1. Water is the most abundant substance on Earth and has unique properties such as being polar, forming hydrogen bonds, and existing as a solid, liquid, and gas. 2. Common water impurities include dissolved salts, metals, gases, suspended solids, and organic compounds from sources like sewage, manufacturing waste, and decomposition. 3. There are two types of water hardness: temporary hardness caused by bicarbonates that can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness caused by chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates that require water softening or ion exchange to remove. 4. Several purification methods like boiling, distillation, and

5. Water is the solvent of life. Hydrophobic chemicals
do not combine with water, whereas hydrophilic
substances dissolve in it. If they can match and
overcome the hydrogen bonding between water
molecules, the substances will dissolve in water. If
they are unable to, the substance precipitates.
Acids, alcohols, and salts are very soluble in water
while fats and oils are hydrophobic.

6. POLAR MOLECULES ADHESION AND COHESION
SURFACE TENSION EVAPORIZATION HIGH-SPECIFIC HEAT

7. PLASTIC BOTTLES JAR
SCISSOR CUP MEASUREMENT
SAND
COTTON WOOL
SPONGE
COFFEE FILTERS

8. HYDROGEN – formed by a nucleus with one unit of
positive charge and one electron.
OXYGEN – a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas essential to
living organisms, being taken up by animals, which convert
it to carbon dioxide.
SOLVENT – water is sometimes called the universal
solvent because it can dissolve a wide variety of chemicals.

9. 1. HYDRATE – a compound containing water molecules.
2. ANHYDROUS COMPOUND – a compound does not
contain water molecules.
3. WATER PURIFICATION – the process of removing
undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants,
suspended solids and gases from contaminated water.
4. POLAR MOLECULE – a molecule with a partially
negative charged and a partially positive charged end.
5. ELECTRONEGATIVITY – tendency for an atom to
attract shared electrons in a chemical bond.

10. 1. Cut the bottom off the bottle and punch a hole
through the lid or use a pop top lid that will allow for
drainage.
2. Turn the bottle upside down placing the neck of the
bottle in a jar. Instead of a jar, you could also use the
bottom of the plastic bottle that was just cut.
3. Place one filter in each bottle so you can compare
each sample.
4. Shake the muddy water sample.
5. Slowly pour 1 cup of muddy water into each of the
filters.
6. Observe every 5 minutes and record the observation.

11. The most abundant surface on Earth and the “universal
solvent” is water (H2O). It is the only common substance that
naturally occurs as a solid, liquid, and gas. Water molecules are
highly polar and form hydrogen bonds. The polar molecules,
cohesion and ahesion, surface tension, evaporization, and high
specific heat are some of the properties of water.
In the experiment, it can be observed that the water is
getting clearer as the filters are trapping the small solids. It was also
observed that in water sample, the filtrate from the suspension of
gathered soil in water is positive for impurities. The impurities that
were found in the experiment make the water extremely unsafe for
use, therefore the sample will classify as impure.

12. Natural waters always contain dissolved salts, micronutrients, some metals,
and gases. In fact, so many substances dissolve in water that it is sometimes referred
to as the universal solvent. While most of these substances are important for healthy
aquatic ecosystems, as concentration increase, these can have negative effects that
will be considered as pollutants. Dirty or unsafe water consists of elements called Total
Suspended (TSS) that are not designed to dissolve. These solids include dust, sand,
clay, and rust. They remain suspended in water and cause it become muddy or cloudy.
They also lack the two essentials of pure water: hydrogen and oxygen. Suspended
impurities of water if consumed can result in a range of medical ailments and
illnesses.
Water is often use as a solvent to dissolve the solid (solute) substances and
for dilution resulting for a less concentrated solution.
With so many impurities in natural and drinking water, there are several
methods used in the water purification process. Water purification is the process of
removing any impurities and undesirable chemicals and contaminants from the water.
The goal with purifying water is to disinfect the water to make it safe for human
consumption. One of the most common purification techniques include: coagulation
and flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection.

13. CONCLUSION
Aguilla concluded that one form of water impurity is water hardness. Water hardness
has two types: temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is caused by the presence of a
bicarbonate ion and it can be removed through boiling techniques. Whereas, permanent hardness
is caused by the presence of chlorides, nitrates, sulfates, or calcium. Ions causing the permanent
hardness of water can be removed by using water softener or an ion exchange column.
Flores concluded that purification of water is a process by which undesired chemical
compounds, organic and inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed from water.
One major purpose of water purification is to provide clean drinking water. Water purification also
meets the needs of medical, pharmacological, chemical and industrial applications for clean and
potable water. The purification procedure reduces the concentration of contaminants and
impurities.
Enova concluded that since water is highly polar, almost all substances that are in
contact are dissolving on it and these substances are contaminants and impurities. One of the
forms of impurities is the hardness in water and these are the amount of calcium and magnesium
salts in water. Hardness in water can be temporary and permanent hardness. These water
impurities can be removed by several process of purification like boiling, distillation, and different
procedure of treatment of water.
Estella concluded that organic impurities have biological origins and always contain
carbon. These impurities result from decomposition of plants and animals, manufacturing wastes,
sewage, and other organic matter. Organic compounds in drinking water may be caused by
anthropogenic contaminants such as farming, industrial or domestic waste.

14. 1. What are the properties of water?
2. What are the common water impurities?
3. What are the two types of hardness in
water?
4. How may hardness in water be able to
be removed?

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ertiesofwater/