The document outlines the limitations of traditional file processing systems, including data redundancy, inconsistency, program data dependency, lack of flexibility, integrity issues, and security problems. It contrasts these with the advantages of database systems, which offer data integration, integrity, and independence. Ultimately, understanding both systems aids in choosing the right data management approach.

1. File Processing
System and
Database Systems
Overview of traditional file processing and
database systems with their problems and
objectives

2. File Processing System
• Used by different organizations
to store and manage data
• Different set of files for each
department
• Records in one file may not be
related to records in other files

3. Problems in Traditional File
Approach
Data Redundancy
Data Inconsistency
Program Data Dependency
Lack of Flexibility
Integrity Problems
Security Problems

4. 1. Data
Redundancy
Duplication of data in
multiple files
Causes wastage of
storage
Same data may be
duplicated in several
files

5. Example
• Students file contains RollNo,
Name, Address, Phone
• Library file contains same data of
students who borrow books
• Data of one student appears in two
files

6. 2. Data Inconsistency
• Results from data redundancy
• Two files may contain different data of the
same entity
For example: Address of a student must be
updated in all files if any change occurs
• Data becomes inconsistent if changed in
one file but not in the other

7. 3. Program
Data
Dependency
• Relationship between data in files
and program required to update
and maintain the files
• Application programs are
developed according to a particular
file format
• If the format of file is changed, the
application program also needs to
be changed
• Changes may be costly to
implement

8. 4. Lack of Flexibility
• Not very flexible
• Takes a lot of time to collect data
from different files
• Writing programs to produce the
desired information is time-
consuming

9. 5.
Integrity
Problems
Integrity means reliability
and accuracy of data
Stored data must satisfy
certain types of consistency
constraints
Difficult to apply these
constraints on files in file
processing system

10. 6. Security
Problems
• Does not provide adequate security
on data
• Required to provide different types
of access to data for different users
• Data entry operator should only be
allowed to enter data
• Chairman of the organization
should be able to access or delete
the data completely
• Such types of security options are
not possible in file processing
system

11. What is a
Database?
A collection of logically related
data sets or files
Each file may contain different
types of information
Files are used for specific
purposes
Organized to meet different
processing and retrieval needs

12. Example
A bank may have separate files for
clients
Saving Accounts
Current Accounts
Automobile Loan
Personal Loan
Clients Information

13. Facilities
of
Database
System
Adding new files to the database
Adding
Inserting new data in existing files
Inserting
Retrieving data from existing files
Retrieving
Updating data in existing files
Updating
Deleting data from existing files
Deleting
Removing existing files from the database
Removing

14. Objectives of Databases
1. Data Integration
2. Data Integrity
3. Data Independence

15. 1. Data Integration
• Data in file system is stored in
separate files
• Difficult to access data stored in
separate and independent files
• Databases solve this problem
• Data in database can be at different
computers but appears centralized
logically

16. 2. Data
Integrity
• Reliability and accuracy of data
• Ensures data is consistent and
correct
• Integrity rules act as a check on
incoming data
• DBMS provides methods to enforce
data integrity
• Example: Ensuring the same
Employee ID is not assigned to
multiple employees

17. 3. Data Independence
• Data and application programs are separate
• Change data storage without changing
application programs
• Reorganize data without affecting
programs

18. Conclusion
• The traditional file processing system has several
drawbacks including data redundancy, inconsistency, and
security issues.
• Databases offer solutions with integrated, accurate, and
independent data management.
• Understanding both systems helps in selecting the
appropriate approach for data management needs.