The document discusses crop improvement in fodder maize for feed security. It provides an introduction to maize classification, varieties cultivated in India, and its use as fodder. It also describes breeding objectives and methods for developing improved fodder maize varieties, including mass selection, backcross breeding, and hybrid breeding techniques. The goal is to breed varieties with higher yields, nutrient content, and resistance to diseases to help ensure future feed security.
The document discusses breeding crop plants for resistance to drought and waterlogging. It describes various mechanisms of drought resistance including drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Features of drought resistant plants like early stomatal closure, waxy leaves, and extensive root systems are outlined. Breeding methods for developing drought resistance include selecting plants from drought prone areas and developing varieties with short duration, deep roots, and other drought tolerant traits. The effects of waterlogging and ideotypes for flooded areas are also mentioned.
This document discusses guidelines for conducting morphological tests to assess varietal purity and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) for plant variety registration. It outlines procedures for grow-out tests, including sampling methodology, field layout, observation criteria, and data analysis. The key aspects covered are distinguishing variety characteristics, minimum sample sizes, isolation distances, generation systems, and national test guideline recommendations for important crops to standardize DUS testing.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
GPB 311: Maize- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Maize
This document discusses various plant breeding methods used to develop new cultivars of vegetable crops, including selection methods, hybridization techniques, and developing hybrid varieties. Some key points covered include: clonal selection is used for asexually propagated crops to develop cultivars like potato and garlic; pure line selection and mass selection are employed for self-pollinated and cross-pollinated crops respectively; line breeding, family breeding, and recurrent selection are population improvement methods for cross-pollinated vegetables; hybridization generates variability for selection and hybrid varieties are made through parent selection, testing combining ability, and producing F1 hybrids.
1) A synthetic variety is developed by inter-crossing multiple good inbred lines and mixing their F1 seeds. It partially exploits heterosis through open pollination over generations.
2) Synthetic varieties are developed to exploit heterosis and additive gene effects. They have wider adaptability than hybrids due to genetic diversity.
3) A synthetic variety initially consists of many heterozygotes, but some homozygosity is fixed over generations through self-pollination. Later generations consist of both heterozygotes and homozygotes.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
This document discusses methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It describes mass selection, progeny selection (ear-to-row method), modified ear-to-row method, and recurrent selection. It also discusses hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties, and the operations involved in producing hybrids and synthetics. The key methods discussed are mass selection, ear-to-row selection, and recurrent selection.
Selection: pure line, mass and pedigree breeding methods for self pollinated ...Vinod Pawar
This document discusses different selection methods used in self-pollinating crops, including pure line selection, mass selection, and pedigree selection. Pure line selection involves selecting the best individual plants and propagating their progeny to create homogeneous varieties. Mass selection selects many plants with desirable traits and mixes their seeds to create heterogeneous varieties with wider adaptation. Pedigree selection maintains records of each selected plant's ancestry over multiple generations to develop homogeneous, homozygous varieties taking 14-15 years.
The document discusses breeding crop plants for resistance to drought and waterlogging. It describes various mechanisms of drought resistance including drought escape, avoidance, and tolerance. Features of drought resistant plants like early stomatal closure, waxy leaves, and extensive root systems are outlined. Breeding methods for developing drought resistance include selecting plants from drought prone areas and developing varieties with short duration, deep roots, and other drought tolerant traits. The effects of waterlogging and ideotypes for flooded areas are also mentioned.
This document discusses guidelines for conducting morphological tests to assess varietal purity and distinctness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) for plant variety registration. It outlines procedures for grow-out tests, including sampling methodology, field layout, observation criteria, and data analysis. The key aspects covered are distinguishing variety characteristics, minimum sample sizes, isolation distances, generation systems, and national test guideline recommendations for important crops to standardize DUS testing.
Plant breeding, its objective and historical development- pre and post mendel...Avinash Kumar
ppt for 1st chapter of plant breeding. it includes defination & objectives of plant breeding, role & challanges of plant breeeders and historical development
GPB 311: Maize- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Maize
This document discusses various plant breeding methods used to develop new cultivars of vegetable crops, including selection methods, hybridization techniques, and developing hybrid varieties. Some key points covered include: clonal selection is used for asexually propagated crops to develop cultivars like potato and garlic; pure line selection and mass selection are employed for self-pollinated and cross-pollinated crops respectively; line breeding, family breeding, and recurrent selection are population improvement methods for cross-pollinated vegetables; hybridization generates variability for selection and hybrid varieties are made through parent selection, testing combining ability, and producing F1 hybrids.
1) A synthetic variety is developed by inter-crossing multiple good inbred lines and mixing their F1 seeds. It partially exploits heterosis through open pollination over generations.
2) Synthetic varieties are developed to exploit heterosis and additive gene effects. They have wider adaptability than hybrids due to genetic diversity.
3) A synthetic variety initially consists of many heterozygotes, but some homozygosity is fixed over generations through self-pollination. Later generations consist of both heterozygotes and homozygotes.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
This document discusses methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It describes mass selection, progeny selection (ear-to-row method), modified ear-to-row method, and recurrent selection. It also discusses hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties, and the operations involved in producing hybrids and synthetics. The key methods discussed are mass selection, ear-to-row selection, and recurrent selection.
Selection: pure line, mass and pedigree breeding methods for self pollinated ...Vinod Pawar
This document discusses different selection methods used in self-pollinating crops, including pure line selection, mass selection, and pedigree selection. Pure line selection involves selecting the best individual plants and propagating their progeny to create homogeneous varieties. Mass selection selects many plants with desirable traits and mixes their seeds to create heterogeneous varieties with wider adaptation. Pedigree selection maintains records of each selected plant's ancestry over multiple generations to develop homogeneous, homozygous varieties taking 14-15 years.
India is the second largest producer of fruits globally and fruit breeding research began in India in 1905 with the establishment of agricultural colleges. Several initiatives in the early 20th century helped boost fruit research. Fruit breeding is challenging due to long lifecycles, juvenile periods, heterozygosity, and other genetic factors of fruit crops. The objectives of fruit breeding are to develop varieties with high quality production, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and marketability. Fruit breeding plays an important role in developing improved varieties and meeting the needs of a growing population.
Male sterility, types and utilization in hybrid seed productionHirdayesh Anuragi
The document discusses different types of male sterility including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), genetic male sterility (GMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It describes key characteristics of each type of male sterility such as mode of inheritance, environmental sensitivity, and use in hybrid seed production. The document also covers creation of male sterility through mutations, classification of male sterility systems, and applications of male sterility in commercial hybrid seed production.
1) Sunflower is an important oil crop cultivated worldwide for its edible oil. India introduced sunflower from the Soviet Union in 1969 and it is now grown in states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Punjab.
2) Breeding objectives for sunflower include developing short duration varieties, increasing oil content, improving disease resistance, and developing self-fertile lines not requiring hand-pollination.
3) Breeding methods used include introduction, mass selection, hybridization and selection. Popular hybrids developed through heterosis breeding include BSH-1 and KBSH-41.
This document summarizes a seminar on doubled haploids (DH). It defines a DH as an individual with a doubled set of chromosomes from a haploid cell. It discusses the history of DH development, including early work in the 1920s. It also covers methods for producing haploids, identifying haploids, doubling chromosomes, and applications of DHs in plant breeding like QTL mapping, backcrossing, hybrid sorting, and cultivar development. DHs allow fixing of traits in one or two generations, faster development of pure lines and cultivars compared to conventional methods.
Stress resistance in crops can be improved through conventional breeding approaches like selection, backcrossing, and shuttle breeding. New molecular breeding approaches like QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection allow for more precise introgression of stress resistance genes. QTLs controlling traits like submergence tolerance, salinity tolerance, and bacterial blight resistance have been identified in rice. Marker-assisted breeding has successfully transferred submergence tolerance and bacterial blight resistance into rice varieties. Similar efforts have mapped drought tolerance QTLs in wheat and introduced stress resistance genes into crops using molecular markers. These approaches help breed climate-resilient crop varieties faster than conventional breeding alone.
Plant Breeding - Objectives and HistoryVikas Kashyap
This document provides an overview of the history and objectives of plant breeding. It discusses the evolution of plant breeding from pre-Mendelian times up until modern biotechnology approaches. The key objectives of plant breeding are to increase yield, improve quality, develop biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and modify other agronomic traits. The history is divided into four eras: pre-Mendelian (before 1900), Mendelian (1900-1920), post-Mendelian (1921-1950), and modern (after 1950). Important developments and figures in each era are highlighted.
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsManojSaini01
This document provides an overview of breeding methods for cross-pollinated crop species. It discusses the characteristics of cross-pollinated crops and various population improvement methods including mass selection, progeny selection, recurrent selection, and reciprocal recurrent selection. Mass selection involves selecting plants based on phenotype and bulking seed, while progeny selection evaluates progeny through ear-to-row or modified ear-to-row methods. Recurrent selection cycles involve selecting superior plants, intermating them, and repeating selection to increase frequencies of desirable genes in a population. The document concludes breeding methods are important for increasing genetic variability and desirable traits in crop plants.
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
Sugarcane is a tropical crop cultivated for its sucrose content. It is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Conventional breeding methods have focused on increasing yield, sucrose content, and resistance to diseases and stresses. However, sugarcane has a complex polyploid genome that poses challenges for breeding. New techniques including mutation breeding, transgenic approaches, micropropagation, and development of "energy canes" aim to broaden the genetic base and introduce new traits. Breeding objectives also include abiotic stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
Foundation and certified seed production of castorNSStudents
1. Foundation and certified seed production of castor varieties and hybrids requires careful management of sex expression to maintain genetic purity. Isolation distances of 300m for varieties and 150-300m for hybrids are needed.
2. Production of female lines for hybrids uses either a conventional method allowing 25% male plants or a refined method removing all male plants. Multiple roguings are done to eliminate off-types.
3. Hybrid seed production plants female and male parents in a 3:1 ratio with males surrounding the field. Rouging removes off-types and reversions in females. Harvesting proceeds by first removing males and then female rows.
This document discusses the diallel selective mating approach (DSM) for genetic improvement of autogamous crops. DSM involves three steps: 1) a parental diallel series of crosses between multiple parents, 2) F1 diallel series of crosses between F1 plants, and 3) selective mating series where selected F2 plants are intercrossed and selfed in successive generations. The goal is to accumulate desirable genes and increase recombination through restoring heterozygosity via intermating selected plants over multiple cycles. While it broadens the genetic base, DSM is more complex than pedigree methods and success depends on identifying desirable plants in segregating generations.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
The document discusses carrots, including their growth requirements, nutritional value, origins, genetic resources, and breeding objectives and methods. Carrots are a cool-season root vegetable that grow best in temperate climates during spring, summer and autumn, and in subtropical climates during winter. They require temperatures between 15-22°C and low soil moisture for elongated roots. Carrots are a source of vitamin A and dietary fiber. Breeding objectives for carrots include high yield, carotene content, uniform shape and size, and disease resistance. Carrots are cross-pollinated and various breeding methods are used to meet objectives, including cytoplasmic male sterility.
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
Crop improvement in fodder maize for sustanable economic developmentMonica Jyoti Kujur
This document summarizes a credit seminar presentation on maize. It provides an overview of maize production in India, including that India is the 6th largest producer globally. It also covers the classification of different types of maize, including dent, flint, flour, popcorn, sweet, and waxy corn. The document discusses maize as a solution for fodder, highlighting its importance. It outlines breeding objectives and methods for fodder maize development like mass selection and hybridization. Popular varieties cultivated in India for fodder are mentioned, including African Tall and APFM-8.
India is the second largest producer of fruits globally and fruit breeding research began in India in 1905 with the establishment of agricultural colleges. Several initiatives in the early 20th century helped boost fruit research. Fruit breeding is challenging due to long lifecycles, juvenile periods, heterozygosity, and other genetic factors of fruit crops. The objectives of fruit breeding are to develop varieties with high quality production, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and marketability. Fruit breeding plays an important role in developing improved varieties and meeting the needs of a growing population.
Male sterility, types and utilization in hybrid seed productionHirdayesh Anuragi
The document discusses different types of male sterility including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), genetic male sterility (GMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It describes key characteristics of each type of male sterility such as mode of inheritance, environmental sensitivity, and use in hybrid seed production. The document also covers creation of male sterility through mutations, classification of male sterility systems, and applications of male sterility in commercial hybrid seed production.
1) Sunflower is an important oil crop cultivated worldwide for its edible oil. India introduced sunflower from the Soviet Union in 1969 and it is now grown in states like Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Punjab.
2) Breeding objectives for sunflower include developing short duration varieties, increasing oil content, improving disease resistance, and developing self-fertile lines not requiring hand-pollination.
3) Breeding methods used include introduction, mass selection, hybridization and selection. Popular hybrids developed through heterosis breeding include BSH-1 and KBSH-41.
This document summarizes a seminar on doubled haploids (DH). It defines a DH as an individual with a doubled set of chromosomes from a haploid cell. It discusses the history of DH development, including early work in the 1920s. It also covers methods for producing haploids, identifying haploids, doubling chromosomes, and applications of DHs in plant breeding like QTL mapping, backcrossing, hybrid sorting, and cultivar development. DHs allow fixing of traits in one or two generations, faster development of pure lines and cultivars compared to conventional methods.
Stress resistance in crops can be improved through conventional breeding approaches like selection, backcrossing, and shuttle breeding. New molecular breeding approaches like QTL mapping and marker-assisted selection allow for more precise introgression of stress resistance genes. QTLs controlling traits like submergence tolerance, salinity tolerance, and bacterial blight resistance have been identified in rice. Marker-assisted breeding has successfully transferred submergence tolerance and bacterial blight resistance into rice varieties. Similar efforts have mapped drought tolerance QTLs in wheat and introduced stress resistance genes into crops using molecular markers. These approaches help breed climate-resilient crop varieties faster than conventional breeding alone.
Plant Breeding - Objectives and HistoryVikas Kashyap
This document provides an overview of the history and objectives of plant breeding. It discusses the evolution of plant breeding from pre-Mendelian times up until modern biotechnology approaches. The key objectives of plant breeding are to increase yield, improve quality, develop biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and modify other agronomic traits. The history is divided into four eras: pre-Mendelian (before 1900), Mendelian (1900-1920), post-Mendelian (1921-1950), and modern (after 1950). Important developments and figures in each era are highlighted.
Clone is the progeny of a single plant, produced by asexual reproduction
Clonal selection is the selection of the most desirable members of a clone for continued vegetative propagation rather than for sexual reproduction.
The members of a clone keep up genetic constancy.
So by clonal selection and continued vegetative propagation, the desirable qualities of plants can be maintained for long.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsManojSaini01
This document provides an overview of breeding methods for cross-pollinated crop species. It discusses the characteristics of cross-pollinated crops and various population improvement methods including mass selection, progeny selection, recurrent selection, and reciprocal recurrent selection. Mass selection involves selecting plants based on phenotype and bulking seed, while progeny selection evaluates progeny through ear-to-row or modified ear-to-row methods. Recurrent selection cycles involve selecting superior plants, intermating them, and repeating selection to increase frequencies of desirable genes in a population. The document concludes breeding methods are important for increasing genetic variability and desirable traits in crop plants.
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
Sugarcane is a tropical crop cultivated for its sucrose content. It is vegetatively propagated through stem cuttings. Conventional breeding methods have focused on increasing yield, sucrose content, and resistance to diseases and stresses. However, sugarcane has a complex polyploid genome that poses challenges for breeding. New techniques including mutation breeding, transgenic approaches, micropropagation, and development of "energy canes" aim to broaden the genetic base and introduce new traits. Breeding objectives also include abiotic stress tolerance and nutrient use efficiency.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
Foundation and certified seed production of castorNSStudents
1. Foundation and certified seed production of castor varieties and hybrids requires careful management of sex expression to maintain genetic purity. Isolation distances of 300m for varieties and 150-300m for hybrids are needed.
2. Production of female lines for hybrids uses either a conventional method allowing 25% male plants or a refined method removing all male plants. Multiple roguings are done to eliminate off-types.
3. Hybrid seed production plants female and male parents in a 3:1 ratio with males surrounding the field. Rouging removes off-types and reversions in females. Harvesting proceeds by first removing males and then female rows.
This document discusses the diallel selective mating approach (DSM) for genetic improvement of autogamous crops. DSM involves three steps: 1) a parental diallel series of crosses between multiple parents, 2) F1 diallel series of crosses between F1 plants, and 3) selective mating series where selected F2 plants are intercrossed and selfed in successive generations. The goal is to accumulate desirable genes and increase recombination through restoring heterozygosity via intermating selected plants over multiple cycles. While it broadens the genetic base, DSM is more complex than pedigree methods and success depends on identifying desirable plants in segregating generations.
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
The document discusses carrots, including their growth requirements, nutritional value, origins, genetic resources, and breeding objectives and methods. Carrots are a cool-season root vegetable that grow best in temperate climates during spring, summer and autumn, and in subtropical climates during winter. They require temperatures between 15-22°C and low soil moisture for elongated roots. Carrots are a source of vitamin A and dietary fiber. Breeding objectives for carrots include high yield, carotene content, uniform shape and size, and disease resistance. Carrots are cross-pollinated and various breeding methods are used to meet objectives, including cytoplasmic male sterility.
Gene introgression from wild relatives to cultivated plantsManjappa Ganiger
This document summarizes a seminar on using crop wild relatives to introduce beneficial genes into cultivated crops. It discusses how crop wild relatives contain genetic diversity that can provide traits like pest and disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yields. Specific examples are given of introducing disease resistance genes from wild relatives into tomatoes and rust resistance genes into wheat. The use of wild rice species to develop rice varieties with improved resistance to various diseases and insects is also described.
Crop improvement in fodder maize for sustanable economic developmentMonica Jyoti Kujur
This document summarizes a credit seminar presentation on maize. It provides an overview of maize production in India, including that India is the 6th largest producer globally. It also covers the classification of different types of maize, including dent, flint, flour, popcorn, sweet, and waxy corn. The document discusses maize as a solution for fodder, highlighting its importance. It outlines breeding objectives and methods for fodder maize development like mass selection and hybridization. Popular varieties cultivated in India for fodder are mentioned, including African Tall and APFM-8.
This document provides an overview of modern agronomic practices for maize cultivation. It discusses the classification, origin, economic importance, climatic requirements, soil types, growth stages, recommended varieties, cropping systems, management practices including fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control for maize grown in both irrigated and rainfed conditions. The key production details for maize in Tamil Nadu are also highlighted.
This document provides information about maize (corn), including its origin in Mexico, history of domestication and spread, morphology, varieties, uses, and production statistics. It discusses the origin of maize in central Mexico around 7-9,000 years ago. It was then domesticated and spread across North and South America, becoming a staple crop. The document describes the morphological features of maize plants, reproductive structures, varieties including flour, dent and sweet corn, and major uses such as food, livestock feed, and industrial applications like starch and ethanol production. Production and market statistics for maize in Pakistan are also presented.
This document is a presentation by Adil Zia on maize crop. It discusses the scientific classification of maize, its description, history, growth stages, nutritious value, uses, and agronomic practices like soil requirements, seedbed preparation, sowing time and methods, fertilizer application, irrigation, and management of weeds, insects, and diseases. The presentation provides information on maize as an important crop and outlines best practices for its successful cultivation.
This document discusses millets, including their origins in Africa and Asia, common varieties, and processing methods. It provides details on the nutrient composition and health benefits of millets. Millets are small-seeded grains that are easily digestible and provide various vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Processing methods like dehulling and pearling can reduce anti-nutrients in millets and improve their nutritional availability.
The document discusses underutilized pseudocereal crops like grain amaranth, buckwheat, and chenopods. It notes that these crops have high nutritional value but have reduced in importance over time. It describes the genetic resources conserved for these crops by NBPGR in India, including over 5,800 accessions of amaranth and 1,000 of buckwheat. Varieties have been developed with improved traits like increased yield, plant height, and disease resistance. The crops have medicinal uses and can be intercropped or grown as pure crops. Research is still needed to improve traits like lodging resistance, seed size, and shattering resistance to increase production and utilization of these nutrient-rich pseudocere
It comprises on general information about botanical description of pea along with its reproductive biology and selfing and crossing techniques.
Here are contents of presentation:
* Introduction to crop
* Botanical Description
* Interesting facts about Pea
* Nutritional importance along with nutrients and their function
* Floral Biology
* Selfing and Crossing techniques
* Hybrid Development in Pea
* Work done in Pakistan
This document discusses the structure of cereal grains and legumes. It describes the anatomy of wheat, barley, rice, corn, oats, rye, and soybeans. It explains that cereal grains come from domesticated grasses and have similar anatomical features, including an outer bran layer and inner endosperm. For each grain, it provides details on size, shape, uses, and images of spikes and kernels. It also includes composition tables comparing the protein, fat, fiber and carbohydrate content of different grains and legumes.
- Cereals are grasses grown for their edible seeds and include major crops like rice, wheat, and maize which provide over half of human calories globally.
- True cereals are grasses while pseudocereals like quinoa are broadleaf plants used similarly. Quinoa is actually a seed, not a grain.
- Major cereals discussed include maize, rice, wheat, barley, sorghum, millet, oats, rye, triticale, and fonio. Each provides important nutrients and culinary or agricultural uses worldwide. Cereals are a staple human food and livestock feed.
Contents of this presentation:
Why organic/ native seeds?
What is seed and grains?
Seed Treatment
Seed Plantation Methods
Seed collection/ production
Seed harvesting
Seed Processing
Storage Techniques
Seed Germination test
Maize is an important food, forage and industrial crop worldwide. In India, it is the third most important food crop after rice and wheat. There are several varieties of maize classified based on endosperm characteristics such as dent corn, flint corn, sweet corn, flour corn and pop corn. Maize requires warm weather for growth and moderate rainfall. Proper soil preparation, seed treatment, fertilizer application, weed control and irrigation are essential for high yields.
This document provides information about cereal grains and bakery products technology. It discusses the structure and composition of various cereal grains including wheat, rice, maize, oats, barley and others. For each cereal, the document outlines their origin, grain structure, chemical composition and uses. It also lists the learning objectives of the course which are to understand the physico-chemical properties of cereal flours and their functionality in bakery products.
This document provides information on processing of cereals and millets. It discusses various cereals and millets commonly consumed in India including their nutritional composition. It then describes various processing techniques for cereals like milling, flaking and extrusion. Specific processing methods for crops like maize, sorghum, foxtail millet, pearl millet and finger millet are outlined. The document also discusses potential value-added products that can be developed from millets including snacks, baked goods, pastas and beverages. Manufacturing processes for selected millet-based products are described.
This document provides information on principles and practices of rabi crops. It discusses the importance of various crops including cereals, pulses, oilseeds, sugar crops, medicinal plants, and forages. It notes that cereals have been a staple food since prehistoric times. Wheat is the world's number one cereal crop in area. It discusses the food value and importance of various cereals including wheat. It provides details on the classification, origin, importance and cultivation practices of wheat. It also discusses various growth stages in wheat and suitable wheat varieties. The document concludes by discussing constraints in wheat production including biotic stresses like various diseases and pests, abiotic stresses like drought and heat, weed problems, and other constraints related
Complete idea about seed production in brief. Classification of seed. advantage and disadvantage of seed production , marketing channel and quality seed production.
- Cowpea is a warm season legume crop originated in Africa and grown worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions.
- In India it is commonly grown in central and peninsular regions for green peas, grains, and fodder. This document discusses the production technology of cowpea in Gujarat, including varieties grown, climate requirements, land preparation, sowing methods, and fertilizer use. The key locally grown variety highlighted is Gujarat Cowpea-1.
International Year Of Millets (IYOM) 2023.pptxShraddha Maurya
The document summarizes plans for celebrating 2023 as the International Year of Millets. It discusses how the UN declared 2023 as IYOM at India's proposal. India will celebrate IYOM to promote millets globally and make it a people's movement. Millets are highly nutritious ancient grains that are climate resilient. India is a top producer and the celebration aims to increase awareness of millet's health benefits and encourage its incorporation in school meals, hotels, and daily diets. Various conferences, outreach activities, and partnerships are planned to promote millets worldwide in 2023.
Millets are a group of highly drought-tolerant cereal crops grown worldwide, especially in developing countries in Asia and Africa. The document discusses the key types of millets grown globally and in India, including pearl millet, finger millet, and various minor millets. It provides details on the plants' characteristics, nutritional value, production levels in major countries, and cultivation practices. Millets serve as important sources of food and fodder, with over 95% of production used for human consumption.
Similar to Crop Improvement in Fodder maize (Zea mays L.) for Feed Security (20)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. M A J O R C R E D I T S E M I N A R
P R E S E N T A T I O N
Crop Improvement in Fodder Maize
for Feed Security
Major Advisor
Dr. R. M. Patel
Assistant Research Scientist
Maize Research Station
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural
University,
Bhiloda-383 245
Minor Advisor
Dr. P. C. Patel
Assistant Professor
Dept. Of GPB, CPCA
Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural
University,
Sardarkrushinagar-385 506
PRESENTED BY: DAMOR KALPESHKUMAR M.
Reg.No.-04-AGRMA-01983-2019
3. C O N T E N T
1 . I N T R O D U C T I O N
2 . C U R R E N T S C E N A R I O
3 . C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F M A I Z E
4 . M A I Z E A S F O D D E R
5 . B R E E D I N G O B J E C T I V E A N D M E T H O D S
6 . VA R I E T I E S C U LT I VAT E D I N I N D I A
7 . C A S E S T U D Y
8 . C O N C L U S I O N
3
4. INTRODUCTION - MAIZE
Maize is one of the most important cereal crop in the world after rice and wheat.
Maize is a monoecious plant in that the reproductive organs are partitioned into
separate pistillate (ear female organ) and staminate (tassel male organ)
inflorescences.
Maize is generally protandrous plant.
Being a C4 plant, it is physiologically more efficient as well as resilient to changing
climatic conditions
Maize has immense potential therefore, it occupies the unique place as “queen of
cereals”.
4
5. Domestication Of Maize
Maize was domesticated from its wild grass ancestor more than 8,700
years ago in Central America.
Teosinte Modern corn
Teosinte branches, which allows for more ears per plant. No branches and all that extra energy goes into producing
larger ears of corn.
Teosinte has 2 rows of seeds. Corn has 8-12 rows of seeds.
Teosinte seeds (kernels) are covered by a
fruit case.
In corn, the fruit case is part of thecorn
cob, leaving the corn kernels accessible.5
6. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom plantea
Order Poales
Family Poaceae
Subfamily Panicoideae
Genus Zea
Species Zea mays L.
Chromosome no. 2n=20
Origin Central America
(Mexico)
Mode of pollination Cross pollination
6 DMR, India
7. MORPHOLOGY OF MAIZE PLANT
Male inflorescence
Female inflorescence
7 IIMR, India
8. Maize Area And Production Statistics
Area
(million ha )
Production
(million tones )
Productivity
(kg/ha)
Source
India
(2018-19)
9.2 27.8 2965 IIMR, Ludhiana
Gujarat
(2019-20) 0.43 0.79 1808.84 DOA, Gujarat
Gujarat
Kharif maize
(2019-20)
0.30 0.44 1497.34 DOA, Gujarat
Gujarat
Rabi Maize
(2019-20)
0.13 0.33 2494.83 DOA, Gujarat
Gujarat
Summer
Maize(2019-20)
0.005 0.012 2307.12 DOA, Gujarat
8
9. Area : 3 times
Prod : 16 times
Productivity: 5 times
(IIMR, Ludhiana)9
10. India rank 4th in area and 7th in production.
Representing around 4% of world maize area and 2% of total production.
Maize Producing states of India
(IIMR, Ludhiana)10
11. Fig-2 Usage Pattern of Maize in India (IIMR, Ludhiana)
Poultry feed
Livestock Feed
Food
Processed Food
Starch
Export & Others
47%
13%
13%
7%
14%
6%
11
12. • Maize has been classified into several groups or types based on the
endosperm of the kernels. These are described as under.
1. Dent corn (Zea mays indentata)
2. Flint corn (Zea mays indurata)
3. Pop corn (Zea mays everta)
4. Flour corn (Zea mays amylacea)
5. Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata)
6. Waxy corn (Zea mays ceratina)
7. Baby corn
Classification of Maize
12
CIMMYT
13. Dent Corn (Zea mays indentata)
• Dent corn makes up the majority of commercially
raised corn in the United States. It is primarily used for
animal feed, processed foods, and ethanol.
• Dent corn was given its name because of the kernel’s
appearance as it dries. The kernels contain a hard form
of starch at the sides and a soft type in the center.
These center starches tend to shrink as the kernel dries,
creating a “dent” in the top of the kernel.
• There are two categories of dent corn hybrids.
• Yellow Dent Corn
• White Dent Corn
13
14. Flint Corn (Zea mays indurata)
• This is the type first developed by Europeans.
• It has an early maturity.
• Kernels of this type are rounded on the top. It is
grown in Europe, Asia, Central America and
South America.
• It is a principle type of grain corn grown in India.
14
15. Pop Corn (Zea mays everta)
• Popcorn is one of the oldest types of domesticated
corn.
• The characteristics of the popcorn kernels are very
similar to those in flint corn.
• The popcorn kernel has a hard yet brittle, slightly
translucent kernel that is glass-like. When popcorn is
heated, the moisture inside the kernel turns to steam
that builds up enough pressure for the kernel to
explode- creating the white, starchy, edible mass that
we all know and love.
• All popcorn pops a white color due to the color of the
endosperm (starch), but if it is a colored popcorn
kernel and you look close enough, you may see a little
bit of the color in the middle of the exploded kernel.
15
16. Flour Corn (Zea mays amylacea)
• Flour corn is composed mainly of soft starch,
which gives it the ability to be easily ground into
a finer cornmeal than any other type would be
able to provide.
• Flour corn can be eaten in its immature or “milk”
stage when steamed. While it is sweeter and more
tender than flint types in this stage, it is not as
sweet as sweet corn types.
• Most often flour corn is harvested when fully ripe
and dry and ground into cornmeal.
16
17. Sweet Corn (Zea mays saccharata)
• It can be eaten right off the cob in its early or
“milk” stage when it is still tender and juicy,
identified by the release of a milky substance
from the kernel when pressed.
• Standard sweet corn originated from genetic
mutations which prevent the conversion of sugars
into starch.
• Sweet corn kernels wrinkle when they are dry as
the sugars dehydrate when mature.
Madhuri
17
18. Waxy Corn (Zea mays caratina)
• The Kernels look to have waxy appearance with
gummy starch because of higher amylopectin
(upto 100%) whereas common maize starch is
about 70 per cent of amylopectin.
• Waxy corn was found in China in 1909.
• Increases of both milk production and butterfat
content for lactating dairy cattle,
• Increase in daily weight gains in fattening lambs.
18
19. Baby Corn
• Baby corn is the young ear of female
inflorescence of maize plant harvested before
fertilization when the silk has just emerged.
• After harvest the still young plants may be used
as fodder for cattle.
• The baby corn maize stalks are green, succulent,
nutritious and possess excellent digestibility.
• The protein content of baby corn stalks were
almost equivalent to the maize
HM 4
VL Baby Corn 1
19
20. WHY FEED SECURITY?
• Rapidly growing populations, along with increased urbanization and income, is
expected to rise the consumption of animal products by 70% in 2050. The increase
in animal production will require an additional amount of feed to be produced.
• Over the half of the people in the world are non-vegetarian so complete the food
security first feed security is necessary. Also for requirement of necessary amount
of milk and milk products in 2050 feed security is important.
20
21. Maize As Fodder
Fodder refers to the crops which are harvested and used entire
plants for feeding purposed, including leaves, stalks, and grain.
African Tall Fodder Maize
21
28. Breeding Methods
1. Mass Selection :
In mass selection a number of plants are
selected on the basis of their phenotype
and open pollinated seed from them is
bulked together to raise the next
generation.
It is highly efficient in improving
characters that are easily identified
visually and have high heritability, plant
height, size of ear, date of maturity.
28
Conventional Breeding Method
Plant Breeding- B. D. Singh
Fig. 3 Mass selection
29. 2. Back Cross Breeding:
• A cross between hybrid and one of its
parents is known as backcross
breeding.
• It is mostly used to transfer disease
rasistance gene into crop species.
• Sometimes it cause linkage drag
while breeding.
29 Plant Breeding- B. D. Singh
Fig. 4 Backcross breeding
30. Hybrid Breeding :
• The Term hybrids used to designate F1 populations obtained by crossing genetically unlike parents.
• The tassels of the female plants are removed immediately as soon as it appears- Detasseling
• It is always done in the morning.
• Cob which emerging from the leaf sheath is bagged 1 to 2 days before pollination.
• The tassels of selected male parents is also covered with bag on following day in the morning between
9.00 to 10.00 a.m.
Types of Hybrids:
Inbred: Single Cross:
A nearly homozygous line obtained through A x B
continuous inbreeding of a cross-pollinated
Species with selection accompanying inbreeding. Double Cross:
(A x B) x (C x D)
Top Cross:
Cross between an inbred line and an Three way cross:
open-pollinated variety. (A x B) x C
Test Cross: Varietal cross:
Cross between F1 and homozygous recessive Cross between two varieties.
parent.30
32. 32
4. Synthetic Variety:
• A Variety which is produced by crossing in all
combination number of inbred lines that combine
well with each other. Once synthesized, a
synthetic is maintained by open-pollination in
isolation is referred as synthetic variety.
• It is develop from inbreds, clones, and open
pollinated varieties.
• Development of synthetic variety consists of
three major steps.
1) Evaluation of lines for GCA.
2) Production of synthetic variety,
3) Multiplication of synthetic variety.
Image : Plant Breeding- B.D.Singh
33. 33
5. Composite Variety:
• In cross pollinated crops, the mixture of genotype from several sources is maintained
bulk from one generation to the next is referred as composite variety.
• Mixing the seeds of various genotypes, which are similar in maturity height, seed size,
colour, etc. develops composite varieties.
• The yields of composite verities cannot be predicted in advance ,which is contrast to
synthetic .
• There is no restriction to the number of lines included in the development of composite ,
but the line possessing desirable characteristics should be selected like earliness, insect
resistance, drought and frost resistance can be included in the development.
35. Marker Assisted Selection
• It is indirect selection for a gene/QTL based on molecular markers closely linked to the
gene/QTL.
35
• Step of MAS for crop improvement
1. Selection of parents
2. Development of breeding population
3. Isolation of DNA from each plant
4. Scoring RFLP
5. Correlation with morphological traits.
37. Genetic variability and correlation analysis for various morpho-physiological traits
in maize (Zea mays L.) for green fodder yield
CASE STUDY 1
Ali et al.,2015Pakistan
• The experimental material - 80 accessions
• Ten check variety
• Accession grown in three replication in Completely Randomized Block Design.
37
42. Heterosis response for green fodder yield and its quality traits in forage maize
(Zea mays L.)
Case study 2
Nanavati et al., 2016(Gujarat), India
Hybrid produced by Line x Testers in Rabi season.
14 parents (5 lines + 9 testers) and 45 hybrids
Randomized Block Design
42
43. Mean sum of square
Source of
variation
df
Green forage
yield per
plant
Dry matter
content
Dry matter
yield per
plant
Crude
protein
content
Crude
protein yield
per plant
Replications 2 416.90 1.41 1.42 0.00132 0.058 *
Genotypes 58 32563.08 ** 6.48** 987.77 ** 0.045 ** 2.11 **
Parents 13 25934.92 ** 6.23** 669.93 ** 0.082 ** 1.49 **
Males
(Testers)
4 23456.67 ** 11.77** 665.73 ** 0.060 ** 1.78 **
Females Vs
Males
8 10022.14 ** 3.87** 305.70 ** 0.10 ** 0.93 **
Hybrids 1 163150.20 ** 2.87 3600.59 ** 0.016 4.86 **
Parents Vs
Hybrids
44 33628.32 ** 6.41** 1034.79 ** 0.035 ** 2.21 **
Error 1 71852.00 ** 12.48** 3052.20 ** 0.000122 5.73 **
116 266.846 0.94 20.41 0.00898 0.107
Table 7: Analysis of variance for different characters
43 Nanavati et al., 2016* = Significant at 1 % significance level, ** = Significant at 5 % significance level
44. 44 Nanavati et al., 2016* = Significant at 1 % significance level, ** = Significant at 5 % significance level
Crosses
Green forage yield per plant Dry matter content
Dry matter yield per
plant
Crude protein
content
Crude protein yield
per plant
B.P % B.P % B.P % B.P % B.P %
IC-130726 X GWC-0319 -42.68** -3.95 -47.04** -7.22** -53.10**
GM-6 X GWC-0321 -38.64 24.74** -15.79 -2.55 -25.96**
GM-6 X GWC-9603 -11.39** 22.71** 38.91** -2.82 33.68**
J-1006 X GWC-0319 -1.10. -13.52** -12.94** -11.27** -11.59
J-1006 X GEC-9603 -40.84** -16.61** -50.80** -2.99 -50.77**
African Tall X IC-130343 14.83** -26.33** -11.59 1.37 2.62
African Tall X GWC-0319 104.87** 7.06 122.79** 7.62** 42.30**
African Tall X GWC-0321 101.87** 7.06 116.97** 9.78** 128.78**
African Tall X GWC-9603 -18.22** 0.39 -14.83 -4.69** -6.31
Range
-42.68 -26.33 -50.80 -11.27 -53.10
104.87 24.74 122.79 9.78 128.78
SE (+_) 13.34 0.97 4.52 0.09 0.33
No. of significant crosses 41 20 35 19 28
Positive 13 6 13 6 11
Negative 28 14 22 13 17
Table 7: Magnitude of heterosis over better parent for different characters
45. Case study 3
Gene Action for Various Grain and Fodder Quality Traits in Zea
Mays L.
Ali et al.,2014Pakistan
12 parents and 36 F1 cross in experiment
45
46. Table 9. Genetic components for various grain and fodder quality traits in maize
46
Ali et al.,2014
56. Case study 5
Genetic variability and association studies in fodder maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
Kapoor et al.,2015India
• Twelve maize genotypes and two checks
• Randomized Block Design
56
60. Estimation of Combining Ability and Gene Effects in Forage Maize (Zea mays L.) Using
Line × Tester Crosses
Abadi et al.,2011Pakistan
60
• A set of 20 S6 inbred lines as female were cross with three inbred lines as male
• Randomized Block Design
Case study 6
63. Genetic analysis for fodder yield and component traits in maize (Zea mays L.)
Dhasarathan et al., (2015)India
• Seven inbred lines of fodder maize were crossed in a diallel fashion excluding the
reciprocals
• 21 F1s and their parents were raised in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two
replications
Case study 7
65. Hybrids
PHT NOL LLT LWD GFY DMY
Mean sca Mean sca Mean sca Mean sca Mean sca Mean sca
FDM7 X
FDM12
177.83 25.00** 13.67 -0.08 63.00 5.74** 8.03 0.47* 264.32 35.25* 48.02 10.49**
FDM7 X
FDM37
195.67 18.39** 14.66 1.19** 65.67 1.15 7.73 0.24 293.27 37.96* 44.73 3.35
FDM7 X
African Tall
224.50* 13.30* 15.83* 0.71** 70.33 2.43* 8.68 0.062** 443.54** 34.98* 46.63 -15.90
FDM12 X
FDM37
188.33 25.37** 13.84 0.92** 68.50 -1.29 7.95 0.53** 217.95 6.69 39.50 -0.46
FDM12 X
African Tall
208.67 11.78* 15.34 0.77** 79.50** 6.32** 8.30 0.30 407.28* 42.79** 76.13** 15.03**
FDM12 X
FDM36
173.00 26.98** 13.34 -0.19 67.67 1.15 8.09 0.57** 234.20 20.09 38.42 -0.25
FDM37 X
African Tall
236.17** 14.84** 14.66 0.38 86.83** 6.39** 8.40 0.48* 442.90** 52.16** 80.29** 15.34**
African Tall
X FDM36
201.00 -3.38 14.66 -0.23 73.50 -3.66** 7.55 -0.46 328.41 -65.17** 48.76 -14.90**
Mean 68.05 184.42 14.06 7.99 277.26 46.98
Sed 1.43 16.83 0.80 0.59 51.37 8.70
CD at 5% 2.94 34.50 1.65 1.22 105.31 17.87
SE(sij) 0.91 10.68 0.51 0.38 32.60 5.53
Dhasarathan et al., (2015)
Table 16.Estimates of mean and specific combining ability effects (sca) of the parents for diff. fodder maize characters
*P=0.05, **P=0.0165
66. Hybrids
PHT NOL LLT LWD GFY DMY
MP BP MP BP MP BP MP BP MP BP MP BP
FDM10 X
FDM 37
62.45** 38.56** 26.55** 22.73** 12.13 -8.84 4.53 3.79 39.48 18.19 44.35 12.25
FDM10 X
FDM36
77.35** 73.58** 9.87 2.65 40.27** 20.16** 18.12* 15.23 62.41* 29.39 49.19 10.89
FDM8 X
FDM12
104.74** 74.58** 16.09* 15.29* 32.78** 32.34** 32.79** 22.36** 86.52* 44.77 109.51** 72.81*
FDM8 X
FDM36
75.65** 71.21** 13.52* 10.54 11.50 -1.03 1.31 -1.74 38.72 29.66 44.17 25.73
FDM7 X
FDM12
95.60** 58.78** 10.09 5.15 29.01** 26.84** 24.50** 14.71 97.08** 50.18 113.95** 71.50*
FDM12 X
FDM37
90.72** 47.71** 23.89** 15.29* 10.93 -6.80 23.26** 15.22 70.21 32.82 65.89* 29.01
FDM12 X
FDM36
110.98** 84.04** 8.13 5.29 18.20** 4.91 20.22* 8.52 64.87* 21.92 47.93 9.96
FDM37 X
FDM36
78.83** 55.08** 24.99** 11.84 5.65 -1.13 -0.14 -3.15 64.64 52.60 60.54* 51.50*
Mean 68.05 184.42 14.06 7.99 277.26 46.98
Sed 1.43 16.83 0.80 0.59 51.37 8.70
CD at 5% 2.94 34.50 1.65 1.22 105.31 17.87
SE(sij) 0.91 10.68 0.51 0.38 32.60 5.53
Table 17 Heterosis over mid and better parent for different fodder yield component traits
66 *P=0.05, **P=0.01 Dhasarathan et al., (2015)
67. Maize Varieties for fodder purpose in India
Pedigree : Selection from 7 varieties
Centre : MPKV, Kolhapur
Area of adaptation : Across the country
Maturity : Late
Grain colour & type : White , dent
Fodder yield : 600-700 q/ha
Avg. yield : 30 q/ha
67
African Tall (1982)
Chaudhary et al. (2012)
68. Pedigree : MS 1 X Tuxpeno PBL
Centre : PAU, Ludhiana
Area of adaptation : Punjab
Maturity : Late
Grain colour & type : White,
dent
Avg. yield : - 15-30 q/ha
Fodder yield : 400-500 q/ha
J 1006 (1992)
Maize Varieties for fodder purpose in India
68
Chaudhary et al. (2012)
69. Pedigree : Compositing of 11 early to
medium white seeded entries
Centre : MPUA & T, Udaipur
Area of adaptation : Punjab,
Haryana, West UP & Rajasthan
Maturity : Medium
Grain colour & type : White, semi-
flint
Fodder yield : 350-450 q/ha
Avg. yield : 40 q/ha
Maize Varieties for fodder purpose in India
69
Partap makka Chari 6 (2008)
Chaudhary et al. (2012)
70. 70
Conclusion
Fodder yield is significantly correlated with traits like plant height, number of leaves per
plant, leaf length, leaf area and stem girth.
African Tall was identified as the best general combiner for fodder yield and its
contributing characters.
Selection of good heritable characters based on their performance over mid parent and
better parent can be use for the development of good quality fodder maize hybrid.
Sufficient amount of diversity is present in maize played important role in breeding of
maize for fodder yield and fodder quality purpose.
Higher dominance effect and degree of dominance found for fodder quality traits and
selection of these traits may be useful for the development of good quality maize hybrid
through heterosis breeding.