COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
water supply engineering, raw water treatment, disinfection, sterilization, killing of micro organism, chlorination, break point chlorination, ozonization, Ultraviolet rays, Iodine and Bromine
disinfection, method of disinfection, form in which chlorine can be applied, requirement of good disinfectant , chlorine chemistry, effect of ph , temperature , contact time in chlorination, germicidal efficiency of chlorine, by products during chlorination.
COD reduction of aromatic polluted waste water by Advanced Oxidation Process ...Wade Bitaraf
In most petrochemical complexes and oil refineries the wastewater contains the aromatic compounds among which Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene and Xylene (BTEX) have harmful effects on environment and human health. The present work mainly deals with the UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), UV/H2O2 were tested in batch reactor systems to evaluate the removal efficiencies and optimal conditions for the photodegradation of BTEX in order to wastewater treatment. The efficiency of this method was analyzed by evaluating the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) as a pollution criterion through the COD reactor. The influence of the basic operational parameters such as initial concentration of H2O2, pH, Temperature, irradiation time and UV amount on the photo degradation of BTEX were also studied. The oxidation rate of BTEX and respectively the reduction rate of COD were low when the oxidation was carried out in the absence of H2O2 or UV light. The addition of proper amount of hydrogen peroxide improved the degradation, while the excess hydrogen peroxide could quench the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The optimal conditions of suspended slurry with 1.11(g/l) initial concentration of H2O2 and pH value of 3.1 were obtained under three UV lights illumination (6 W). Under the optimal conditions, COD reduction during the initial period of 180 min in UV/H2O2 systems reached about 90%.
water supply engineering, raw water treatment, disinfection, sterilization, killing of micro organism, chlorination, break point chlorination, ozonization, Ultraviolet rays, Iodine and Bromine
disinfection, method of disinfection, form in which chlorine can be applied, requirement of good disinfectant , chlorine chemistry, effect of ph , temperature , contact time in chlorination, germicidal efficiency of chlorine, by products during chlorination.
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...Soumyashree Panigrahi
This reflects light on the effects of Heavy metals on the contaminated soil & how to over come the ill effects by phyto remediation..or use of plants in reclaiming the soil...
Azo dyes are one of the oldest industrially synthesized organic compounds characterized by presence of Azo bond (-N=N-) and are widely utilized as coloring agents in textile, leather, cosmetic, paint, plastic, paper, and food industries During textile processing, inefficiencies in dyeing result in large amounts of the dyestuff (varying from 2% loss when using basic dyes to a 50% loss when certain reactive dyes used) is being directly lost to the wastewater, which ultimately finds its way into the environment. The physico-chemical method of industrial effluent treatment does not remove the dyes effectively. Microbial degradation and decolorization of azo dyes has gained more attention recently because of eco-friendly and inexpensive nature. Microbes and there enzymes could decolorize the dyes by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolis. This review provides a general idea of decolorization and biodegradation of azo dyes with various microbes and highlights the application of for the treatment of azo dye-containing wastewaters.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Phytoremediation..A cost effective and ecofriendly technique for removal of h...Soumyashree Panigrahi
This reflects light on the effects of Heavy metals on the contaminated soil & how to over come the ill effects by phyto remediation..or use of plants in reclaiming the soil...
Preliminary study on Potable Water Solutions for the rural poorAbhishek Aggarwal
Drinking water quality is an immensely vast field, and challenges vary greatly by geography and local conditions. This is a preliminary study which focuses on the poor Drinking water quality of existing water sources - the challenges faced by the poor rural communities.
This study considers the drinking water problems that are common in the hilly regions in north Thane district (now Palghar), and explores possible treatment methods and existing enterprise solutions that may be applied there.
It also provides a picture of the conditions/way of living of the rural villagers in Mumbai, India - Health, Education, Water, Connectivity, Awareness, Sanitation conditions. Also, the participation of the NGOs.
solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary
wherever possible and innocuous when used.
Design for Energy Efficiency: Energy requirements of chemical
processes should be recognized for their environmental and economic
impacts and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods
should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
Use of Renewable Feed stocks: A raw material or feedstock should
be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and
economically practicable.
Reduce Derivatives: Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking
groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of physical/
chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible,
because such steps require additional reagents and can generate
waste.
Catalysis: Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to
stoichiometric reagents.
Design for Degradation: Chemical products should be designed so
that at the end of their function they break down into innocuous
degradation products and do not persist in the environment.
Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention: Analytical methodologies
need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process
monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention: Substances and
the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen
to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases,
explosions, and fires.[8]
Green chemistry in day-to-day life
Green Dry Cleaning of Clothes: Perchloroethylene (PERC) is commonly
being used as a solvent for dry cleaning. It is now known that PERC
which contaminates ground water and is a suspected carcinogen.
A technology, known as Micell technology developed by Joseph De
Simons, Timothy Romark, and James McClain made use of liquid CO2
and a surfactant for dry cleaning clothes, thereby replacing PERC. Dry
cleaning machines have now been developed using this technique.
Micell Technology has also evolved a metal cleaning system that uses
CO2 and a surfactant thereby eliminating the need of halogenated
solvents. [9]
Versatile Bleaching Agents: It is common knowledge that paper is
manufactured from wood (which contains about 70% polysaccharides
and about 30% lignin). For good quality paper, the lignin must be
completely removed. Initially, lignin is removed by placing small
chipped pieces wood into a bath of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
sodium sulphide (Na2S). By this process about 80-90% of lignin is
decomposed. The remaining lignin was so far removed through
reaction with chlorine gas (Cl2). The use of chlorine removes all the
lignin (to give good quality white paper) but causes environmental
problems. Chlorine also reacts with aromatic rings of the lignin to
produce dioxins, such as 2,3,4-tetrachloropdioxin and chlorinated
furans. These compounds are potential carcinogen olvents
Introduction
The term “Green Chemistry”
Industrial waste water purification procedurepasindulaksara1
The effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is a method that is used to treat the emanation coming out from many areas of the plant. It includes biological, physical, and chemical processes. It aims to releasing safe water into the environment to prevent it from getting cop0ntaminated. These plants are have been very useful in the process of providing clean water to the environment and have conserved water in a number of ways.
Groundwater Contamination and preventionMohit Dwivedi
Groundwater is water present below the ground surface that saturates the pore space in the subsurface.
At least 50% of the world population depends on groundwater as a source of drinking water.
Other uses of groundwater includes Irrigation of crops, Industrial uses etc.
Groundwater is a part of natural water cycle therefore, it can spread throughout the cycle and if contaminated, can cause damage to other entities ( Sea life, lakes, human health etc)
Groundwater can be polluted / contaminated as a result of HUMAN activity and Natural conditions.
Contaminations found in the groundwater cover a broad range of physical, chemical (Organic & Inorganic), bacterial and radioactive parameters.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ferrate - Solution to the Issue of Emergency Water Supply to the People in Flooding Areas, Tran Tien Khoi
1. FERRATE - SOLUTION TO THE ISSUE OF
EMERGENCY WATER SUPPLY TO THE PEOPLE IN
FLOODING AREAS
Tran Tien Khoi
Regional Center of Expertise on Education for
Sustainable Development in Southern Vietnam
International University
Vietnam National University – Hochiminh City
ttkhoi@hcmiu.edu.vn
2. CONTENT
Identifying problems
Current solutions
Gap - Objectives
Ferrate
Characteristics
Synthesis
Application
Method
Results and discussion
Perspective
4. MEKONG DELTA AREA
Mekong river
systems:
• Main water
supply source
• Seasonal
flooding (August
to November)
5. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
Centralized water supply systems can serve
only a minority of the population because of the
scattering population of this region.
Water Treatment Plants: use surface water
(rivers)
People have to use:
River water with simple treatment
Bottled water from private section (from river
water)
Household harvested rainwater
6. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
River water is polluted with:
Increasing organic content,
Residual pesticides from agriculture activities
suspended solid (very high during flooding
season)
domestic waste water
and bacteria (eg. E.coli, coliform)
More severe in flooding season
7. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
– PESTICIDE POLLUTION
Pollution of drinking water sources with
agrochemicals is often a major threat to human and
ecosystem health in some river deltas, where
agricultural production must meet the requirements of
national food security or export aspirations.
Chau et.al. (2015) performed a survey on the use of
different drinking water sources and their pollution
with pesticides in rural areas of the Mekong River
delta, Vietnam.
8. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
– PESTICIDE POLLUTION
The field work comprised both household surveys
and monitoring of 15 frequently used pesticide
active ingredients in different water sources used
for drinking:
Surface water,
Groundwater,
Water at public pumping stations, water
chemically treated at household level,
harvested rainwater, and bottled water).
9. The results show that despite the local differences
in the amount and frequency of pesticides applied,
pesticide pollution was ubiquitous.
Isoprothiolane: 8.49 μg/L (max. concentration)
Fenobucarb: 2.32 μg/L (max. concentration)
Fipronil : 0.41 μg/L (max. concentration)
They were detected in almost all analyzed water
samples (98 % of all surface samples contained
isoprothiolane, for instance).
IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
– PESTICIDE POLLUTION
10. Other pesticides quantified comprised butachlor,
pretilachlor, propiconazole, hexaconazole,
difenoconazole, cypermethrin, fenoxapro-p-ethyl,
tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin, azoxystrobin,
quinalphos, and thiamethoxam.
Among the studied water sources, concentrations
were highest in canal waters.
Pesticide concentrations varied with cropping
season but did not diminish through the year.
IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
– PESTICIDE POLLUTION
11. Even in harvested rainwater or purchased bottled
water, up to 12 different pesticides were detected
at concentrations exceeding the European
Commission’s parametric guideline values for
individual or total pesticides in drinking water (0.1
and 0.5 μg/L; respectively).
The highest total pesticide concentration quantified
in bottled water samples
was 1.38 μg/L.
IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
– PESTICIDE POLLUTION
12. Overall, they failed to identify a clean water
source in the Mekong Delta with respect to
pesticide pollution.
It is therefore urgent to understand further and
address drinking water-related health risk issues
in the region
IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS
– PESTICIDE POLLUTION
13. TRADITIONAL WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Coagulation
(alum)
Sedimentation
Filtration
(sand filter)
Disinfection
(chlorine,
chloramine B,
Aquatab)
Preliminary treatment:
• Remove particles (SS),
colloids, color, turbidity
• Partially remove organic
content (30-50% TOC)
• Kill bacteria, pathogens
• Combine with residual TOC to
produce DBPs (eg. THM)
• Can not remove TOC,
pesticides, herbicides,
EDCs…
14. HOUSEHOLD WATER TREATMENT
Coagulation
(alum)
Sedimentation
Direct use
Boiled before
drinking
Preliminary treatment:
• Remove particles (SS),
colloids, color, turbidity
• Partially remove organic
content (30-50% TOC)
• Kill bacteria, pathogens
• Can not remove TOC,
pesticides, herbicides,
EDCs…
19. CURRENT EMERGENT SOLUTION
Figure 4. Carrying the water to the site by
highspeed boat: can you imagine their cost ?
• Costly
• Delayed
• Almost impossible
with strong water
flowing
• Cannot reach all
household within a
wide area
• Small capacity
20. Figure 5. Carrying the water to the site by
helicopter: can you imagine their cost ?
CURRENT EMERGENT SOLUTION
• Very costly
• Cannot reach all
household with a
wide area
• Cannot reach all
household in wide
area
• Risk of houses
blown up
21. Figure 6. VN Army mobile filtration unit
CURRENT EMERGENT SOLUTION
• Mobile
• Effective only after
flooding
• Can be used on
boat but less mobile
22. Figure 7. Carry the water to the site by simple
transportation means: can you imagine their timing
?
CURRENT EMERGENT SOLUTION
• Need lots of labours
• Very slow
• Effective only after
flooding
23. Figure 8. Chloramine B is the main chemical used
for cleaning and water treatment after flooding in
Vietnam
POST-FLOODING SOLUTIONS
24. POST-FLOODING SOLUTIONS
Contaminated water is traditionally treated with
alum and chlormine B (10g Cloramin B 25%/m3)
Simple, cheap, easy to use rồi mới cho chloramine B
Mainly remove turbidity and disinfect the water
Cannot remove pesticides, organic carbon and
other organic pollutants.
Risk of forming toxic disinfection byproducts e.g
THMs (trihalomethane)
25. CHLORINE TABLETS
Brand names you may recognize for this type of tablet
are Aquatabs and Rothco’s Military “Chlor-Floc“.
NaDCC, also known as sodium dichloroisocyanurate
or sodium troclosene, is a form of chlorine used for
disinfection.
They are available with different chlorine content (e.g.
3.5 mg to 10 g) to treat from 1 to 3000 liters at a time.
They are usually effervescent (meaning that escaping
carbon dioxide gas causes the tablets to dissolve
quickly, with a ‘fizz’), allowing the tablet to dissolve in
less than 1 minute.
When added to water, NaDCC releases hydrochloric
acid which reacts through oxidization with
microorganisms and kills them.
26. IODINE TABLETS
Brand names you may recognize for this type of
tablet are Potable Aqua, Coleman,
and Coghlans.
Iodine Tablets use iodine to purify contaminated
water.
Most iodine purification tablets tend to leave a
funny taste to the water and some discoloration,
however vitamin C or ascorbic acid can be
added after the treatment time to improve the
taste and remove the color.
This often comes in the form of two bottles with
two separate tablets. Iodine water treatment has
been proven to be somewhat effective against
Giardia and not effective against
Crytosporidium. (Source)
27. Brand names you may recognize for this type of tablet
are Katadyn, Potable Aqua, and Aquamira.
Even though the word “chlorine” is in the name, chlorine
dioxide is neither iodine nor chlorine.
It uses a highly active form of oxygen to purify water so
it leaves absolutely zero taste.
As a nice bonus the action of chlorine dioxide causes a
lot of sediment to drop out of suspension (fall to the
bottom) leaving the container of water more clear and
further improving flavor.
While the general printed expiration date of chlorine
dioxide is four years out, if it is kept in temperature
controlled environment it can last indefinitely.
Chlorine dioxide tablets are a good choice for those
allergic to iodine, with thyroid problems, or on
lithium. (click here to learn more about chlorine dioxide)
CHLORINE DIOXIDE TABLETS
28. OBJECTIVES
We need to find out an solution of emergent water
supply under harsh conditions which is:
Simple to use
Need no power source
Effectively remove suspended solid
Effectively remove organic pollutants, pesticides
Effectively remove bacteria and pathogen
Leave no strong odor, strange taste
(And what else?)
29. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Is ferrate applicable for emergent water supply in
this area?
At what dose and condition?
In what form of production?
30. FERRATE
An Fe(VI) compound
A dual-function chemical reagent (oxidation
and coagulation).
Reaction in aqueous systems with reducing matter:
Acid
FeO4
2- + 8H+ + 3e Fe3+ + 4H2O E=2.20 V
Neutral and weak basic
FeO4
2- + 4H2O + 3e Fe(OH)3 + 5OH- E=0.72 V
31. POTASSIUM FERRATE
A strong oxidant (Fe6+)
A coagulant : Fe3+ is hydrolysed to form insoluble
Fe(OH)3, which will act as a coagulant.
A disinfectant due to strong oxidising nature
A promising multi-purpose water and waste water
treatment chemical
Benefits from the combined effect :
Higher water quality
Lower operational and capital cost
33. A large number of investigations on the oxidation of
ferrate have been reported : strong, selective
oxidant
Ammonia, cyanide, anilines, hydrogen sulphide
Alcohols, amino-acids, carboxylic, phenol
8 mg/L dose of ferrate could remove 99.9% total
coliform and 97% total bacteria (Waite, 1979)
remove more turbidity from model colloidal systems
Fe(III) and Fe(II) salts (Waite and Gray, 1984)
Enhance the removal of algae by alum coagulation;
reduce alum dosage (Ma and Liu, 2002)
APPLICATION OF FERRATE IN WATER AND WASTE
WATER TREATMENT
34. FERRATE SYNTHESIS
Basically, there are 3 methods for the synthesis of
ferrate :
The dry oxidation method : iron oxide containing
minerals are heated under strongly alkaline conditions
with oxygen supplement
The electro-chemical method : iron or alloy is oxidized.
in the electrolyte solution of NaOH/ KOH
The wet oxidation method : an iron(III) salt is oxidised
under strongly alkaline conditions using either
hypochlorite or chlorine as an oxdising agent
35. LABSCALE FERRATE PREPARATION
Wet oxidation method: oxidation ferric nitrate with
hypochlorite
Generating chlorine :
KMnO4 + 8 HCl MnCl2 + 5/2 Cl2 + 4H2O + KCl
Bubbling the chlorine gas through a potassium
hydroxide solution to form hypochlorite solution:
Cl2 + 2KOH KClO + KCl + H2O
Oxidising ferric nitrate with hypochlorite :
2Fe3+ + 3OCl- + 10OH- 2FeO4
2- + 3Cl- + 5H2O
Ferrate purity : 90 – 95% (solid phase)
38. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND MATERIALS
• Surface water taken from Hau river – Mekong river
branch
•Buffer solutions: pH adjustment with HCl and NaOH
Parameter Unit Value
pH - 7.0 – 7.4
TSS mg/L 164
Turbidity NTU 109
Color Pt-Co 0.34
UV254 - abs cm-1 0.0436
CODMn mg/L 19.7
TOC mg/L 7.59
Fe mg/L 0.77
Coliforms MPN/100ml 29.104
43. CONCLUSION
Ferrate is a promising water treatment agent for
emergent water supply to people in flooding region,
due to:
Its simple use :all in one stage
Kill all coliform (bacteria) up to 4 log
Remove 80% turbidity and 42% TOC at pH 7
Coupled with a simple sand-filter, treated water
meets VN standard for drinking water.
Effectively degrade pesticides, herbicides…
(anticipated)
44. ACKNOWDGMENT
This research is funded by Vietnam National
University HoChiMinh City (VNU-HCM) under grant
number C2015-20-32