantage of pollution control. In the present work, experimentation is carried out to study the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of Rice-Bran biodiesel and diesel. In this experiment a multi cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspired, direct injection, water cooled, eddy current dynamometer, TATA Indica V2 diesel engine is used at variable speed condition. Crude oil is converted into biodiesel and characterization has been done. The experiment is conducted at variable speed condition. The engine performance parameters studied were brake power, brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency. The emission characteristics studied are CO, CO2, UBHC, mean gas temperature, exhaust gas temperature and smoke opacity. The combustion characteristics studied are cylinder pressure, mass fraction burned, net heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate and rate of pressure rise. These results are compared to those of pure diesel. These results are again compared to the corresponding results of the diesel. From the graph it has been observed that, there is a reduction in performance, combustion characteristics and emission characteristics compared to the diesel. This is mainly due to lower calorific value, higher viscosity, lower mean gas temperature and delayed combustion process. The present experimental results show that Rice-Bran biodiesel can be used as an alternative fuel in diesel engine.
Bio Kerosene Emission Cocktail July 01 2012drewn15
Â
Over the last three years
biofuels for aviation have matured from novelty towards commercialization. JATRO and BioJet have been pioneering ways to develop and commercialize biofuels from plants such as jatropha and camelina that do not compete with food crops for land or water. These sustainable fuels, which have a smaller lifecycle carbon footprint than petroleum-based
products, have proven that they can efficiently power commercial flights.
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) â 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 â CO
-> CO + H2O â CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO â straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
A ppt on Alternative Fuels.
I hope this ppt would be useful for u all.
It describes the different types of alternative fuels which can be used in today's era
for saving the excessive consumption of conventional fuels.
Alternative fuels are also known as Non-Conventional fuels or Green Fuels.
Effect of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biofuel Blendsijtsrd
Â
The present work was conducted on a 1-cylinder, 4S, DI CI engine, on which neat diesel, neem biodiesel and polanga biodiesel and ethanol fuel were tested by varying the load on the engine setup at various blend ratios such as - diesel fuel 100 D100 , biodiesel neem 100 N100 , biodiesel polanga 50 blended with diesel 50 P50 , and ethanol 5 blended with diesel 95 E5 .The research carried was to compare the performance-emission characteristics of various blend samples w.r.t neat diesel fuel. The performance results show that, the BTE of N100, P50 fuel blends was less than E5 blend, as compared to neat diesel, whereas, the BSFC of D100, E5 blend had a decreasing nature than N100 and P50 blend. The CO emissions among the biofuel blends was maximum for N100 and then P50 blend but the least was for E5 blend w.r.t neat diesel. Also, the UHC emission for N100, P50 and E5 blends had a decreasing trend than neat diesel fuel. The D100 fuel had a maximum NOx emission in comparison to others and the least was by E5 blend. The CO2 emission of N100 and D100 was the highest than P50 and E5 blends during the operation. The unused O2for N100 fuel was the least than other fuel samples and the maximum was for E5 blend. The biofuel blends being used here had an effective outcome which can be utilised as an substitute for neat diesel. Akash Paul | Amiya Bhaumik | Kushal Burman "Effect of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biofuel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18915.pdf
Emission Characteristics of CI Engine by using Palm Bio- DieselIJERA Editor
Â
Environmental concerns and energy crisis of the world has led to the search of alternate to the fossil fuel. FAME
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) is environment friendly, alternative, and non-toxic, safe; biodegradable has a high
flash point and is also termed as Bio-Diesel. The growing economic risk of relying primarily on fossil fuels with
limited reserves and Increasing prices has increased the interest on alternative energy sources. Clean and
renewable biofuels have been touted as the answer to the issue of diminishing fossil fuels. INDIA the largest
producer of palm oil has committed to focus interest on biofuels, namely palm biodiesel. Since palm oil has a
high fossil energy balance, it is a key source of raw material for biodiesel production. This paper presents palm
biodiesel as an alternative source of green renewable energy through a survey conducted from previously
researched findings. In this experimental study testing of emission characteristics and performances test of palm
Bio-diesel at various ratios form (B25%, B 50%, B75%, B100%) of Bio-diesel. As we compared with fossil fuel
(diesel) and palm bio-diesel on base of various emission elements (CO, CO2, NOx, O2, and HC).
Requirement of alternatives of conventional petrol and diesel is increasing day by day with increase in pollution. To overcome this situation alternative fuel is best way of future fuel - It prevents pollution also clean burning properties as a fuel.
It is Modern Era of Fuel.
Journal Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A reviewKhatir NAIMA
Â
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a Diesel engine are discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Â
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Electricity:
-> electricity is mechanical power.
->they release stored chemical energy on combustion.
->Electricity used topower vehicles is commonly provided by batteries, but recently fuel cells are also being explored.
battery:
->it is device which is used to store electrical energy.
->in this chemical reactions are converted in to electrical powers
Advantages of electric fuel:
->The advantages of electric fuel/fuel cells are No tailpipe emissions.
->Vehicles using electric fuel demand less
maintenance.
->Electric fuel vehicle have less moving parts
to service and replace.
->Fuel cells vehicles are highly efficient.
->Fuel cells have high power density .
Disadvantages of electric fuel:
-> Batteries may take time in charging .
->Noble metal required for somefuel cells thereby increasing the cost.
->Impurities in the hydrogen can hamper cell
performance.
-> Costly technology
BIOHYDROGEN:
1slide:
->Biohydrogen is 1st generation biofuel and it is produced biologically
->Hydrogen can be produced from a number of different sources, including natural gas,water, methanol etc ..,
->Two methods are generally used to produce hydrogen:
(1) Electrolysis
(2) Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or partial oxidation
2slide:
Electrolysis:
-> 2 H2O(l) â 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
electrolysis of water diagram.......
3 slide:
Synthesis gas production from steam reforming or
partial oxidation:
.
-> C + ½ O2 â CO
-> CO + H2O â CO2 + H2
syntesis diagram.......,.
4slide:
Advantages:
->Hydrogen-air mixture burns nearly10timesfaster than gasoline-air mixture.
->Hydrogen has high self-ignition temperaturebut requires very little energy to ignite it
->.Clean exhaust, produces no CO2.
->As a fuel it is very efficient as there are no losses associated with throttling.
Disadvantages:
There is danger of back fire and induction ignition.
->Though low inexhaust,it produces toxic NOx
->it is diifficult to handle and store,requiring highcapital and running cost.
.
Generally the fuels which are sourced from plants or waste products and are known as alternative or bio-fuels.
Pure Plant Oil (PPO) is also known as SVO â straight vegetable oil. It is not a bio diesel.
Bio methanol is the product of the trans esterification of vegetable/waste oil or animal fats.
Bio ethanol is mainly used in petrol engines to deliver higher performance and reduced emissions.
Natural gas, a fossil fuel comprised mostly of methane, is one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels.
Alternative fuels, known as non-conventional or advanced fuels, are any materials or substances that can be used as fuels other than conventional fuels like;fossil fuels (petroleum (oil), coal, and natural.
Approximately 90% of our energy are met by fossil fuels Alternative fuels are consumed to provide energy to power an engine.
Well there are a few alternatives:
Bio diesel
Natural Gas
Propane
Hydrogen
Methanol
Ethanol
Electricity
A ppt on Alternative Fuels.
I hope this ppt would be useful for u all.
It describes the different types of alternative fuels which can be used in today's era
for saving the excessive consumption of conventional fuels.
Alternative fuels are also known as Non-Conventional fuels or Green Fuels.
Effect of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biofuel Blendsijtsrd
Â
The present work was conducted on a 1-cylinder, 4S, DI CI engine, on which neat diesel, neem biodiesel and polanga biodiesel and ethanol fuel were tested by varying the load on the engine setup at various blend ratios such as - diesel fuel 100 D100 , biodiesel neem 100 N100 , biodiesel polanga 50 blended with diesel 50 P50 , and ethanol 5 blended with diesel 95 E5 .The research carried was to compare the performance-emission characteristics of various blend samples w.r.t neat diesel fuel. The performance results show that, the BTE of N100, P50 fuel blends was less than E5 blend, as compared to neat diesel, whereas, the BSFC of D100, E5 blend had a decreasing nature than N100 and P50 blend. The CO emissions among the biofuel blends was maximum for N100 and then P50 blend but the least was for E5 blend w.r.t neat diesel. Also, the UHC emission for N100, P50 and E5 blends had a decreasing trend than neat diesel fuel. The D100 fuel had a maximum NOx emission in comparison to others and the least was by E5 blend. The CO2 emission of N100 and D100 was the highest than P50 and E5 blends during the operation. The unused O2for N100 fuel was the least than other fuel samples and the maximum was for E5 blend. The biofuel blends being used here had an effective outcome which can be utilised as an substitute for neat diesel. Akash Paul | Amiya Bhaumik | Kushal Burman "Effect of Diesel Engine Fuelled with Biofuel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-6 , October 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd18915.pdf
Emission Characteristics of CI Engine by using Palm Bio- DieselIJERA Editor
Â
Environmental concerns and energy crisis of the world has led to the search of alternate to the fossil fuel. FAME
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) is environment friendly, alternative, and non-toxic, safe; biodegradable has a high
flash point and is also termed as Bio-Diesel. The growing economic risk of relying primarily on fossil fuels with
limited reserves and Increasing prices has increased the interest on alternative energy sources. Clean and
renewable biofuels have been touted as the answer to the issue of diminishing fossil fuels. INDIA the largest
producer of palm oil has committed to focus interest on biofuels, namely palm biodiesel. Since palm oil has a
high fossil energy balance, it is a key source of raw material for biodiesel production. This paper presents palm
biodiesel as an alternative source of green renewable energy through a survey conducted from previously
researched findings. In this experimental study testing of emission characteristics and performances test of palm
Bio-diesel at various ratios form (B25%, B 50%, B75%, B100%) of Bio-diesel. As we compared with fossil fuel
(diesel) and palm bio-diesel on base of various emission elements (CO, CO2, NOx, O2, and HC).
Requirement of alternatives of conventional petrol and diesel is increasing day by day with increase in pollution. To overcome this situation alternative fuel is best way of future fuel - It prevents pollution also clean burning properties as a fuel.
It is Modern Era of Fuel.
Journal Waste oils as alternative fuel for diesel engine: A reviewKhatir NAIMA
Â
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. On the other hand waste oils pose a very serious environment challenge because of their disposal problems all over the world. In this context, waste oils are currently receiving renewed interest. The properties of the oil derived from waste plastics, cooking and engines oils were analyzed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it has properties similar to that of diesel. This paper gives a brief review about using waste oil of these three types of oil as a fuel for diesel engines. The conversion process of each type of waste oil is presented. The results obtained from the experimental studies on a Diesel engine are discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
Â
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
WASTE OIL AS AN ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR FUTURE âA REVIEWijiert bestjournal
Â
The financial growth of the country is measured by efficient use of natural resources especially fuel. Fossil fuels have played a dominant role in t he rapid industrialization of the world and thereby increased and improved quality of life. How ever,due to the threat of supply crunch ever rising prices and the effect of green house gases c aused by conventional fuels there is an urgent need to explore the possibility of using waste oils (tire process oil) as alternative fuels to reduce the pollution and to increase the energy self-relia nce of the country. The study aims to review the alternative fuels for diesel engine for future. It was found that the properties of the TPO are almost same as that of pure diesel oil.
performance and emission radiation using of indianIJAEMSJORNAL
Â
The study in made to replace the existing diesel fuel with the bio â fuels, for this fruit like Indian Pomegranate seed oil as bio â diesel is utilized. The main objective of this work is to discuss the impact of biodiesel from Pomegranate fruit seed oil bio-diesel on performance, combustion and emission characteristics diesel. In this study, the effect of bio-diesel from fruit seed oil [Indian Pomegranate seed oil] and its blends on a single cylinder Kirloskar TV-1 diesel engine were investigated. In this work, the performance, combustion and emission analysis were conducted. The tests were performed at steady state conditions with the blend ratio of B25, B50, B75 and B100. These represent the ratio of biodiesel in the blend and the rest diesel. The aim of this investigation was to reformulate the fuel to utilize the biodiesel and its blend to enhance the fuels performance, combustion characteristic and to reduce the pollution from the engine. In this work only Indian Jujube seed oil bio-diesel is utilized for the experimental work. The experimental results reveal a marginal decrease in brake thermal efficiency when compared to that of sole fuel. In this investigation, the emission test were done with the help of AVL DI gas analyzer, in which CO, HC and NOx are appreciably reduced on the other hand smoke, CO2 have marginal increased when compared to that of sole fuel. In this work combustion analysis also made with the help of AVL combustion analyzer in which bio diesel blend shows the better result when compared with diesel.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Â
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECDâs Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
Â
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnât one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Â
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
Â
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using âinvisibleâ attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Â
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Hanâs Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insiderâs LMA Course, this piece examines the courseâs effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Â
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
Â
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. Burning fossil fuels is like breaking up the furniture to feed the fireplace because it's easier than
going out to the woodpile.
~ Daryl Hannah
3. What's Next?
Conclusion: how long will fossil fuels last? It is predicted that
we will run out of fossil fuels in this century. Oil can last up
to 50 years, natural gas up to 53 years, and coal up to 114
years
4. AS THE USING
FUELS MAY RUN
OUT IN THE NEAR
FUTURE WE
SHOULD WORK ON
THE ALTERNATIVES
OF FUELS TO
CONTINUE OUR
DEVELOPMENT
6. About Hydrogen
WHAT IS IT
Hydrogen (H2) can be produced in several different ways. Today, nearly all hydrogen is produced by
reforming natural gas. The production of hydrogen through water electrolysis could be combined with
the growing renewable energy sector, which delivers, by nature, intermittent electrical power only.
Conversion to hydrogen could facilitate storage and transport of this renewable energy. Hydrogen
from electrolysis and renewable energy (wind, solar, water) is the basic building block for a range of
fuels. Hydrogen can be used directly as compressed or liquefied gas. In combination with carbon
dioxide, it can be converted to methane gas (i.e. power-to-gas [PtG]). Methane can be liquefied and
used in the same way as LNG. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide also can be converted to liquid âdiesel-
likeâ fuels (i.e. power-to-liquid [PtL]). The PtG and PtL processes can be summarized as power-to-fuel
(PtF).
7. PRODUCTION
Hydrogen is found in the first group and first period in the
periodic table, i.e. it is the lightest and first element of all.
Since the weight of hydrogen is less than air, it rises in the
atmosphere and is therefore rarely found in its pure form, H2.
[4] In a flame of pure hydrogen gas, burning in air, the
hydrogen (H2) reacts with oxygen (O2) to form water (H2O)
and releases energy.
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) â2H2O (g) + energy
If carried out in atmospheric air instead of pure oxygen, as is
usually the case, hydrogen combustion may yield small
amounts of nitrogen oxides, along with the water vapor.
8. About Bio Deisel
WHAT IS IT
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or âfossilâ diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from
straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils
to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This process is described in more detail below. The largest possible
source of suitable oil comes from oil crops such as rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed
represents the greatest potential for biodiesel production. Most biodiesel produced at present is produced
from waste vegetable oil sourced from restaurants, chip shops, industrial food producers such as Birdseye
etc. Though oil straight from the agricultural industry represents the greatest potential source it is not being
produced commercially simply because the raw oil is too expensive. After the cost of converting it to
biodiesel has been added on it is simply too expensive to compete with fossil diesel. Waste vegetable oil
can often be sourced for free or sourced already treated for a small price. (The waste oil must be treated
before conversion to biodiesel to remove impurities). The result is Biodiesel produced from waste vegetable
oil can compete with fossil diesel. More about the cost of biodiesel and how factors such as duty play an
important role can be found here.
9. HISTORY OF BIO DEISEL
Before petroleum diesel fuel became popular, Rudolf Diesel,
the inventor of the diesel engine in 1897, experimented with
using vegetable oil (biodiesel) as fuel. Until 2001, the United
States consumed only small amounts of biodiesel. Since then,
U.S. biodiesel production and consumption have increased
substantially, largely because of the availability of various
government incentives and requirements to produce, sell,
and use biodiesel including the Renewable Fuel Standard
Program.
In 2019, the United States produced about 41 million barrels
(1.7 billion gallons) of B100, imported about 4 million barrels
(168 million gallons), exported about 2.7 million barrels (114
million gallons), and consumed about 43 million barrels (1.8
billion gallons) nearly all as blends with petroleum diesel.
10. About Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
WHAT IS IT
Liquefied petroleum gas, also referred to as LPG or propane, is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases
predominantly composed of propane and butane. LPG is typically obtained through the refinement process
of petroleum products or during the separation processing of natural gas sources that are heavy in non-
methane components. At atmospheric pressures and temperatures, LPG will evaporate and therefore is
stored in pressurized steel tanks. As a motor vehicle fuel, LPG is composed primarily of propane with varying
butane percentages to adjust for the vaporization pressure. Title 13, California Code of Regulations, section
2292.6 contains the fuel specifications for liquefied petroleum gas, effective on January 1, 1993. Three
amendments to the fuel specifications have been filed (effective April 13, 1995, January 6, 1998, and
December 8, 1999) since that time.
11. PRODUCTION
LPG is prepared by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas,
and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel sources, being
manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or
extracted from petroleum or natural gas streams as they
emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr.
Walter Snelling, and the first commercial products appeared
in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy
consumed, and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very
few sulfur emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose ground or
water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution. LPG
has a typical specific calorific value of 46.1 MJ/kg compared
with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium
grade petrol (gasoline).[8] However, its energy density per
volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or
fuel oil, as its relative density is lower (about 0.5â0.58 kg/L,
compared to 0.71â0.77 kg/L for gasoline)..
12. About Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
WHAT IS IT
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a gasoline and diesel fuel alternative consisting primarily of methane.
The gas is associated with other fossil fuels (coal or oil) and is created by methanogenic organisms in
landfills. The gas is extracted from the source and compressed to a high pressure where it can be stored in
a vehicle fuel tank.
Current Activities
The current CARB CNG specification has been undergoing review for a possible update. CARB staff has
temporarily put the review effort on hold while ASTM International is developing a fuel quality specification
for natural gas used as a motor vehicle fuel. The work item is currently going through the ballot process.
CARB staff has been participating in the work item development and will wait until the item completes
balloting before deciding whether the current CARB specification needs to be amended.
13. RESEARCH STUDIES
CARB funded several studies that examine the emissions
effect of natural gas. The first is the effect of natural gas
fuel composition on vehicles study, which was conducted by
the University of California at Riverside. This study examined
the emission effects that lower Methane Number and higher
Wobbe Index gas supplies may have on light and heavy-duty
engines. CARB partially funded the heavy duty emission
testing portion of the study. The second is the Tool for
Emission Processing of LNG Expansion Scenarios (TEMPLES)
study, which was developed by the University of California at
Irvine (UCI). This study is a predictive model used to estimate
changes in GHG and criteria pollutant emissions from mobile
and stationary sources. The research studies culminated with
reports covering the effect of gas quality on vehicle
emissions and with a model that examines the air quality
impact of changes to gas quality.
14. About E85 Ethanol
WHAT IS IT
E85 is a nominal blend of 85 percent ethanol and 15 percent gasoline that is an alternative fuel for
automobiles. The actual ethanol content of E85 can vary depending upon the month of the year and
geographical location, and may be as little as 70 percent ethanol. E85 is used in flexible fuel vehicles
(FFVs). The Board approved the alternative fuel specifications, including E-85 Fuel Ethanol, by adopting
Resolution 92-9 at a public hearing on March 12, 1992. The Executive Officer subsequently issued Executive
Order G-775, adopting several sections including 2292.4, Title 13, California Code of Regulations. The
growing use of E85 has prompted a review of the specifications which have not been updated since
originally adopted.
15. PERFORMANCE
Nakata et al. (2006) used a high compression ratio (13:1)
naturally aspirated port-fuel injected spark-ignition engine and
found that torque increased by 5% and 20% using E100
compared with the operation on 100 RON and 92 RON gasoline,
respectively. The full improvements in torque due to being able
to run MBT ignition timing were apparent for E50. Marriot et al.
(2008) show significant performance benefits for E85 (RON
measured as 107.7) compared with a 104 RON gasoline when
used in a naturally aspirated direct-injection gasoline engine.
Peak torque generated by the engine increased by 5% and peak
power by about 4% at the same enriched airâfuel ratio. An
increase in volumetric efficiency of about 3% was measured at
the peak torque operating point. Smaller but still significant
performance benefits were available from operation at
stoichiometric conditions when using E85 fuel. The majority of
the combustion-related benefit in performance using E85 was
determined to come from a reduction in the cumulative heat
energy rejected to the engine coolant.
16. About Electricity
WHAT IS IT
Electricity can be used to power plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including both all-electric vehicles, also
called battery-electric vehicles, as well as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. These vehicles can charge their
batteries by drawing electricity directly from the grid and other off-board electrical power sources. In
contrast, hybrid electric vehicles are fueled with liquid fuels, like gasoline, but use small batteries to
recapture energy otherwise lost during braking (ultimately boosting fuel economy). PHEVs can use off-board
electricity for power, which classifies them as a PEV, but can also use liquid fuels and operate similar to a
HEV if necessary. Using electricity to power vehicles can have significant energy
17. BENEFITS AND CONSIDERATIONS
In 2019, the United States imported about 3% of the petroleum it
consumed, and the transportation sector accounts for approximately
30% of total U.S. energy needs and 70% of U.S. petroleum consumption.
Using more energy efficient vehicles like hybrid and plug-in electric
vehicles is an important part of continuing this successful trend of
minimizing imported petroleum. This supports the U.S. economy and
helps diversify the U.S. transportation fleet. Additionally, using an energy
source such as electricity for transportation creates a resiliency benefit.
The multiple fuel sources used in the generation of electricity results in a
more secure and domestically generated energy source for the
electrified portion of the transportation sector. All of this adds to our
nationâs energy security.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) typically use less fuel than similar
conventional vehicles, because they employ electric-drive technologies
to boost vehicle efficiency through regenerative brakingârecapturing
energy otherwise lost during braking. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs) and all-electric vehicles (EVs), also referred to as battery
electric vehicles, are both capable of being powered solely by
electricity, which is produced in the United States from natural gas,
coal, nuclear energy, wind energy, hydropower, and solar energy.
18. ADVANTAGES Produced From Renewable Resources.
Can be Used in Existing Diesel Engines.
A Fuel Supply That Never Runs Out
Grown, Produced, and Distributed Locally.
Zero Carbon Emissions
Biodegradable and Non-Toxic.
Better Fuel Economy.
Positive Economic Impact.
Reduced Foreign Oil Dependence.
More Health Benefits
Improved Air Quality
Renewable Energy Creates New Jobs
Cleaner Air and Water
20. CONCLUSION
74%
F U E L S A R E E X H A U S T I N G S O O N
If we keep burning fossil fuels at
our current rate, it is generally
estimated that all our fossil fuels
will be depleted by 2060
So we should use full power on
developing alternative fuels