● Data Modeling and Data Models.
● Business Rules (Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components).
● Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL.
● Degrees of Data Abstraction (External, Conceptual, Internal and Physical model).
DDBMS, characteristics, Centralized vs. Distributed Database, Homogeneous DDBMS, Heterogeneous DDBMS, Advantages, Disadvantages, What is parallel database, Data fragmentation, Replication, Distribution Transaction
● Data Modeling and Data Models.
● Business Rules (Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components).
● Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL.
● Degrees of Data Abstraction (External, Conceptual, Internal and Physical model).
DDBMS, characteristics, Centralized vs. Distributed Database, Homogeneous DDBMS, Heterogeneous DDBMS, Advantages, Disadvantages, What is parallel database, Data fragmentation, Replication, Distribution Transaction
This presentation several topics of subjects RDBMS and DBMS including Distributed Database Design,Architecture of Distributed database processing system,Data Communication concept,Concurrency control and recovery. All the topics are briefly described according to syllabus of BCA II and BCA III year subjects.
Tree Traversals (In-order, Pre-order and Post-order)raj upadhyay
Sometimes it’s confusing that what manner we have to follow for PRI-Oder, IN-Order, POSTER-Order Traversal.
So now you can see how to do In-order, Pri-order and Post-order traversal in different manner.
you will find shortcut technique for in-order, pri-order and post-order traversal.
This presentation several topics of subjects RDBMS and DBMS including Distributed Database Design,Architecture of Distributed database processing system,Data Communication concept,Concurrency control and recovery. All the topics are briefly described according to syllabus of BCA II and BCA III year subjects.
Tree Traversals (In-order, Pre-order and Post-order)raj upadhyay
Sometimes it’s confusing that what manner we have to follow for PRI-Oder, IN-Order, POSTER-Order Traversal.
So now you can see how to do In-order, Pri-order and Post-order traversal in different manner.
you will find shortcut technique for in-order, pri-order and post-order traversal.
Kotler Keller - Marketing Management 15th edition
Chapter 01 Lecture slide
Made by Korea Institute of Marketing Education
http://www.marketingkorea.org
02-563-0717
DBMS Vs TRADITIONAL FILES COMPARISON, DBMS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES, CLASSIC FILE BASED SYSTEM, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLASSICAL TECHNIQUE
A database is generally used for storing related, structured data, w.pdfangelfashions02
A database is generally used for storing related, structured data, with well defined data formats,
in an efficient manner for insert, update and/or retrieval (depending on application).
On the other hand, a file system is a more unstructured data store for storing arbitrary, probably
unrelated data. The file system is more general, and databases are built on top of the general data
storage services provided by file systems.
A Data Base Management System is a system software for easy, efficient and reliable data
processing and management. It can be used for:
Creation of a database.
Retrieval of information from the database.
Updating the database.
Managing a database.
It provides us with the many functionalities and is more advantageous than the traditional file
system in many ways listed below:
1) Processing Queries and Object Management:
In traditional file systems, we cannot store data in the form of objects. In practical-world
applications, data is stored in objects and not files. So in a file system, some application software
maps the data stored in files to objects so that can be used further.
We can directly store data in the form of objects in a database management system. Application
level code needs to be written to handle, store and scan through the data in a file system whereas
a DBMS gives us the ability to query the database.
2) Controlling redundancy and inconsistency:
Redundancy refers to repeated instances of the same data. A database system provides
redundancy control whereas in a file system, same data may be stored multiple times. For
example, if a student is studying two different educational programs in the same college, say
,Engineering and History, then his information such as the phone number and address may be
stored multiple times, once in Engineering dept and the other in History dept. Therefore, it
increases time taken to access and store data. This may also lead to inconsistent data states in
both places. A DBMS uses data normalization to avoid redundancy and duplicates.
3) Efficient memory management and indexing:
DBMS makes complex memory management easy to handle. In file systems, files are indexed in
place of objects so query operations require entire file scans whereas in a DBMS , object
indexing takes place efficiently through database schema based on any attribute of the data or a
data-property. This helps in fast retrieval of data based on the indexed attribute.
4) Concurrency control and transaction management:
Several applications allow user to simultaneously access data. This may lead to inconsistency in
data in case files are used. Consider two withdrawal transactions X and Y in which an amount of
100 and 200 is withdrawn from an account A initially containing 1000. Now since these
transactions are taking place simultaneously, different transactions may update the account
differently. X reads 1000, debits 100, updates the account A to 900, whereas X also reads 1000,
debits 200, updates A to 800. In bot.
Complete DBMS notes..with special attention to SQL commands and advanced SQL commands, Transaction management. The below post is notes prepared by me by studying the book "Database Systems Design, Implementation and Management" by Peter Rob and Carlos Coronel
Content, examples and diagrams are taken from that book.
INTRODUCTION TO Database Management System (DBMS)Prof Ansari
shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet the information needs of multiple users in an organization. The term database is often erroneously referred to as a synonym for a “database management system DBMS)”. They are not equivalent and it will be explained in the next section.
File based Approach is a traditional approach of collecting and storing data.This presentation outlines what a file based approach is, its disadvantages and an alternative approach to it.
To see more presentations on various interesting topics and to get notes for Computer visit my blog : https://aviyalpresentations.wordpress.com/
Using Regular Expressions in JavaScript. Using a regular expression is easy. Every JavaScript variable containing a text string supports three methods (or functions, if you aren't used to object-oriented terminology) for working with regular expressions: match() , replace() , and search()
Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation.Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. As
Zed attack proxy [ What is ZAP(Zed Attack Proxy)? ]raj upadhyay
What is ZAP(Zed Attack Proxy)?An easy to use web application pentest tool.
Completely free and open source.
An OWASP(Open Web Application Security Project) flagship project.
Ideal for beginners.
But also used by professionals.
Becoming a framework for advanced testing.
Folder Can't Delete How to Remove FILES That Won't Delete?raj upadhyay
Folder Can't Delete How to Remove FILES That Won't Delete?
Folder Can't Delete - How to Remove FILES That Won't Delete?
Item Not Found error when deleting a folder or file
Could not find this item
This is no longer located in C:\Users\[My User Name]\Desktop. Verify the items location then try again. How to delete files and folders not found
Recovering unallocated space of a usb flash driveraj upadhyay
Today when I made Linux (Ubuntu) bootable pen drive and install Linux (successfully) in my system. When I attached pen drive then i found there where only 3MB space. I was amazed 8GB pen drive show me 4MB space only!!!!!!!!
so we will see how to Recover Unallocated space of a USB Flash Drive.
here you will learn few new commands. commands like banner,sort,sort file,compress,uncompress,zcat command etc. you will learn how to compress file using terminal and also how to uncompress that file. you will learn how to print some FANCY TEXT etc.
here you will get basic idea about TERMINAL. you learn some basic commands. with the help of that commands you can make new folder(directory), new file with .txt or any other extension.you will learn HOW to make multiple folder in just one second. you will find Important information about the Linux terminal.
Find out Which Versions of the .NET Framework are Installed on a PC.raj upadhyay
.NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large class library known as Framework Class Library (FCL) and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages. Programs written for .NET Framework execute in a software environment (in contrast to a hardware environment) known as Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that provides services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. (As such, computer code written using .NET Framework is called "managed code".) FCL and CLR together constitute .NET Framework.
Database Management System,PL-SQL DIFFERENT PROGRAMS. Simple basic programs that can give you idea about implement that in SQL.how to use if statement,different types of loops and etc in PL/SQL.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
3. A file processing system is a collection of
files and programs that access/modify these
files. Typically, new files and programs are
added over time (by different programmers)
as new information needs to be stored and
new ways to access information are needed.
What is FPS?
4. When computers came, all the jobs become easy. But initial
days, records were stored in the form of files. The way we
stored in files is similar to papers, in the form of flat files –
to be simpler, in notepad. Yes, the information's where all in
the notepads with each fields of information separated by
space, tab comma, semicolon or any other symbol
5. All the files were grouped based on their categories; file
used to have only related information's and each file is
named properly. As we can see in the above sample file has
Student information. Student files for each class were
bundled inside different folders to identify it quickly.
6. Now, if we want to see a specific Student detail from a file,
what do we do? We know which file will have the data, we
open that file and search for his details. Fine, here we see
the files; we can open it and search for it. But imagine we
want to display student details in a UI. Now how will we
open a file, read or update it? There different programs like
C, C++, COBOL etc. which helps to do this task. Using
these programming languages, we can search for files, open
them, search for the data inside them, and go to specific line
in the file, add/update/delete specific information.
File processing system is good when there is only limited
number of files and data in are very less. As the data and
files in the system grow, handling them becomes difficult.
8. Data Redundancy
It is possible that the same information may be duplicated in
different files. This leads to data redundancy.
Data redundancy results in memory wastage.
9. For example consider that some customers have both kinds
of accounts saving and current. In this case data about
customers-name, address, email, contact-number will be
duplicated in both files, file for saving accounts and file for
current accounts. This leads to requirement of higher
storage space. In other words, same information will be
stored in two different locations (files). And, it wastes
memory.
10. Data Inconsistency
Due to data redundancy, it is possible that data may not be
in consistent state.
For example, consider that an address of some customer
changes. And, that customer has both kinds of accounts.
Now, it is possible that this changed address is updated in
only one file, leaving address in other file as it is. As a
result of this, same customer will have two different
addresses in two different files, making data inconsistent.
11. Difficulty in Accessing Data
Accessing data is not convenient and efficient in file
processing system.
Conventional file-processing environments do not allow
needed data to be retrieved in a convenient and efficient
manner. More responsive data-retrieval systems are
required for general use.
12. Suppose that one of the bank officer needs to find out the names of all
customer who lives within a particular postal-code area. The officer
asks the data-processing department to generate such a list. Because
the designer of the original system did not anticipate this request there
is no application program on hand to meet it . There is however an
application program to generate the list of all customers. The bank
officer has now two choices: either obtain the list of all customer and
extract the needed information manually or ask a system programmer
to write the necessary application program. Both alternatives are
obviously unsatisfactory. Suppose that such program is written and
that several days later, the same officer needs to trim that list to
include only those customers who have an account balance of $10,000
or more. As expected, a program to generate such list does not exist.
Again the officer has the preceding two options, neither of which is
satisfactory.
13. Limited Data Sharing or Data isolation
Data are scattered in various files.
Different files may have different formats. And these files
may be stored in different folders (directories) may be of
different computers of different departments.
So, due to this data isolation, it is difficult to share data
among different applications.
14. Integrity Problems
Data integrity means that the data contained in the database
is both correct and consistent. For this purpose, the data
stored in database must satisfy certain types of constraints
(rules).
For example, a balance for any account must not be less than
zero. Such constraints are enforced in the system by adding
appropriate code in application programs. But, when new
constraints are added, such as balance should not be less
than Rs. 5000, application programs need to be changed.
But, it is not an easy task to change programs whenever
required.
15. Atomicity Problems
Any operation on database must be atomic. This means,
operation completes either 100% or 0%.
For example, a fund transfer from one account to another
must happen in its entirely. But, computer systems are
vulnerable to failure, such as system crash, virus attack. If a
system failure occurs during the execution of fund transfer
operation, it may possible that amount to be transferred,
say Rs. 500, is debited from one account, but is not credited
to another account.
This leaves database in inconsistent state. But, it is difficult
to ensure atomicity in a file processing system.
16. Concurrent Access Anomalies
Multiple users are allowed to access data simultaneously
(concurrently). This is for the sake of better performance
and faster response.
Consider an operation to debit (withdrawal) an account.
The program reads the old balance, calculates the new
balance, and writes new balance back to database. Suppose
an account has a balance of Rs. 5000. Now, a concurrent
withdrawal of Rs. 1000 and Rs. 2000 may leave the balance
Rs. 4000 or Rs. 3000 depending upon their completion time
rather than the correct value of Rs. 2000.
17. Here, concurrent data access should be allowed under some
supervision.
But, due to lack of co-ordination among different
application programs, this is not possible in file processing
systems.
18. Security Problems
Database should be accessible to users in a limited way.
Each user should be allowed to access data concerning his
application only.
For example, a customer can check balance only for his/her
own account. He She should not have access for information
about other accounts.
But in file processing system, application programs are
added in an ad hoc manner by different programmers. So, it
is difficult to enforce such kind of security constraints.