Presentation by Alessandro Lovatelli Aquaculture Officer - Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, at EurOCEAN 2014, 7-9 October 2014 Rome, Italy ©FAO

1. Feeding the World: the role of the
Oceans
Alessandro Lovatelli
Aquaculture Branch
Fisheries and Aquaculture Department
Food and Agriculture Organization
Rome, Italy
7-9 October 2014 Rome, Italy

2. FAR TOO MUCH TO COVER!!!!
• Demand for fish today and tomorrow
• Supply: Capture fisheries vs. aquaculture
• Main challenges in mariculture Space, technology and the environment
• Governance
• ACTIONS
The PRESENTATION

3. ………..marine ecosystems, and the resources they provide, are increasingly threatened by land- use change, overfishing, climate change, invasion of non-native species, and other impacts of a rapidly growing human population.
Marine ecosystem services by Dr. Emmett Duffy (2006)
AN OPENING QUOTE

4. This is the BLUE planet
NASA Planet Earth Photo
The OCEANS: 72% of the Earth’s surface.
Healthy ocean ecosystems are vital to human welfare.
The 21st century challenge faced is: feeding a rapidly growing population.
9 billion by 2050

5. What OCEANS give to us All kinds of Provisioning, Regulating, Cultural and Supporting services.
• Fish and plants as a source of protein and micronutrients (food)
• Pharmaceutical compounds (medical cures)
• Fixation of atmospheric carbon by algae
• Regulation of the climate and weather trends
• Provide mass transportation routes
• Provide pleasure and wellbeing (recreation) etc., etc., etc., etc. ………………………………………………….…..MORE???

6. Rio+20 ”The Future We Want” Declaration
Maintaining biodiversity and
ecosystem services while
feeding the world
•1 The three dimensions of sustainability
•2 Humanity freed from poverty and hunger
•21 9 billion people by 2050
•32 Country specific challenges
•52 Farmers and Fishers important
•113 The crucial role of sustainable fisheries
THE OBJECTIVE IS:

7. The future ahead of us ?

8. ………… is this our FUTURE? WORLD POPULATION=

9. ………… is this our FUTURE?
HUNGER INCREASE??
HUNGER INCREASE??
= MORE FOOD NEEDED =

10. Where will the FOOD come from? Competition for many natural resources is and will further increase. LAND FRESHWATER ……….. and increasingly also OCEAN SPACE

11. 1948-49 1997-98
A glance at CAPTURE FISHERIES
Dramatic biomass decline
THE MESSAGE IS:

12. Can FISHERIES supply more?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1974
1979
1984
1989
1994
1999
2004
2009
Percentage of stocks assessed
Global trends in the state of world marine stocks since 1974
Non-fully exploited
Fully exploited
Overexploited
THE MESSAGE IS: Maximum sustainable potential from wild capture fisheries in the oceans has been reached!

13. How much are we producing TODAY!
Source: FAO FISHSTAT

14. 2010
2011
2012e
(2012)
2012/
2011
Production
148.0
156.2
156.7 (158)
0.3%
(1.1%)
Capture
89.0
93.5
90.2
(91.3)
-3.5%
(-2.4%)
Aquaculture
59.0
62.7
66.5
(66.6)
6.1%
(5.7%)
World fishery production
Million tonnes (live weight)
Source: FAO FISHSTAT

15. -
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Millions tonnes
World Fish Production
Capture fisheries
Aquaculture
Source: FAO FISHSTAT
Fish Supply (mt)
2010
(baseline)
2030
(projection)
Aquaculture 59 123
Capture fisheries 88 88
Total supply 147 211
% of aquaculture: 40 58
Source: Estimation of FAO/FI Department
ASSUMPTIONS:
• Aquaculture follow recent trend
• Capture fisheries remain stationary
 211 million tonnes fish in
2030
QUESTION: Is the supply enough
to feed future population?
FISH supply today and TOMORROW!

16. FISH demand (population growth only)
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Billion
World Population
World
Africa
Asia
Europe
Latin America
and Caribbean
Northern
America
14.8% 60.4%
8.6%
10.7%
5.0% 0.5%
2010
Source: UN (2010 revision)
18.8% 58.5%
8.4%
8.9%
4.8% 0.6%
2030
Fish Demand (mt)
2007
(baseline)
2030
(projection)
Africa 9.0 14.0
Asia 86.4 96.3
Europe 19.4 19.9
L.A. & C. 15.2 16.4
Northern America 9.1 10.7
Oceania 1.1 1.4
World 140.3 158.8
Source: Estimation of FAO/FI Department
• To maintain baseline
consumption in every country, 159
million tonnes of fish needed to
feed world population in 2030.
Total supply (211 mt) > Total
demand (159 mt)

17. -
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Billion
Population growth
World
Africa
Asia
Europe
L.A. & C.
N. America
Oceania
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
Africa Asia Europe L.A. & C. N. America Oceania World
%
Growth of GDP per capita: 2010-2020
Fish Demand (mt)
2007
(baseline)
2030
(projection)
Africa 9.0 18.7
Asia 86.4 186.3
Europe 19.4 23.4
L.A. & C. 15.2 18.3
Northern America 9.1 12.9
Oceania 1.1 1.8
World 140.3 261.2
Source: Estimation of FAO/FI Department
Demand (population & income growth)

18. S-D gap (mt)
Supply 2030
Demand 2030
S-D gap
2030
Africa
11.7
18.7
-7.0
Asia
156.5
186.3
-29.8
Europe
18.6
23.4
-4.8
L.A. & C.
16.2
18.3
-2.1
Northern A.
6.2
12.9
-6.6
Oceania
1.5
1.8
-0.3
World
210.7
261.2
-50.6
Source: Estimation of FI Department
•Per capita fish demand in 2020 estimated based on assumptions:
–GDP per capita projection by IMF
–Prices unchanged
–Preference unchanged
•Total fish demand in 2030 estimated based on:
–Estimated per capita demand in 2020.
–UN population projection in 2030.
–Non-food fish demand unchanged
•Results:
–Supply < Demand
•51 mt shortage
–S-D gaps decline in all regions
•Largest insufficiency in Asia
Fish supply–demand GAPs

19. -
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
2024
2028
Millions metric tonnes
Food Fish Supply and Demand Gaps
Supply from culture (actual)
Supply from capture (actual)
Supply from culture (potential)
Supply from capture (potential)
Consumption (actual demand)
Demand (2007 level)
Demand (population growth only )
Demand (both population and income
growth)
The publication
launched in China
earlier this year
Focus on projections for the years
2013-2022
The increase
will be driven
by aquaculture
FISH??

20. MARICULTURE
FARMING THE OCEANS
? ? ?
Bridge the supply-demand from ...

21. World inland aquaculture and mariculture production 23%
43%

22. Farmed food fish by top 15 producers

23. Relative contribution of aquaculture and capture fisheries to food fish consumption
It is 50:50 today

24. •Land and water
•Cost and energy efficient productivity
•Ecosystem impacts
•Feeds: Fishmeal and Fish Oil
•Technology and knowledge
•Biosecurity and health
•Finance and investment
•Conducive policy
Main CHALLENGES

25. CHALLENGE: Land and water
•Recently released FAO publication
•Global potential (worked on selected species)
•Potential based on a number of physical and biological parameters
•Also based on current cost factors, i.e. the economics of doing marine farming today

26. CHALLENGE: Land and water
What does the present status of mariculture indicate about its future potential
•Offshore areas are largely unused for mariculture
•44% of maritime nations/territories are not practicing mariculture
•0.3 million km of coast where mariculture is not yet practiced
•About 1/3 of inshore mariculture production is plants, but there is as yet little attention to the production of plants (or of fish or shellfish) offshore
•Of (93) countries and territories already practicing mariculture, 51% produce less than 1 mt/km of coastline
•These observations suggest that there is potential for the development mariculture

27. Where do we go if there’s no SPACE
Commercial shipping Cable runs
Animal viewing areas
Rhode Island Ocean
Special Area Management Plan (SAMP)
Sharing space
IMTA

28. E.g. Space allocation - OMAN
Potential areas for shrimp farming and for sea cucumber restocking

29. CHALLENGE: Technology
- Mariculture engineering has progressed -
More is needed to ensure consistently
commercially viable production systems
Farming structures Servicing vessels Remote monitoring

30. PRODUCTION
Farmed species
&
Production cost
MARKET Consumer acceptance & Competitive $$$$ = Competitiveness is alsoKEY MUST BE ATTRACTIVE!!

31. Important biological factors:
•A robust species with an elevated resistance to stress (e.g. handling)
•A species that can be easily reproduced in captivity and in large numbers
•A species that grows fast and converts feed/nutrients efficiently
•A species that is not highly vulnerable to external diseases
•A species that can grow to market size in farming enclosures Important socio-economical factors:
•A species that has a market demand (local and/or international)
•A species that can be produced economically and competitively
•A species that has a good flesh yield (product differentiation / processing) What SPECIES

32. What species … an example
Cobia 
•Artificial propagation
•Fast growing / sturdy
•Good meat yield
•Market acceptance
•Attractive for processing

33. What species … an example
BFT ?
•Market good
•Good meat yield
•Market acceptance
•Attractive for processing
•Fast grower
•Artificial propagation?
•Highly carnivore
LUCIANO 55 dph

34. What species ……………….. OTHER BIVALVES Species lower in the food chain SEAWEEDS

35. CHALLENGE: Technology Genetic Improvement Programmes
………………… the supply gap caused by decreasing output from capture fisheries and the increasing human population could be filled simply by incorporating genetic improvement programmes into already existing aquaculture systems (i.e. no additional farming systems, land or water usage would be required)”. FAO. 2008. Aquaculture development. 3. Genetic resources management. FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries

36. CHALLENGE: Technology
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
THE MESSAGE IS: Sharing know-how and technology

37. CHALLENGE: Feeds
Fed and non-fed aquaculture
•It is estimated that over 45% of global aquaculture (90% in marine fish) is fed aquaculture species (mainly finfish and crustaceans)
•Exogenous feeding (external supply of feeds): growth dependent upon the external supply of feeds
•Total industrial compound aquafeed production has increased from 1995 to 2008 by 284%
•Industrial aquafeed growing at an average rate of 11.0%/year
•If aquaculture growth is to be sustained then feed ingredient and feed input supply must grow at a similar rate THE MESSAGE IS: Availability of feed will be one of the most important inputs if aquaculture has to maintain its sustained growth to meet its challenge of increased production.

38. CHALLENGE: Feeds
Feed: fishmeal and fish oil use
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Fish meal content in aquafeed for different cultured species
Freshwater finfish
Diadromous finfish
Marine finfish
Crustacean
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Fish oil content in aquafeed for different cultured species
Freshwater finfish
Diadromous finfish
Marine finfish
Crustacean
A good news!

39. CHALLENGE: Feeds
More non-fed fish for future?
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Millions tonnes
Fed - other species
Fed - crustaceans
Fed - diadromous & marine finfishes
Fed - fresh water finfishes
Non-fed - sillver & bighead carps
Non-fed - bivalves & others
Percentage of non-fed species

40. CHALLENGE: Environment
!!
Carrying capacity of a
site is rightly a HOT
topic!!! Long-term
sustainability

41. CHALLENGE: Governance

42. CHALLENGE: Governance
•Most Members thought it inevitable that aquaculture will move further offshore if the world is to meet its growing demand for seafood.
•Urged the development of appropriate technologies for its expansion and assistance to developing countries in accessing them.
• A number of Members did not find working on a governance framework for aquaculture in the High Seas an immediate priority indicating that the laws of the coastal State fully apply in territorial waters and exclusive economic zones while the legal framework provided under the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea may be sufficient to regulate aquaculture activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction including the High Seas. What was said:

43. CHALLENGE: Governance

44. CHALLENGE: Governance
Phuket Consensus - Global Conference on Aquaculture (2010) The Colombo Declaration (2011) Bremerhaven Declaration (2012)
Encourages FAO Member States to identify and allocate appropriate space and provide access, governance and regulatory frameworks for their territorial waters and EEZs for mariculture developments by the industry. To bring the above recommendations and assessment to the attention of its Member States at the COFI Sub-Committee on Aquaculture so as to engage a stronger partnership between the public and private sectors. Encourage public and private investment in research and development of mariculture in ABNJ.

45. •Water space – is there a coastal development plan? Does this plan takes into account aquaculture as a rightful user?
•Zone allocation – have the best sites for aquaculture been identified and allocated?
•Concession / licensing – Do procedures exist, are they clear and comprehensible, well coordinated and permits obtainable in a reasonable time? One-stop- shop!
•Documents – type and details required must be clear (EIA)? Efficient information exchange between the authorities and entrepreneurs POLICY… is it conducive?

46. •Financing and investment – Aquaculture is primarily a private sector driven industry
•Critical action areas – increasing efforts in moving aquaculture further offshore, including further research and adoption of new offshore aquaculture technology
AQUANOR 2012…………
Conducive policy environment is created
Concerted efforts
Strong political will is key

47. More investment is crucial for improving aquaculture and increasing production Stronger Public-Private Partnership What governance issues are important in the long-term to engage and give confidence to the private sector
•Investment policies
•Sea area/space allocation/use policies
•Institutional and legal support Supporting expansion and intensification
•Further development of appropriate technologies (offshore)
•Integration with lower-trophic level species
•Increased production of non-fed species for food security
•Increased production of fed species for income generation

48. …….Supporting expansion and intensification
•More research into disease control
•More research into alternate sources for animal protein meals
•Sustainable intensification towards increasing per unit production and reducing per unit cost of production
•Sustainable sourcing of resources (seed, feed, etc.)
•Mitigation and adaptation for climate change Support information exchange and image
•Providing and sharing quality information
•Supporting technical cooperation and know-how exchange
•Improving image
Political will and adequate funding are paramount in overcoming obstacle to improvement

49. FACTS
•1.3 million tonnes of food wasted worldwide
•Can supply food to the hungry in the world (3 times over)

50. Losses along all the value chain
Wide ranging causes for food waste calls for a variety of problem solving approaches
Global Initiative on Food Loss & Waste Reduction
Source: FAO. 2011. Global food losses and food waste

51. Reducing waste
•25% of fishmeal is now produced using fish processing waste
•Zero waste concept is now being applied in several aquaculture species
•Future prospects looking good!
X

52. www.aqua-conference2010.org

55. Thank you
- 0 -
Grazie
7-9 October 2014
Rome, Italy