Aquaculture has been the world’s most rapidly growing food sector for over a quarter of century, with total global production (includes all farmed aquatic plants and animals) increasing nine-fold from 10.2 million tonnes in 1984 to a new record high of 90.4 million tonnes in 2012 (Figure 1, FAO, 2014a).

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SECURING THE FUTURE
Aquaculture growth and role in global food production
by Albert G.J. Tacon of Aquatic Farms Ltd, Kaneohe, HI, USA
and Marc Metian of the International Atomic Energy Agency, Monaco, Principality of Monaco
Aquaculture has been the world’s most rapidly growing
food sector for over a quarter of century, with total
global production (includes all farmed aquatic plants and
animals) increasing nine-fold from 10.2 million tonnes in
1984 to a new record high of 90.4 million tonnes in 2012 (Figure 1,
FAO, 2014a).
Valued at over US$144 billion, global aquaculture production has
been growing at an average annual rate of 8.1 percent per year since
1984, compared with 0.6 percent per year for total capture fisheries
landings and 2.6 percent per year for terrestrial meat production over
the same period (Figure 2, FAO, 2014b).
Moreover, with over 94.7 percent of total global aquaculture
production being produced within developing countries (FAO, 2014b;
Figure 3), aquaculture is viewed as an important weapon in the global
fight against hunger and malnutrition as a much needed provider of
high quality food and essential dietary nutrients (Tacon and Metian,
2013).
Notwithstanding the above, and the fact that over 70 percent of
the world’s surface is covered with water, aquatic food production
(whether captured or farmed) are still dwarfed by terrestrial agricul-tural
food production systems.
Thus, whereas the total food supply of aquatic animal and plant
products was estimated at 144 million tonnes in 2011, total food sup-ply
from agriculture was over 27-fold greater at 3,982 million tonnes
(Table 1); captured and farmed aquatic food products contributing less
than 3.6 percent of total global agricultural food supply, 1.2 percent of
total calorie supply, 1.5 percent of our total fat supply, and 6.7 percent
of total protein supply (FAO, 2014b).
Although the current contribution of aquatic food products to
global food supply may appear to be small in global terms (Table 1),
this is not the case on a regional, country or primary food commodity
basis, as follows:
• At a global level aquatic animal food products accounted for 16.7
percent of the total food supply of animal protein in 2011, with
aquatic animal foods providing more than three billion people
with almost 20 percentof their average per capita animal protein
intake;
• Aquatic food products represent the major food source of
animal protein supply in more than 14 countries within the
Asian region, including the Maldives (73.8 percent of their
animal protein supply), Cambodia (64.9 percent), Sri Lanka (57.2
percent), Bangladesh (56.0 percent), Indonesia (53.7 percent),
Myanmar (41.2 percent), Philippines (40.8 percent), Malaysia
(39.3 percent), Korea Rep. (38.9 percent), Japan (38.4 percent),
Lao PDR (37.6 percent), Thailand (34.5 percent), Vietnam (29.8
percent), and Korea DPR (27.0 percent);
Figure 1
Figure 2
Albert Tacon speaking
at the World Nutrition
Forum, Munich 2014
32 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014
FEATURE

4. • Aquatic food products represent the major source of
animal protein supply over in 17 countries within sub-
Saharan Africa, including: Sierra Leone (69.7 percent),
Comoros (54.4 percent), Ghana (51.2 percent), Sao
Tome and Principe (50.9 percent), Gambia (49.3
percent), Equatorial Guinea (48.2 percent), Cameroon
(38.5 percent), Congo DPR (38.4 percent), Senegal
(43.8 percent), Cote d’Ivoire (39.9 percent), Nigeria
(37.9 percent), Mozambique (35.5 percent), Benin (34.8
percent), Uganda (32.1 percent), Guinea (29.5 percent),
Congo Republic (28.1 percent) and Malawi (27.0
percent);
• Over 94.7 percent of total global aquaculture produc-tion
was produced within developing countries in 2012
(85.66 million tonnes in 2012), with the Asian region
accounting for 91.2 percent of total global production,
and China alone accounting for 53.9 million tonnes or
59.6 percent of total global aquaculture production in
2012 (Figure 2);
• Aquatic meat production from aquaculture has been the
fastest growing meat producing sector since 1970, with
global production increasing at an average rate of 8.4
percent per year compared with 2.6 percentper year for
terrestrial livestock meat production (for the period 1970
to 2012), with farmed aquatic meat production in China
representing the second most produced meat after pork
in 2012 (pork at 50.0 million tonnes, farmed aquatic meat
24.7 million tonnes, and chicken meat at 13.2 million
tonnes in 2012, respectively; FAO, 2014a, 2014b);
• Whereas per capita supply of aquatic meat from capture
fisheries has been steadily decreasing after reaching
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5. a high of 9.0 kg in 1986, per capita aquatic meat supply from
aquaculture has been increasing at an average annual rate of 6.8
percent since 1970, and global production is expected to equal
capture fisheries production by 2015 (Tacon and Metian, 2013).
Rapid growth of compound feed-dependent
fish and crustacean species
In contrast to aquatic plants and molluscs (43 percent of total
aquaculture production in 2012; Figure 2), where production is largely
based upon the absorption and utilization of dissolved nutrients and/
or plankton naturally present within the culture environment (often
referred to as extractive aquaculture), the production of farmed fish
and crustaceans (56 percent of total aquaculture production in 2012)
is dependent upon the external provision and supply of feed inputs.
Feed inputs vary depending upon the feeding habit and market
value of the cultured species, with the bulk of farmed fish and crus-taceans
being fed industrially compounded complete feeds (ca. 70
percent of total fish and crustacean production in 2012), followed by
farm-made supplementary feeds (ca. 25 percent of total production,
fed mainly to lower-value herbivorous filter feeding freshwater fish
species within fertilized ponds and reservoirs) and whole/frozen fresh
feed items such as lower value fish species (ca. five percent of total
finfish and crustacean production, fed mainly to higher-value marine
carnivorous fish species).
In contrast to industrially compounded aquafeeds, the total
global production of farm-made aquaculture feeds and lower
value fish species as feed is still largely undocumented, and it has
been estimated that global production is between 15 to 30 million
tonnes and three to six million tonnes, respectively (Hasan et al.,
2007; Hasan and Halwart, 2008; Tacon et al., 2011).
In terms of industrially compounded aquafeeds, it is estimated
that approximately 35.7 million tonnes of farmed fish and crusta-ceans
(39.5 percent of the total global aquaculture production) was
dependent upon the use and supply of industrially compounded
aquafeeds in 2012, with the total production of compound aquafeed
estimated at approximately 39.6 million tonnes with feed production
growing at an average annual rate of 10.3 percent per year.
The major industrially fed species, in order of species group produc-tion
in 2012 (FAO, 2014a).
In addition to the above species, it is important to mention that
over 11.8 million tonnes of predominantly filter-feeding finfish species
(includes Silver carp, Bighead carp, Catla, Rohu, and Mrigal carp) were
also produced in 2012; these species representing 26.7 percent of total
finfish aquaculture production in 2012 (FAO, 2014a).
As mentioned previously, these lower value species (from a market-ing
perspective) are usually reared together as a polyculture (Silver carp
and Bighead carp in China, and Catla, Rohu and Mrigal carp in India
and Bangladesh) at low stocking densities within fertilized ponds and
freshwater bodies, with little or no external feed inputs being provided
other than the use of occasional supplementary feed mixtures in the
case of the Indian major carps (for review see Hasan et al., 2007)
Whilst the aquaculture sector may have been successful in the past
in securing dietary feed inputs (aquaculture representing less than four
percent of total global compound animal feed production; estimated
at ca.1,000 million tonnes in 2013), this may not be the case in the
future as the sector grows and matures into a major consumer of feed
ingredients.
This is particularly true for those carnivorous fish species with
less flexible feeding habits. For example, despite its relatively
small size compared with terrestrial animal feed production, the
aquaculture sector consumed an estimated 68 percent of the
total global fishmeal production and 74 percent of the total
Figure 3
Figure 4
global fish oil production in 2012, with the major consumers
including higher value shrimp, salmonid and marine fish species
in the case of fishmeal, and salmonids and marine fish in the case
of fish oil, respectively (IFFO - International Fishmeal and Fishoil
Organisation, Andrew Jackson, personal communication)
Conclusion
Clearly, as in terrestrial animals, those aquatic species feeding
lower on the aquatic food chain (includes most herbivorous and
omnivorous fish and crustacean species) will be less restricted by
ingredient selection and supply than carnivorous species; the latter
often having a specific requirement for long-chain polyunsaturated
fatty acids and essential amino acids only found in animal feeds.
However, as the dependence upon lower-cost plant-based ingredi-ents
increases, then so the risk of possible mycotoxin contamination
increases.
Sadly, there is a paucity of practical information concerning the
toxicity and dietary effects of long term exposure of the myriad of
different mycotoxins on farmed fish and crustaceans, or concerning the
potential health implications of these toxins on human health and food
safety (Tacon and Metian, 2008).
It is hoped that this paper will help is raising awareness to this
important issue and that increased research effort be focused on myco-toxin
toxicity within the major farmed fed fish and crustacean species.
34 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | November-December 2014
FEATURE

6. Figure 5
Figure 6
References
FAO (2004a) FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Department, Policy
and Economics Division, Statistics and Information Service, FishstatJ:
a tool for fishery statistics analysis, Release 2.0.0. Universal software
for fishery statistical time series. Aquaculture production: Quantities
1950–2012; Aquaculture production: Values 1984–2012.
FAO (2004b) FAO Statistics Division, FAOSTAT (http://faostat3.fao.org/
faostat-gateway/go/to/home/E). Accessed June 30, 2014
Hasan, M.R., Hecht, T., De Silva, S.S. and Tacon, A.G.J. (eds)
(2007) Study and analysis of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable
aquaculture development. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 497.
Rome, FAO:510.
Hasan, M.R. and Halwart, H. (eds) (2008). Fish as feed inputs for
aquaculture: practices, sustainability and implications. FAO Fisheries
and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 518. Rome, FAO. 2009:407.
Tacon, A.G.J. and Metian, M. (2008) Aquaculture feed and food
safety: the role of FAO and Codex Alimentarius. New York Academy
of Sciences 1140:50-59.
Tacon, A.G.J. and Metian, M. (2013) Fish Matters: importance of
aquatic foods in human and global food supply. Reviews in Fisheries
Science 21(1):1–17.
Tacon, A.G.J., Hasan, M.R. and Metian, M. (2011). Demand and supply
of feed ingredients for farmed fish and crustaceans: trends and prospects.
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 564. FAO, 2011:87.
November-December 2014 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 35
FEATURE

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