Blue bio economy unlocking the potential of seas and oceans
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Presentation delivered on the occasion International Conference Growth in Blue Bio-economy, held in NORDIC HOUSE • TÓRSHAVN FAROE ISL ANDS • 2-3 JUNE 2015
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Blue bio economy unlocking the potential of seas and oceans
- 1. Presentation by Árni M. Mathiesen Assistant Director-General Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations International Conference Growth in Blue Bio-economy, NORDIC HOUSE • TÓRSHAVN FAROE ISL ANDS • 2-3 JUNE 2015 Blue bio-economy - unlocking the potential of seas and oceans
- 2. What is the potential?
- 3. Primary Production Mean NPP (g/m^2/yr) Total Continental 773 Total Marine 113 What is the potential?
- 4. Capture Fisheries Marine Fresh Aquaculture Marine Fresh Brackish Finfish Bivalves Seaweed Crustaceans What are we achieving now?
- 5. What are we achieving now? Fish production and utilization 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 1950 '55 '60 '65 '70 '75 '80 '85 '90 '95 2000 '05 '10 15 Aquaculture for human consumption Capture for human consumption Fish production (million tonnes live weight) Per capita fish supply (kg) Excluding aquatic plants. 2014/2015: estimates/forecast
- 6. What are we achieving now? Capture fisheries production million tonnes live weight Including aquatic plants 0 20 40 60 80 100 19 50 19 60 19 70 19 80 19 90 20 00 20 13 Marine areas Freshwater fishes 11% Diadromou s fishes 2% Marine fishes 71% Crustaceans 7% Molluscs 7% Miscellaneo us aquatic animals 1% Aquatic plants 1% 2013
- 7. million tonnes live weight Including aquatic plants Freshwater fishes 41% Diadromous fishes 5% Marine fishes 2% Crustaceans 7% Molluscs 16% Miscellaneo us aquatic animals 1% Aquatic plants 28% 0 20 40 60 80 100 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2013 Brackishwater Marine Freshwater 2013 What are we achieving now? Aquaculture production
- 8. Share of fish in animal protein • >20% for more than 3 billion people • >50% in many developing countries: Maldives (72%), Sierra Leone (68%), Cambodia(66%), Bangladesh (56%), Sri Lanka(56%), Indonesia (55%), Ghana (52%)
- 9. A source of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Important for optimal brain and neural system development in children (1000 day window!) Lowers the risk of coronary heart disease related (CHD) mortality. A daily intake of 250 mg of EPA and DHA per adult gives optimal protection against CHD. At least two meals of fish a week! 9 Fish and Nutrition
- 10. Fisheries Important Employer Employment growth in FI + AQ higher than in traditional agriculture Millions of people are directly engaged in the fisheries sector Women represent half of those involved in fisheries FI + AQ support the livelihoods of 12 % of the global population
- 11. Marine and Fresh water NASA Planet Earth Photo About 72% of the Earth’s surface, with about 97 in oceans BUT Share of fishery products in total supply % 1998 2011 Calories 1.1 1.3 Proteins 6.0 6.7
- 12. Where is the potential?
- 13. Where is the potential?
- 14. We are only using a fraction of the Ocean Space today. Are there limits? Yes ( Technical, Environmental) What are the limits? We don’t know
- 15. Why do we need to unlock the potential?
- 16. 805 million people estimated to be suffering from chronic hunger in 2012–14, down 100 million in the last decade. The vast majority, 791 million, live in developing countries. Hunger 1014.5 929.9 946.2 840.5 805.3 994.1 908.7 930.8 824.9 790.7 700 750 800 850 900 950 1,000 1,050 1,100 1990-92 2000-02 2005-07 2009-11 2012-14 World Developing regions No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % WORLD 1 014.5 18.7 929.9 14.9 946.2 14.3 840.5 12.1 805.3 11.3 Number of undernourished (millions) and prevalence (%) of undernourishment 1990–92 2000–02 2005–07 2008–10 2012–14*
- 17. Vitamin A deficiency Causes blindness. 250 million preschool children affected. Iron deficiency Anaemia contributes to 20% of all maternal deaths. 40% of preschool children anaemic in developing countries. Iodine deficiency Impairing cognitive development in children 54 countries still iodine-deficient Millions of children suffering nutrition deficiency Source: WHO 805 million hungry people Source: WHO Trend Worldwide obesity has nearly doubled since 1980. Adults (aged 20 or older) More than 1.4 billion (35% of total) overweight in 2008 Over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women (11 % of total) obese in 2008. Children (under the age of 5) More than 40 million children overweight or obese in 2012. Billions of obese or overweight people Source: WHO Food security and nutrition status Hunger hand-in-hand with poverty
- 18. Contribution of fish to human nutrition Fish provides high quality animal protein Fish especially important to countries with low animal protein intake Vitamin A Protein DHA EPA Vitamin D Vitamin B12 Zinc Iron Calcium Selenium Iodine Fish, a source of nutrients Daily need (RDI) for children: DHA+EPA (Ω-3); seafood main source 150 (250) µg Vitamin A; 250 million preschool children deficient 150 (250) mg Iron; 1.6 billion people deficient 8.9 mg (at 10% bioavailability) Iodine; seafood natural source, 2 billion people deficient 120 µg Zinc; 800 000 child deaths per year 5.6 mg (at moderate bioavailability) 0 5 10 15 20 25 World LIFDCs Latin America & Caribbean Northern America Oceania Europe Africa Asia Share in total animal protein (%) Per capita fish consumption (kg)
- 19. Socioeconomic contribution of aquaculture and fisheries
- 20. • . OECD-FAO Fish Model Projections (2023) Source: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2014-2023 (Table A.26.2). Countries/regions ranked by per capita fish consumption in 2011-13 average. Countries/regions with declined per capita fish consumption highlighted in red. WB-FAO-IFPRI Fish to 2030 Projections Source: World Bank Report on Fish to 2030 (Table 3.7). Countries/regions ranked by per capita fish consumption in 2006. Countries/regions with declined per capita fish consumption highlighted in red Country/ region Fish Demand (2030) Total fish prod. (2012, mil. tonne) S-D gap 2030 (col. 4 minus col. 3) kg/cap. Total (mil. tonne) WORLD 29.1 261.2 156.5 -104.7 S.S. Africa 10.8 15.1 6.9 -8.2 L.A. & C. 12.2 18.3 14.8 -3.4 N. Africa 12.9 3.7 2.8 -0.8 Europe 27.3 23.4 16.0 -7.4 N. America 29.8 12.9 6.7 -6.1 Oceania 31.9 1.8 1.4 -0.3 Asia 37.0 186.3 107.8 -78.5 Future fish supply and demand projections FAO/FI Fish Supply-Demand Gap Projections Source: Estimation of FI/FAO (preliminary results) Main assumptions: 1) Per capita fish demand affected by income growth. 2) Fish price unchanged. 3) Preference over fish unchanged 49.9 43.0 30.1 23.1 22.4 25.0 17.6 11.3 8.3 6.8 20.9 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 Japan China Australia and New… Northern America Europe Asia and Pacific dev.ing Northern Africa Latin America and… Sub-Saharan Africa India WORLD 2011-13 (Average) 2023 Per capita fish consumption (kg)
- 21. How do we unlock the potential?
- 22. FAO Blue Growth Initiative Aim: To contribute to the promotion of sustainable use and conservation of aquatic living resources Four components: Capture Fisheries Aquaculture Ecosystem services contributing to livelihoods, and Trade/markets/post harvest and social support
- 23. The Blue Growth Initiative To promote the sustainable use and conservation of the aquatic renewable resources Aim Four Main Components • Fisheries • Aquaculture • Livelihoods and food systems • Eco-system Services Global •Implementation of International Instruments and EAF •Combat IUU fishing •Reduction of Over-capacity, restoring fish stocks, habitats and aquatic biodiversity •GAAP •International advocacy and coop Regional •Regional Initiative on Blue Growth (FAO RAP) • Regional Fisheries Bodies • Other FAO Regional Initiatives Country level •Development and implementation of national policies and strategies for blue growth •BGI-RAP, regional •BGI-RNE, regional, sub-regional •BGI- RAF, national, sub-regional
- 24. Capture Fisheries: Increase, Sunken Billions, CCRF, EAF. Biological management and conservation, business management, political/economic management. Contribution to Blue Growth : - 10 - 20 million tons - USD 50-100 billion annually Capture fisheries are an important source of food, nutrition, employment and income for millions of people, particularly in remote rural areas - Capture fisheries face serious challenges: Degraded environment and ecosystems Overexploited fish stocks IUU fishing Climate change and ocean acidification
- 25. Other or “novel” ecosystem services: Mangroves, storm/wave bulwarks, sea-grass carbon sequestration and UN-REDD, greater symbiosis with crops (rice etc./fish production, fertilizer/pesticide runoffs), tourism (nature, culinary, culture), salt beds Contribution to Blue Growth: The sky’s the limit !!!
- 26. Trade/markets/post harvest and social support: Waste reduction, non-food v. food utilization, customs tariff issues, most traded, social complexities in Small Scale Fisheries. Contribution to Blue growth: • From non-food: 10 million tonnes • From waste food: 15 million tonnes
- 27. Aquaculture: GAAP, EAA, biological management and conservation (incl. bio-security), business management, planning and regulatory implementation Contribution to Blue Growth: • 50-100 million tonnes a year
- 28. Blue Growth Initiative funding 51 ongoing programmes and projects Overall total budget USD 323 million USD 77 million managed by FAO (including USD 5.2 million from assessed contributions) USD 246 million co-funding managed by others
- 29. COFI Blue Growth Working Group COFI working group on Blue Growth is being set up in LinkedIn Work with the COFI Bureau and member countries will be intensified leading up to COFI2016.
- 30. Global Network for Blue Growth and Food Security Blue Growth + Essential Investment readiness facility Innovation and knowledge
Editor's Notes
- 72 percent in Sierra Leone, 55 percent in Ghana and Gambia and 43 percent in Senegal. Also in Asia and some small island states the contribution is high: 70 percent in the Maldives, 60 percent in Cambodia, 57 percent in Bangladesh, 54 percent in Indonesia, 55 percent in Sri Lanka (FAO 2012).
- The latest FAO estimates indicate that global hunger reduction continues: about 805 million people are estimated to be chronically undernourished in 2012–14 most of them in developing countries. This is down more than 100 million over the last decade, and over 200 million lower than in 1990–92. In the same period, the prevalence of undernourishment has fallen from 18.7 to 11.3 percent globally and from 23.4 to 13.5 percent for the developing countries. We can not say that there haven’t been improvements but there is still a long way to go until we reach our goal.
- Hunger, or undernourishment, is not evenly spread around the world. The largest numbers and proportions are in Asia and Africa but Latin America and the Caribbean have their share at around 5 percent of the total. However, hunger is not the only problem since large numbers suffer from various nutritional deficiencies. This is particularly true of children. In the upper right hand part of the slide you can see the statistics and the effects of the most serious ones. Below it you can see the alarming trends in obesity, which increasingly causes great problems and even greater future concerns. On the bottom left is then a graph that shows what links all of this together, namely poverty, which is intrinsically linked to hunger, nutritional deficiencies and obesity wherever you look.
- Let us now return to fish. As you can see from the bottom left-hand corner, fish is full of essential micronutrients, high quality proteins and fats which supply both energy and essential omega 3 fatty acids. The table on the bottom right shows how relatively little is needed on a daily basis to fulfill these requirements. One little fish like the one on the right can supply all of these needs if ingested whole. Protein is however considered conventionally as the most important nutritional element supplied by fish. In the graph in the top left-hand corner you can see that fish supplies almost 17 percent of the world’s animal protein, variable between regions and lowest in fact in Latin America and the Caribbean region. It is relatively more important in Low Income Food Deficit Countries. In the graph in the top right corner you can see that the lower the total animal protein intake is, the higher the level of fish protein is. The blue and red dots of the African and Asian countries all cluster towards the y-axis or the left in the graph. The size of the bubbles, especially in the case of the Asia, represented by red bubbles, indicates the size of the populations behind the country statistics. The story to take home from this graph is that LIFDCs are especially sensitive to any reduction in the supply of fish protein which would reflect very negatively in their total animal protein intake. The role of the omega 3 fatty acids is an especially important one and the medical doctor Professor Michael Crawford of Imperial Collage London maintains that Homo Sapiens, that is our own species, didn’t start to think rationally until we moved to the coast or to the rivers and started fishing and eating fish. He further says that the future of mankind therefore relies on fish and the oceans. A sobering thought.
- Back to more mundane thoughts. As you can see from this value chain graph, the socio-economic contribution of fish is considerable. This builds up through the value chain from capture and primary production through the various levels of processing, distribution and marketing, coming possibly to a level above 10 percent of world population relying on fish for their livelihoods. Increasingly, the value of raw materials from the oceans is being recognized and used in products higher up in the value chain. The difference in value between fish used for animal fodder and the same fish used for human consumption can be five to tenfold. If you then move into mark foods, the pharmaceutical industry and the cosmetics industry, you only add zeros to the figures and the sky is the limit.
- One of the main driving elements behind the BGI is the future predicted scenarios we see in the modeling work we have done in the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of FAO on our own or with others. The OECD-FAO Fish Model Projections to 2022, shown top left on the slide, predicts increasing consumption in most regions of the world up to an average level of almost 21 kg per capita per annum compared to the widely recommended level of around 15 kg per capita per annum. The worrying exception is Sub-Saharan Africa, which shows a drop from the already low level of below 10 kg per capita per annum to below 8 kg in the period. Red figures represent a drop from earlier values, black figures represent an increase. The results from the WB-FAO-IFPRI Fish to 2030 projections show world consumptions at almost 19 kg per capita per annum. However, there are very varied changes in consumption between the regions. Most of them are positive or do not cause concern but the drop in consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa down to below 6 kg, which is consistent with the OECD-FAO predictions, is very worrying as well as the drop in the already low levels in Latin America and the Caribbean region and in the North-Africa and Middle-East region to below 8 and 10 kg respectively. Here we should remember, as I mentioned earlier that the recommended levels are around 15 kg per capita per annum. It is surely obvious to all that were this to be the reality by 2030, it would be totally unacceptable to all of us. The present level of world fisheries and aquaculture consumption is 160 million tons a year. The predictions from the various scenarios in the Fish to 2030 report are all around 200 million tons per year. This is roughly consistent with the OECD-FAO outlook trend. In a simplified demand model done by the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department using as drivers population growth and GDP growth based on the link between GDP and fish consumption, and essentially removing all production restrictions, the results are that the world would want to consume 260 million tons of fish by 2030 if supply was available. Under this scenario the world would consume on the average just shy of 30 kg per capita per annum and Sub-Saharan Africa, North-Africa and the Middle-East region and Latin America and the Caribbean region would all consume 3-5 kg more fish per capita per annum or 11-13 kg per capita per annum. This would be a result by 2030 that we could all live with but to get that result we need to produce more fish by 2030, to the tune of 100 million tons a year more than we produce today.
- The aim of the Blue Growth Initiative BGI is to promote the sustainable use and conservation of aquatic renewable resources, in an economically, socially and environmentally responsible manner. It is a cross-cutting initiative which would provide global, regional and national impact to increase food security, improve nutrition, reduce poverty of coastal and riparian communities and support sustainable management of aquatic resources. Within the SPF and for the implementation of PWB 14-15, the Blue Growth Initiative is now a Major Area of Work anchored in SO2 where it clusters relevant P/S and underpinning activities, but reaches out to related P/S in other SOs and activities in the other technical units, which impact on the health and performance of the aquatic eco-systems and dependent communities. At the regional level, it aligns its support with the RAP regional initiative on aquaculture and contributes to other regional initiatives such as water scarcity in RNE and Rice Initiative in RAP. At the national level, several countries have adopted national strategies for blue growth and are seeking FAO technical support in implementing these strategies. Work has been recently initiated in Indonesia, and about to be initiated for Gabon, Algeria and Senegal. Finally, at the global level, the BGI aligns with major organizations (such as UNEP, OECD, World Bank and the EU) and their initiatives launched to promote the concept. These organizations have welcomed a collaboration with FAO on the Blue Growth/Blue Economy. As Global Initiative, it is conducive to resource mobilization (e.g. GEF 6) and advocacy in major events discussing major issues related to Oceans.
- The aim of the Blue Growth Initiative BGI is to promote the sustainable use and conservation of aquatic renewable resources, in an economically, socially and environmentally responsible manner. It is a cross-cutting initiative which would provide global, regional and national impact to increase food security, improve nutrition, reduce poverty of coastal and riparian communities and support sustainable management of aquatic resources. Within the SPF and for the implementation of PWB 14-15, the Blue Growth Initiative is now a Major Area of Work anchored in SO2 where it clusters relevant P/S and underpinning activities, but reaches out to related P/S in other SOs and activities in the other technical units, which impact on the health and performance of the aquatic eco-systems and dependent communities. At the regional level, it aligns its support with the RAP regional initiative on aquaculture and contributes to other regional initiatives such as water scarcity in RNE and Rice Initiative in RAP. At the national level, several countries have adopted national strategies for Blue Growth and are seeking FAO technical support in implementing these strategies. Work has been recently initiated in Indonesia, and about to be initiated for Gabon, Algeria and Senegal. Finally, at the global level, the BGI aligns with major organizations (such as UNEP, OECD, World Bank and the EU) and their initiatives launched to promote the concept. These organizations have welcomed a collaboration with FAO on the Blue Growth/Blue Economy. As Global Initiative, it is conducive to resource mobilization (e.g. GEF 6) and advocacy in major events discussing major issues related to Oceans. It encompasses 4 components: 1- Capture Fisheries: The aim is to provide policy, technical and capacity-building support to Governments, regional fisheries bodies (RFBs) and industry to ensure that adequate institutional, scientific and legal framework is in place for introducing, supporting and enforcing fisheries management and good practices to combat IUU, reducing overcapacity, restorimg stocks and minimizimg the impact of fishing on the environment. 2- Global Aquaculture Advancement Partnership (GAAP): The aim here is to support an increase in global aquaculture production to meet increased demand for fish as the world population grows. GAAP will contribute to this aim by providing technical and capacity building support to Governments and farmers to develop national strategies for aquaculture development, disseminate and adopt better management and governance policies and best practices that increase productivity and reduce environmental and disease risk to stimulate investment. 3- Livelihoods and food systems: Under this component, FAO would assist members and industry organizations to develop policies for value addition and trade promotion integrating economic performance, food security, sustainability and social protection. With the transition to more sustainable fisheries management, it will promote public/private partnerships that support investment in infrastructure, technology and practices to increase fisheries value addition and quality. 4- Ecosystem Services: Under this component, FAO will contribute expertise to conduct and disseminate national and regional studies on carbon binding possibilities in sea grass beds, mangroves as defense for coastal erosion and storm and wave damage, fish-crop (rice etc.) systems, seaweed cultivation as well as other possibilities. The information will be used to assist communities to create income and livelihoods in coastal communities, reduce poverty, strengthen and improve social conditions.
- Capture fisheries have the potential if we respond correctly to climate change and otherwise do the right things to improve both research, policies and management, to increase production by 10-20 million tons per year and increase global fisheries income by 50 billion USD annually.
- In non-traditional ecosystem services the sky is the limit, ranging from carbon capture in sea grass beds that can at best be 5-10 times as effective as tropical forests, to rice-fish systems and nature, culture and culinary tourism in coastal areas including coral reefs. This we are already working on with some of our partner countries.
- The sector of fisheries and aquaculture contributes significantly to national economies, income and livelihood for millions of people around the world. In 2008, the first sale value of capture fisheries was estimated at US$ 100 billion and that of aquaculture at 98 billion, in addition to US$ 7.4 billion of aquatic plants. This harvest undergoes a primary and a secondary processing before distribution, generating additional value at each subsequent step, estimated in 2007 at US$ 90 billion, 180 US$ billion and 350 US$ billion respectively for primary processing, secondary processing and distribution. This value addition is also accompanied by employment opportunities, especially for women employed in first and secondary processing in developing countries. Employment in fisheries and aquaculture: - 52 million persons in fisheries and aquaculture 2008 195 million along the value chain - 660 - 880 million persons (12%) depend on the sector for their livelihoods
- Aquaculture, however, is the most important Blue Growth pathway to meet the challenge of bridging the 100 million ton gap, through the Global Aquaculture Advancement Platform, which was warmly received and endorsed by the COFI Sub-committee on Aquaculture in St. Petersburg in 2013 and then at COFI in Rome in June last year. At current growth rates aquaculture could produce an additional 50 million tons of fish annually. However, growth rates have been falling and this we must prevent. Not by any means but only by sustainable means, since, if the growth is not sustainable, then one day the industry will collapse and cause us greater problems that we can even foresee today. In the past, the industry has grown even faster than it grows today and if these growth rates could be regained, aquaculture could even bridge the gap on its own. We must however remember that the world will not end in 2030, or at least I hope not, and it is therefore good to know that the aquaculture industry can even respond to fish demand post 2030. Ladies and gentlemen, some of you will undoubtedly, and not unreasonable be thinking: “this guy is crazy, aquaculture can never produce as much fish as this without seriously damaging the environment” !! Maybe so, but who else can then produce the animal proteins, the omega 3 fatty acids and all the other nutrients we talked about earlier to feed the growing world population?
- Grenada- Japan- EQUATORIAL Guinea - Portugal (Blue week Lisbon) Norway – Cabo verde- GEF- FAO –EU -Germany- Colombia- Norway- EU– MULTIDONORS- OTHERS