This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
Introduction
Geostatic Stresses
Boussinesq’s Equation
Vertical Stresses Under A Circular Area
Vertical Stresses Under A Rectangular Area
Equation Point Load Method
Newmark’s Influence Chart
This presentation is all about consolidation of soil and it's importance in Civil Engineering, co-efficients of consolidation, methods of determining co-efficient of consolidation, Terzaghi's Spring Analogy, Terzaghi's Theory
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
DERIVATION OF EQUATION TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY FACTORS
Download vedio link
https://youtu.be/imy61hU0_yo
Introduction
Geostatic Stresses
Boussinesq’s Equation
Vertical Stresses Under A Circular Area
Vertical Stresses Under A Rectangular Area
Equation Point Load Method
Newmark’s Influence Chart
BOUSSINESQ THEORY
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO POINT LOAD
TABLE FOR VALUES OF BOUSSINESQ’S COEFFICIENT (퐼_퐵)
SOME POINTS FOR USING THE BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION.
LIMITATIONS OF BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
BOUSSINESQ THEORY
VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO POINT LOAD
TABLE FOR VALUES OF BOUSSINESQ’S COEFFICIENT (퐼_퐵)
SOME POINTS FOR USING THE BOUSSINESQ’S EQUATION.
LIMITATIONS OF BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. 1. TERMINOLOGY
2. OEDOMETER TEST
3. PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE
4. CONSOLIDATION SETTLEMENT
5. TERZAGHI’S THEORY
6. DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION
3. TERMINOLOGY
1.1 COMPRESSIBILITY :
It is a process of decrease in volume of soil due to increase in
load on the soil. The compressibility of soil may be due to:
1.1.A : Expulsion of pore air; Compaction.
1.1.B: Expulsion of pore water; 1st
Degree Consolidation.
1.1.C: Compression of water and solid molecules;
Negligible.
1.1.D: Plastic readjustment of soil molecules to achieve
more stable position; 2nd
Degree Consolidation.
4. COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOIL
COMPACTION CONSOLIDATION
PRIMARY
CONSOLIDATION
SECONDARY
CONSOLIDATION
1. INSTANTANEOUS
2. DUE TO EXPULSION OF
PORE AIR
1. TIME DEPENDENT
2. DUE TO EXPULSION
OF PORE WATER
1. TIME DEPENDENT
2. VERY SLOW; TAKE
YEARS
3. DUE TO PLASTIC
READJUSTMENT OF
SOIL MOLECULES
5. CONSOLIDATION
Water
Water Table (W.T.)
Voids
Solids
Expulsion of
the water
WHEN THE WATER IN THE
VOIDS STARTS TO FLOW
OUT OF THE SOIL MATRIX
DUE TO CONSOLIDATION
OF THE CLAY LAYER.
CONSEQUENTLY, THE
EXCESS PORE WATER
PRESSURE (∆U) WILL
REDUCE, AND THE VOID
RATIO (E) OF THE SOIL
MATRIX WILL REDUCE
TOO.
SConsolidation = Sprimary + Ssecondary
6. NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED SOIL:
•Which are loaded 1st
time in the history to the present
applied effective stress.
•Such soils are more compressible representing high
settlement of loading.
OVER CONSOLIDATED SOIL:
•Which are loaded in the past history.
•Past applied effective stress is more than present
applied effective stress.
•Such soils are less compressible and more stable.
7. OVER CONSOLIDATION RATIO (OCR) :
OCR =
1.For Over Consolidated Soil OCR > 1
2.For Heavily Over Consolidated Soil OCR > > 1
3.For Normally Consolidated Soil OCR ≤1
Maximum value of OCR for normally
consolidated soil is 1.
9. COMPRESSION COEFFICIENT “a”
p1
p2
e1
e2
M1
M2
e0
e
p
curve e-p
△p
△e
p
e
a
d
d
−=
12
21
pp
ee
p
e
a
−
−
∆
∆
−= ＝
Evaluation of compression with a1-2
a1-2
＜ 0.1 , Low compressibility
0.1MPa-1
≤a1-2
＜ 0.5 , Middle compressibility
a1-2
≥0.5 , High compressibility
12
21
＝
pp
ee
p
e
aslope
−
−
∆
∆
−=
10. Preconsolidation pressure-the maximum effective vertical
stress that has acted on the clay in the past.
p
s
OCR
σ
=
σ
How to obtain the preconsolidation
pressure:
1 Produce back the straight-line part (BC) .
2 Determine the point (D) of maximum curvature on the
recompression part (AB) of the curve.
3 Draw the tangent to the curve at D and bisect the angle
between the tangent and the horizontal through D.
4 The vertical through intersection point of the bisector and
CB produced gives the approximate value of the
preconsolidation pressure.
PRECONSOLIDATION PRESSURE
12. The assumptions made in the theory are:
1. The soil is homogeneous and fully saturated.
2. There is a unique relationship, independent of time, between
void ratio and effective stress.
3. The solid particles and water are incompressible.
4. Compression and flow are one-dimensional (vertical).
5. Strains are small.
6. Darcy’s law is valid at all hydraulic gradients.
7. The coefficient of permeability and volume compressibility
remain constant.
13. ( ) 2
1
2
w
k 1 eu u
t a z
+∂ ∂
=
∂ γ ∂
The total stress increment
soil skeleton
increasing effective stress
the excess pore water pressure decreases
1(1 )
, v
k e
where c
a ωγ
+
=
2
14. DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION
1.Degree of consolidation represents percentage
completion of 1st
degree at any instant of time.
2.Theoretically consolidation is completed in infinite time.
However practically it completes in certain finite time.
3.DOC can be computed in following three forms:
a. When settlement is given.
b. when void ratio is given.
c. when excess pore pressure is given.
18. TIME FACTOR
Time factor is the parameter which relates to degree
of consolidation and time required for that
consolidation. It depends on the following:
1.Degree of Consolidation
2.Length of Drainage path
3.Time of Consolidation
4.Co- efficient of Consolidation
