2. Baja- bahan yang ditambah pada
tanah untuk menjadikan tumbuhan
lebih subur.
Membekalkan nutrien seperti
N,K,P,Mg,B dan unsur kimia yang
berkaitan dengan proses
pembesaran tumbuhan.
3. Jenis
baja
Baja tunggal
* 1 unsur nutrisi dan
kadangkala mempunyai
½ unsur kecil lain.
Baja sebatian
* Campuran beberapa
baja tunggal yang
dicampurkan secara
kimia.
Baja campuran
* Campuran beberapa
jenis baja tunggal secara
fizikal mengunakan
mesin.
4.
5. Memeriksa unsur-unsur seperti N,P,K,Mg dan B.
Menjaga kualiti produk.
Kawalan mutu.
Memastikan kandungan nutrisi baja mencukupi untuk
dibekalkan kepada tumbuhan
Memeriksa kelembapan baja.
Memastikan spesifikasi nutrisi yang dilakukan oleh
pihak kilang dibenarkan oleh RISDA.
12. KAEDAH KEDUA
(KJEDAHL)
TIMBANG (1.00g)
- TABLET KJEDAHL
-1/2 SUDU
THIOSULPHATE
ASID TOTAL N
STIRRER
-PANASKAN 180C SELAMA
1 JAM
-NAIKAN SUHU 360C
UNTUK 6JAM
-MASUKKAN BORIC ASID
-5 TITIK INDICATOR (N)
BUCHI DISTILLATION
TITRATION
16. TIMBANG BERAT PETRI DISH
TIMBANG BERAT BAJA
(10.00g)
MASUKKAN DALAM
DESSICATOR
MASUKKAN DALAM
KETUHAR (150℃)
MASUKKAN KE DALAM CATAT BERAT BARU BAGI
18. Daftar
baja
Pindah ke
plastik vial
Kisar baja Timbang baja
Isi air 70ml
Isi HCL dan
Nitrik Asid (2:1)
Digest
Pindah ke
volumetric
flask
Mark up Turas
Pindah ke
plastik vial
-Pindah
ke test
tube.
-ICP
20. NUTRIEN SUMBER KANDUNGAN
NUTRIEN (%)
FUNGSI
Nitrogen Urea (46% N) 1. Penting dalam pembentukan klorofil dan kehijauan daun
pokok untuk proses fotosintisis.
2. Membantu didalam pembentukan asid amino (protein)
dan enzim-enzim yang diperlukan oleh pokok.
3. Membantu pertumbuhan pokok.
4. Meningkatkan berat tandan.
Phosphorus Rock Phosphate (32% P2O5) 1. Membantu proses fotosintisis dan proses pemindahan
tenaga.
2. Merangsang pertumbuhan akar pokok.
3. Penting untuk proses pembiakan.
4. Meningkatkan berat tandan.
Potassium Muriate Of Potash
(MOP)
(60% K2O) 1. Membantu didalam proses kimia dalaman pokok seperti
pengeluaran enzim-enzim yang diperlukan oleh
pokok.
2. Mengawal keperluan air dan pengangkutan makanan
pokok.
3. Menguatkan ketahanan pokok dari penyakit.
Magnesium Oxide Magnesite
Kiesrite
(90% MgO)
(27% MgO)
1. Penting dalam proses pembentukan klorofil.
2. Komponen penting didalam ribosom dan pembuatan
protin.
Boron Borate (46% B2O5) 1. Komponen penting didalam proses penguraian
kabohidrat untuk keperluan pokok.
2. Penting untuk pengembangan sel dan tisu pokok.
22. SOLITARY
FERTILIZER
* Contain only
1 type of
nutrient for
plants.
COMPOUND
FERTILIZER
* Homogenous,
contain 2 or more
essential nutrients.
Mixed through a
chemical process.
T Y P E S O F
F E R T I L I Z E R
MIXTURE
FERTILIZER
* Homogenous,
contain 2 or more
essential nutrients.
Doesn't involve
chemical process.
24. Main
purpose
To check the
elements ( N, K,
Mg)
Quality
Fertilizer’s
moisture
Enough
nutrients for
plant’s growth
To check whether
the nutrient’s
specifications that
produced by a
factory is correct.
33. Registration
Transfer into
a plastic vial
Grind
Weigh
2.500 g
into a
beaker
Pour 70ml
distilled
waterIsi air 70ml
Pour HCl
and Nitric
Acid (2:1)
FERTILIZER ANALYSIS: P, K, Mg,B
34. Heating process
(hot plate)
Transfer to the
volumetric
flask
Mark up the
calibration
mark.
Filter the
solution
Transfer the solution
to plastic vial
Transfer to test
tube. To be
check using ICP.
FERTILIZER ANALYSIS: P, K, Mg,B
35. FERTILIZER
Aim : to determine the contain of element e.g. K, Mg, P, Ca in
the fertilizer followed by the specification.
Instrument used:
Inductively Coupled Plasma(ICP)- determine all
element at one time include heavy metal if
necessary.
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(AAS) &
UV Spectrophotometer - one element at a time.
36. Determination
of pH value
Determination
of moisture
content
Determination
of potassium
Determination
of magnesium
Determination
of phosphorus
Trace element
FERTILIZER
ANALYSIS
37. DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM AND MAGNESIUM
Why we need potassium and magnesium?
POTASSIUM - provide the ionic environment for metabolic
process in cytosol.(growth regulation)
- potassium ions (K+) for protein synthesis and
opening and closing of stomata.
MAGNESIUM - part of chlorophyll in plant for photosynthesis
38. METHOD
Method for the determination of magnesium
Determination of water-soluble magnesium content (MgO)
Principle
Magnesium in magnesium sulphate fertilizers is extracted in
boiling water and the magnesium content determined by atomic
absorption spectrophotometer.
Reference: MS 417: Part 6: 1994
40. Digest the solution using hot plate at boiling point
around 20minutes
Leave to cool
Transfer into volumetric flask and dilute to the mark
(250ml)
Mixed the solution and filter in plastic vial
Further dilution(100ml)
Add strontium nitrate(5ml) and dilute to the mark
To remove phosphate from magnesium and calcium and
prevent interference from other elements
41. Preparation for Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Standard stock solution
- Potassium dihydrogen sulphate solution
- Magnesium sulphate solution
For 1000ppm,weigh 4.3928g.
Dry in oven for 2 hours
Undergo further dilution(m1v1=m2v2)
0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 ppm
42. Pre-calibrate the AAS with standard stock
solution
Run the AAS
Then, we can determine the concentration
of the solution
43. DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS
Why phosphorus important to plant?
• Essential to stimulate early plant growth and hastens the maturity.
• Development of root health.
• Classified as macronutrient.
44. Methodology:
• molybdovanadate method (yellow method).
Reference:
•MS 417: Part 4: 1994
Apparatus:
Spectrophotometer.
Principle:
•Amount of light transmitted (yellow colour) dependent on the
concentration of phosphorus.
•Spectophotometric absorption curve from known standard
phosphorus solutions determined in unknown solution.
45. Standard stock solution:
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (4.3928g in 1L)
1000ppm 100ppm
(0ppm 2ppm 4ppm 8ppm 10ppm)
Reagent used:
Molybdovanadate reagent: Ammonium molybdate (100ml) mixed
together with ammonium
vanadate (150ml).
Aqua regia:
Mixing the HCl & HNO3 together.
46. PROCEDURE
Sample preparation and
weigh the samples (fertilizer)
Add distilled water.
Add 10ml HCl and 5ml HNO3 and boil.
transfer into volumetric flask.
Mark-up with distilled water then filter.
47. 1ml of sample solution is pipette into 100ml volumetric
flask.
Add Molybdovanadate reagent and diluted to the mark
with distilled water.
prepare calibration standard (0,2,4,6 & 8 ppm) from the
stock solution (1000ppm) and take reading after 30
minutes.
48. Determine phosphate at acidic colour at pH ± 2.6
Double acid method is used.
We put HCl and HNO3 to convert all polyphosphate (P2O7) to
orthophosphate (PO4
3-).
phosphate + metavanadate = phosphomolybdate acid + water.
(yellow colour)
52. measures the light emitted at element-specific characteristic
wavelengths from thermally excited analyte ions .
light emitted is separated and measured in a spectrometer, yielding
an intensity measurement that can be converted to an elemental
concentration by comparison with calibration standards.
53. Mass spectrometry (MS)
2 type - determination for element
having unit PPB-PPT
Optical Emission Spectrometry
(OES)
- determination for element
having unit PPM-PPB
Gas used:
helium and argon
Calibration- Manganese
Radial – 10PPM
axial- 1PPM
63. 9. SPECTRUM
Selection of colour for each element.
Convert into energy Eo
Transfer into computer- calculate intensity, log10 = 1/Eo
64. Can analyze 43 element in the periodic table except for nitrogen and
oxygen
Eg: Phosphorus P, Potassium K, Sodium Na,
Boron B, Calcium Ca, and etc.
Error of ICP : 0.05%
65. CALCULATION
Run standard
P, K, Mg, B
Plot graph.
From graph, calculate slope, m
Formula, y=mx + c
Calculate intensity
Calculate ppm, formula
PPM= (intensity-intercept)/slope
