Feed Additives and their use in Livestock and Poultry Feeding
What is feed additives?
• It is an ingredient or combination of ingredient mixed together to provide nutrient in the diet.
• Usually they are used in micro/small Quantities for purpose of improving rate of gain, feed efficiency, or preventing and controlling disease.
Why use feed additives?
• To increase feed quality and feed palatability.
• To improve animal performance by promoting animal growth & lowering feed consumption.
• Stimulate growth or other types of performance.
• Improve feed utilization.
• To economies the cost of animal protein.
Evaluating feed additives:
Higher milk yield.
Increase in milk components.
Greater dry matter intake.
Stimulates rumen microbial synthesis
Increase digestion in digestive tract.
Stabilize rumen environment and pH
Improve growth
Minimize weight loss
Reduce heat stress
Improve health
EVALUATION OF FEED FOR ENERGY FOR RUMINANTS AND NON-RUMINANTS
Dr. Abhishek Sharma
Evaluation of feeds is concerned with the assessment of the quantities in which nutrients are supplied by feeds as well as the assessment of the quantities in which they are required by different classes of farm animals.
The major organic nutrients i.e. energy and protein are required by animals as materials for the construction of body tissues, the synthesis of milk and eggs and for work production. A unifying feature of these diverse functions is that they all involve a transfer of energy from chemical energy to heat energy (when nutrients are oxidized) or when chemical energy is converted from one form to another (when body fat is synthesized from carbohydrate). The ability of a feed to supply energy is therefore of great importance in determining its nutritive value
EVALUATION OF FEED FOR ENERGY
FORM OF ENERGY-
The original source of energy, the sun, or solar energy is stored in plants in the form of carbohydrates, lipids and protein through photosynthesis. This stored chemical energy becomes available to man and animals.
Definition of Energy-
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. As we know, heat is measurement in some units know as calories.
According to the first law of thermodynamics all forms of energy can be quantitatively converted into heat energy. It is convenient to express heat energy in the body as heat units.
Basic Terms
Calorie (cal): A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water to 10C ( from 14.5°C to 15.5°C).
*1 Cal= 4.184 Joule
* 1 joule = 0.239 calories
Kilo calorie (Kcal): A kilo calorie is the heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. A kilo calorie is equal to 1000 calories.
Mega calorie (Mcal): A mega calorie is equivalent to 1000 Kcal or Therm. But Mcal is the preferred term.
British Thermal Unit (BTU): A BTU is the amount of heat required to raise 1 lb of water by 1°F. One kilo calorie approximately equals 4 BTU.
1 Kilo Calories= 4 BTU
1 Kilo Calories = 4.184 KJ
1 KJ = 0.239 KCal
Method for measuring the value of any feed is to determine the amount of digestible nutrients that is supplied to the animals following systems are used.
Gross energy (GE)
Digestible energy (DE)
Metabolizable energy (ME)
Net energy (NE)
Total digestible nutrient (TDN)
Starch equivalent (SE)
Scandinavian feed unit
Physiological fuel value (PFV)
Nutritive ratio (NR)
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
EVALUATION OF FEED FOR ENERGY FOR RUMINANTS AND NON-RUMINANTS
Dr. Abhishek Sharma
Evaluation of feeds is concerned with the assessment of the quantities in which nutrients are supplied by feeds as well as the assessment of the quantities in which they are required by different classes of farm animals.
The major organic nutrients i.e. energy and protein are required by animals as materials for the construction of body tissues, the synthesis of milk and eggs and for work production. A unifying feature of these diverse functions is that they all involve a transfer of energy from chemical energy to heat energy (when nutrients are oxidized) or when chemical energy is converted from one form to another (when body fat is synthesized from carbohydrate). The ability of a feed to supply energy is therefore of great importance in determining its nutritive value
EVALUATION OF FEED FOR ENERGY
FORM OF ENERGY-
The original source of energy, the sun, or solar energy is stored in plants in the form of carbohydrates, lipids and protein through photosynthesis. This stored chemical energy becomes available to man and animals.
Definition of Energy-
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work. As we know, heat is measurement in some units know as calories.
According to the first law of thermodynamics all forms of energy can be quantitatively converted into heat energy. It is convenient to express heat energy in the body as heat units.
Basic Terms
Calorie (cal): A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water to 10C ( from 14.5°C to 15.5°C).
*1 Cal= 4.184 Joule
* 1 joule = 0.239 calories
Kilo calorie (Kcal): A kilo calorie is the heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C. A kilo calorie is equal to 1000 calories.
Mega calorie (Mcal): A mega calorie is equivalent to 1000 Kcal or Therm. But Mcal is the preferred term.
British Thermal Unit (BTU): A BTU is the amount of heat required to raise 1 lb of water by 1°F. One kilo calorie approximately equals 4 BTU.
1 Kilo Calories= 4 BTU
1 Kilo Calories = 4.184 KJ
1 KJ = 0.239 KCal
Method for measuring the value of any feed is to determine the amount of digestible nutrients that is supplied to the animals following systems are used.
Gross energy (GE)
Digestible energy (DE)
Metabolizable energy (ME)
Net energy (NE)
Total digestible nutrient (TDN)
Starch equivalent (SE)
Scandinavian feed unit
Physiological fuel value (PFV)
Nutritive ratio (NR)
Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy DietsDAIReXNET
Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
This slides contains information on precision feeding in dairy cattle and requirement of energy, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins of a dairy cattle during lactation. Precision feeding protects reproductive health and milk production while reducing the nutrient loss in manure.
Only 25-35% of the N in feed goes into milk, with the rest excreted in feces and urine.
Dairy diets often have 120-160% of the P and that the excess is excreted in the manure.
Cost of feed can be reduced.
Precision feeding helps to improve water quality
Improving the efficiency of use of feed N.
Reduce SARA condition.
Controlled-release urea in dairy cattle feed.
Straw treatment-Ammoniation.
Reducing Enteric Methane Losses from Ruminant Livestock.
Phase feeding in dairy cattle.
Feeding bypass fat in early lactation.
Use of chelated minerals in dairy animals.
Nutraceuticals in dairy animal precision feeding.
10. Use of area specific mineral mixture to precise dairy animal nutrition.
11. TMR in precision nutrition.
12. Manipulation of dietary CAD.
Five distinct feeding phases can be defined to attain optimum production, reproduction and health of dairy cows:
Early lactation—0 to 70 days (peak milk production) after calving (postpartum).
Peak DM intake—70 to 140 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Mid and late lactation—140 to 305 days (declining milk production) postpartum.
Dry period—60 days before the next lactation.
Transition or close-up period—14 days before to parturition.
Feed top quality forage.
Make sure the diet contains adequate amounts of CP, DIP and UIP.
Increase grain intake at a constant rate after calving.
Consider adding fat (0.4-0.6 kg/cow/day) to diets.
Allow constant access to feed.
Minimize stress conditions.
Limit urea to 80-160g/day.
Buffers, such as Na bicarbonate alone or in combination with Mg oxide (rumen pH)
In Transition period
Increase grain feeding, so cows are consuming 4.5-6 kg grain/day at calving (1% of B.wt)
Increase protein in the ration to between 14 - 15 % of the ration DM
Limit fat in the ration to 0.1kg. High fat feeding will depress DM intake.
Maintain 2.5-4kg of long hay in the ration to stimulate rumination.
Feed a low-Ca ration (< 0.20%, reduce Ca intake to 14 to 18 g/d)
Also, feed a diet with a negative dietary electrolyte balance (-10 to -15meq/100 g DM) may alleviate milk fever problems
Niacin (to control ketosis) and/or anionic salts (to help prevent milk fever) should be included in the ration during this period.
PROTEINS - AN EASY GUIDE FOR THE STUDENTS OF NUTRITION AND DIETETICSSyed Wajid Ali
This presentation contains a brief introduction of Proteins, their structure, classification, their nutritional importance, their utilisation inside the body, protein RDA, nitrogen balance and classification of amino acid. Presentation is designed with simple words added with different image and tabular illustrations to make learning easy. This is helpful for the Medicine students, allied health science, Nutrition and dietetics students and also for a general nutrition science.
Harmful Natural Constituents Present in Livestock Feed Stuffs
Anti-nutritional factor and their classification-
Definition: Anti-nutritional factor may be defined as those substances in the diet which by themselves or their metabolic products arising in the system interfere with the feed utilization, reduced production or affects the health of the animals.
Classification of Anti-Nutritive substances:-
Toxic substances of natural origin can be classified based on their chemical properties and on the basis of their effect on utilization of nutrients
(A. ) According to their Chemical Properties:-
Group 1 Proteins 1. Protease inhibitor
2. Haemagglutinins(Lectins)
Group п Glycosides 1. Saponins
2. Cyanogens
3.Glucosinolates(Goitrogens) or Thioglucosides
Group ш Phenols 1. Gossypol
2. Tannins
Group IV Miscellaneous 1. Anti-metals
2. Anti-vitamins
( B). Effect on Nutrient utilization
(1.) Substances depressing digestion or metabolic utilization of proteins.
(2). Substances reducing solubility or interfering with the utilization of minerals.
(3). Substances increasing the requirements of certain vitamins.
(4). Substances with a negative effect on the digestion of Carbohydrates
a. Protease inhibitor (Trypsin and Chymotrypsin inhibitor)
b.Haemagglutinins (Lectins)
c. Saponins
d.Polyphenolic compnents
a. Phytic acid
b. Oxalic acid
c.Glucosinolates (Thioglucosides)
d. Gossypol
a. Anti- vitamin A,D,E,K.
b. Anti-vitamin B1, B6, B12 and nicotinic acid
a. Amylase inhibitor
b. Phenolic compounds
c. Flatulance factor
Brief Description of Anti-nutritional or Toxic Factors:-
Group-I. Proteins
1. Protease Inhibitors
Substances that have the ability to inhibit the proteolytic activity of certain digestive enzymes. e. g. Legume seeds: Soybean, kidney bean, mung bean.
Protease inhibitors are concentrated in the outer part of the cotyledon mass.
Protease inhibitors are two types. a. Kunitz inhibitor (inhibits only trypsin) and b. Bowman - birk inhibitor (inhibits trypsin and chymotrypsin).
The inhibitory substances are mostly heat labile and thus proper heat treatment inactivates the protease inhibitors
Young Chicken fed raw soybean developed hypertrophy of pancreas
The trypsin inhibitor activity of solvent extracted SBM was destroyed by exposure to steam for 60 minutes or by autoclaving under the following conditions.
5 psi for 45 min, 10 psi for 30 min and 15 psi for 20 min duration.
2. Haemagglutinins (Lectins):-
Soyabean, Castor bean (ricin) and other legume seeds contain Haemagglutinins.
These are found in both plant and animal tissue.
These substances are able to combine with the glycoprotein components of red blood cells (RBC) causing agglutination of the cells.
Ricin is extremely toxic.
Zagro Gut Bio Gut Promoting SupplementZagroDigital
Zagro's Gut Bio is a synbiotic supplement composing of stable probiotics and prebiotics, used for the prevention and treatment of enteric diseases and promotes the gut health.
Toxinstop
Toxin Binder has been formulated from specific ingredients that may bind harmful toxins in the horse’s digestive tract during periods of high toxins contamination. Toxin Binder is designed to bind to polar and non-polar toxins.
- COMPOSITION:-
Hydrated Magnesium Silicate.
SiO2 48.0%
P.C 18.49%
Al2O3 7.2%
Na2O 0.07%
MgO 13.2%
K2O 1.4%
CaO 10.9%
MnO 0.01%
Fe2O3 1.2%
TiO2 0.3%
Lead (Pb) 0.003 mg
Arsenic 0.004 mg
Cadmium 0.001 mg
Mercury 0.001 mg
- Definition of Toxin binder:-
In agriculture, a toxin binder refers to feed additives added to monogastric feeds or ruminant rations that can bind harmful substances, mostly toxins or endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides), within animals’ gastrointestinal tracts. This is common method producers and nutritionists use as a prevention strategy when toxins have been detected in feed or feed ingredients or as an intervention when indications of toxins are detected on a farm.
- Feature facts of Using Toxinstop (Toxin Binder):-
Inactivation of toxins.
Improving FCR.
Improving productivity (Egg & weight gain).
No vitamins and trace mineral binding.
Prevents feed caking.
Inhibition of bacterial growth by reducing the pH of the feed.
- Advantages of Using Toxinstop (Toxin Binder):-
Strong specificity, decompose exclusive toxin, zero adsorption does not affect the nutritional value of feed.
Removing toxin residues in animal products and improving product quality and benefit for human health.
Nourishing the liver, protecting the liver, and protecting the intestine.
Biological products, composite effect. Enhancing animal immunity and promoting animal growth.
- Signs of Toxins poisoning
Symptoms can vary widely but may include:
depression.
inappetence.
emaciation.
thirst.
weakness.
greenish droppings commonly seen within 36 hours
- Toxins poisoning may also cause the following without any obvious signs:-
Depleted minerals in the body.
Decreased immune function.
Negative impact on the kidneys, liver, and reproductive system.
Severe cases can lead to death.
- Benifites :-
Detoxified feed and raw materials
Neutralises mycotoxins and radicals
protected mycotoxins levels on animals product
Dose not require withdrawal periods
leaves no residues ( e.g in milk and meat)
Improves animals performance
Improve animals immune response to medication
this matter useful for B.V.Sc student . Minerals ,their deficiency and their roles also available in this matter it is also useful for Animal nutritionist .
This presentation show about feed technology how to feed and fodder process their History, Principles, classification and some related definition its also helpful to graduate student and post graduate student FEED TECHNOLOGY
Definition
The subject of feed technology deals with processing of feeds, fodders and preparation of formula feeds for which the knowledge of nutritional requirements of various livestock and poultry, quality control of feed ingredients, feed plant management and the storage of feed ingredients and feeds are essential.
Animal feed technology may also be defined as the application of physical, chemical, biochemical, biological and engineering techniques to increase the nutrient utilization of feeds and fodders in animal system for the development of livestock and poultry and feed industry.
Beginning of feed Industry and related Activities in the US:-
• In 1875 Mr. john barwell initiated the production of a calf meal at Blatchford of Waukegan, Illinois.
• American Feed Manufacturers Association (AFMA) was founded in 1909 in Wisconsin and its name was changed to American Feed Industry Association (AFIA) in 1985.
• The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) was established in 1909.
• Linear programming, a mathematical procedure, was developed by George B. Dantzig in 1947.
• W.V. Waugh of USDA was the first to see the potential of this mathematical procedure and developed a least cost dairy feed in 1951.
• Food and drug Administration (FDA) was passed in 1906 in USA.
*Some of the AAFCO Definitions:-
1. Complete feed: - A nutritionally adequate feed for animals other than humans and is capable of maintaining life and / or promoting production without any additional substance, except water.
2. Concentrate:- A feed used with another to improve the nutritive balance of the total and intended to be further diluted and mixed to produce a supplement or a complete feed.
3. Supplement:- A feed used with another to improve the nutritive balance or performance of the total and intended to be (1) fed undiluted as a supplement to other feeds, (2) offered free- choice with other parts of the ration separately available or (3) further diluted and mixed to produce a complete feed.
4. Premix:- A uniform mixture of one or more micro-ingredients with diluents and carrier.
Development of Feed Industry in India:-
• Feed industry came into existence in India in 1961 with the establishment of a feed plant in Ludhiana, Punjab.
• Compound Livestock Feed Manufacturers Association (CLFMA) was formed on 8 June, 1967.
•
Non leguminous fodder-
1) Maize (Zea mays): Maize forage is more nutritious at milk stage. It is non leguminous kharif crop . it is a maintenance type fodder having 8-10% protein.
2) Jowar/sorghum (Sorghum Vulgare): Green jower contain 0.5% DCP,16% TDN, 0.13% Ca and 0.03% Phosphorus. For feeding of livestock it should be harvested at 50% flowering stage.
3) Bajra or Pearl Millet (Pennesetum typhoids) : It is harvested before flowering stage for feeding the animals. It contain 13% TDN and 0.9% DCP.
4) Oats (Avena sativa) : This is the non leguminous crop of the rabi season .It is the best crop for hay making. It is a maintenance type fodder having 7-9 % CP and 55 % TDN.
Leguminous fodder :
1) Berseem (Trifolium alexandrium): Berseem is one of the most important cultivated crop of India. Kashni is the weed crop grown along with berseem. It is grown in rabi season. It contain 15% CP and 60 % TDN. But excessive intake of berseem may lead to bloat condition.
2) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) : this is the productive type fodder it contain 12-15% CP and 55- 60 % TDN
3) Lobia or Cow pea (Vigna sinensis ): It contains on an average 15% CP and 30 % crude fiber on dry matter basis.
Concentrate:
1) Cereal grains- The cereal grains are high in starch and low in fibre. The DCP range between 7-10 % and TDN from 70-80%. The cereals are all deficient in Ca containing less than 1g/kg DM. the Phosphorus content is higher being 3-5g/kg . the cereal grains are deficient in Vitamin D.
2) Barley (Hordeum sativum): Barley being the second main rabi crop of India. It contains 7-8 percent DCP and 75-80 percent TDN, 0.07 percent Ca and 0.28 percent P. Barley is deficient in vitamin A, D and riboflavin but rich in niacin content.
3) Maize (Zea mays): Maize contains 7 percent DCP and 80 percent TDN. The yellow maize contains enough amount of carotene, hence good for feeding of livestock and poultry birds. It is deficient in lysine and methionine. Maize contains about 730 gm starch/ Kg DM, is very low in fibre and has a high metabolised energy value.
4) Gram: Gram contains 12 to 16 percent DCP and 78 percent TDN. Animals have great liking for this grain and so, used for preparing the concentrate mixture for feeding the livestock.
5) Jowar: Whole grains are usually fed to chickens. It contains 7 percent DCP and 74 percent TDN and high percentage of leucine.
More from College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner (8)
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Lateral Ventricles.pdf very easy good diagrams comprehensive
Feed additives by Abhishek Sharma
1. Role of Feed Additives and Biostimulants
in Livestock Feeding
Department of Animal Nutrition
2. What is feed additives ?
• It is an ingredient or combination of ingredient
mixed together
to provide nutrient in the diet.
• Usually they are used in micro/small
Quantities for purpose of improving rate
of gain, feed efficiency, or preventing and
3. Why use feed additives ?
• To increase feed quality and feed palatability.
• To improve animal performance by promoting
animal growth
& lowering feed consumption.
• Stimulate growth or other types of performance.
•Improve feed utilization.
• To economise the cost of animal protein.
5. Cont……
Stabilize rumen environment and pH
Improve growth
Minimize weight loss
Reduce heat stress
Improve health
6. Feed additives are broadly classified into 2
groups
Nutrient
feed
additive
Non
nutrient
feed
additive
1.Synthetic amino acid
2.Minerals
3.Vitamins
1.Antibiotic
2. Probiotics
3. Hormones
4.Arsenicals
5.Tranquillisers
6.Copper-sulphate
7.Yeast culture
8. Feed enzymes
additives
9.Antioxidents
10.Mycotoxin binders
11Pellet binders
12.Methane binders
I II
7. 1. Antibiotic Feed Additives:-
•Antibiotic are group of soluble organic substances produced from
microorganism.
• Having the capacity of inhibiting the growth of other microorganism,
even having the capacity of destroying them .
a) Non- ionophore antibiotic :- e.g., chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline,
zinc bacitracin, virginiamycin, flavomycin, bambermycin, avoparcin,
tylosin etc.
8. Mode of action of antibiotic:
1. Antibiotic spares protein amino acid and vitamins,
2. They act by increasing the absorption of B-complex vitamin in gastro-
intestinal tract.
3. They increase the absorptive capacity of the intestine.
4. Suppressing or destroying organisms, which produced sub-clinical
infections and compete with the host for supplies of nutrients.
5. Stimulating the growth of microorganism which synthesizes essential
nutrients.
6. Antibiotic alters intestinal bacteria so that less urease is produced and
thus less ammonia is formed. As ammonia is harmful and suppresses
growth in non-ruminants
9. Antibiotics in pig feeding:
• The good effect of feeding the Antibiotic feed supplement is
observed with animals given all vegetable protein diets than
those receiving animal protein supplements.
• The increase in growth rate may between 10-20 Percent and
reducing the feed intake by about 2-5 percent.
• Highest the nutritive value of ration.
• The antibiotic Improves the efficiency of feed utilization to
the extent of 5-8 percent.
10. Antibiotics in poultry feeding:-
•Pencillin is more effective than other antibiotics especially to young and
growing chicks.
•It increase the growth rate and this effect is most marked up to one
month of age.
•In the laying birds the egg production is also improved.
•About 5 g of procaine pencillin per ton of ration for poultry is needed;
but to control diseases , a higher level of 50 gm or more /ton for feed is
used.
11. •A mixture of two or more antibiotic is no more effective than the single effective
antibiotic.
• The greatest beneficial effect of antibiotic feeding is observed during the early
growth period between weaning and 50 Kg bodyweight, there after the effect
diminishes with age.
• If the antibiotics are stopped in the ration of pigs after 50 Kg body weight, the
initial advantage in the improvement of growth rate is last.
• Therefore", it is recommended to feed the antibiotics till the pigs reach the market
weight.
•Runty pigs give better response with antibiotic.
•The optimum level of most antibiotics lie within the range 1to 50 mg/kg.
CONT……
12. Antibiotic in ruminant feeding:-
•Reduce incidence of diarrhoea in young calves.
•Check the subclinical infections and improves growth rate and feed
efficiency .
•Most of the growth improvement occurs before the calves are 8-10
weeks of age.
•Reduce the incidence of liver abscesses in beef cattle fed high grain
rations.
13. B) Ionophore Antibiotics:-
•These are produced by several strains of streptomyces spp. E.g.,- monensin, lasalocid,
salinomycin, lysocellin.
•They are mainly active against Gram-positive organisms.
*Monensin (Trade name:Rumensin):-
•Polyether ionophore antibiotic, it is produced by a strain of Streptomyces
cinnamonesis.
•It is useful as an anticoccidial agent for broilers and lambs.
14. Effect of Ionophores on rumen Fermentation:-
•Increase the rumen propionate and decrease the acetate concentration
and decrease the acetate propionate ratio.
•Decrease methane production.
•Ionophores depress the activity of some rumen enzymes like protease,
deaminases and urease.
•Lower Ca and Potassium concentrations.
•ME value of the diet may be increased by approximately 10 %.
15. Absorbable Antibiotics Non-absorbable Antibiotics
Eg. Tetracyclins, oxytetracyclins and
chlortetracyclins
Eg. – zincbaciracin, avoparcin, monensin,
virginiamycin, halquinol.
Lasalocid (Trade name:- Bovitec):-
•It is produced by fungi Streptomyces lasoliensis and is more potent than monensin.
•It is more potent than monensin.
*Lysocellin :
•It is a divalent polyether antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces cacaoci.
16. Note-
*Both the ionophore and non-ionophore antibiotics have been used in
nonruminants and preruminants, while only the ionophores have been
successfully used used in adult ruminants.
*As a result of the “Swann Commission” in 1972 the use of tetracylins as
well as penicillins was banned in Europe as feed additives.
*Only monensin, salinomycin, bambermycin/flavomycin and avilamycin
are the final four feed grade pharmaceutical antibiotics remaining on the
approved list.
17. Arsenicals:-
•Arsenicals has Growth promoting properties.
•Mainly added to diet of chicks.
•Arsanilic acid is less toxic than 3-Nitro.
•Arsenicals should not be included in the rations for ducks and
geese.
Eg:- 3-nitro-4-hydroxy phenylarsonic acid (3-nitro)
Arsanilic acid
18. Copper supplements:-
•These are routinely added to pig grower diets as
growth promoters.
•Its has a bactericidal properties.
Sheep are susceptible to copper poisoning
19. Hormones:-
•The active principles secreted by the endocrine glands into the blood for transportation to target
organs and tissues are known as hormones.
•These are endogenous origin.
•They are broadly of two types.
1. Anabolic agents:- (e.g. Somatotropin, Thyroxine, Androgens)
•The hormones of the anabolic class by nature exert their effect on both skeleton and
protein metabolism.
• Somatotrapin stimulates growth of endochondral bones and epiphysis of long bones
while in protein metabolism it aids nitrogen and overall protein synthesis.
• Thyroxin also stimulates growth of long bones as well as protein synthesis.
•Testosterone at low dose increases the epiphyseal diameter, promotes muscles growth
by augmenting nitrogen retention.
20. 2. Catabolic agent: (e.g. Oestrogens, Glucocorticoids)
•The hormone belonging to catabolic group similarly exert their on both
skeleton and protein metabolism.
• Estrogens inhibits skeletal growth although in ruminants.
•it increases nitrogen retention.
•Gluco- corticoids decrease growth of epiphysis and also aid in
degrading protein and amino acids and there by inhibit protein synthesis
in extra hepatic tissues.
21. Effect of Hormones on milk production:-
•It is an established fact that milk production in the cow will increase
following the feeding of thyroprotein or thyroxin.
•The most effective daily dose appear to be about 15 g/cow in case of
thyroprotein and 100mg/ cow daily for thyroxin.
• The addition of hormones in the diet of cows has increase milk
production from 15 to 20% above control animals, if concomitant
increase in energy intake was maintained.
• If additional feed is not given then the response is either very poor or
nil.
22. Effect of hormone on growth:
•Synthetic Oestrogenic hormones like stilbesterol are being used in many countries as
growth promoters.
•Studies with fattening lambs have shown that feeding 2-5 mg of stilbesterol daily
increase the average daily gain about 20 percent and reduced the feed Intake per
unit of gain.
•These substances either be given at the rate of 10 mg/ day in beef cattle or can be
implanted under the skin in the form of pellets in a single dose of 75 g and 10 mg in
sheep.
• Synthetic estrogens should never be given to female animals; otherwise there will be
derangement of the breeding behavior.
•Some workers have reported increased rate of. gain improved feed efficiency as a
results of feeding thyroprotein or thyroxin to growing pigs from the time of weaning to
market weight.
23. Harmful effect of hormone feeding:-
• There are certain side effect in the animals fed on synthetic hormones,
such as (a) restlessness (b) milk secretion from rudimentary teats etc.
• The most serious danger is to the human being arising from the
residues of synthetics estrogen in the meat which have carcinogenic
properties.
• Feeding of thyroprotein in dairy animals causes general excitability
and injuries in the body.
24. Anabolic steroids:-
These are banned in European Union since 1989.
•Oestradiol-17 ß is a natural oestrogen produced by ovaries.
Zeranol:-
•Non –steroid anabolic agent with estrogenic properties.
•It is a chemical derivative of resorcyclic acid lactone, a product of
fermentation.
•It is a chemical derivative of Fusarium mould toxin produced by
Gibberella zeae, zeralenone.
•Zeranol implants increase apparent absorption of Ca, P, Mg and Zn.
•It is approved for growth promotion in cattle in an implantable form.
•It stimulates pituitary gland to secrete increased amount of
somatotropin growth hormone.
25. TBA:-(Trenbolone acetate)-
•It is a synthetic anabolic agent with androgenic properties.
•similar to testosterone in promoting growth rate but no side effect.
Note-
•Hexesterol is synthetic oestrogen.
•Melengesterol is synthetic progesterone
26. Attributes of Somatotropin:-
•It stimulate various biosynthesis processes.
•It influence biosynthesis of protein in muscle cell directly.
•Increase nitrogen retention in body.
•It increases the growth of skeletal tissues as well.
Note- * Growth hormone is a powerful lactogenic stimulant
than anabolic agent.
27. Goitrogens:-
•These are anti thyroid principles which depress the activity of thyroid gland and
depress growth.e.g. Thiourea and thiouracil
•In poultry thiouracil in combination with diethyl stilbesterol improves finish and
market quality without depressing growth rate.
ß-adrenergic Agonists:-
•These are orally active.
•These are used to enhance the lean content and reduce the fat content
of animals.
e.g. Clenbuterol, Cimaterol
*Clenbuterol:-
•It encourages lipolysis and these fatty acids in farm animals are
reported to be utilized for protein synthesis.
28. Immunomodulators:-
• These are the compounds obtained from organisms or synthesized chemically which
are capable of enhancing the defence mechanism of animals.
• These are two types 1. Natural immunomodulators, 2. Synthetic immunomodulators
Potent immunomodulator:- cell wall preparation, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Levamisole
1 They act as a barrier to infection against specific and non-specific pathogens. ,
2. They enhance the microbe killing activity of the macrophage, lymphocytes and
natural killer cells.
3. Some activate the complement system also and enhance the phagocytosis of the
cells.
e.g. Glucans are one of the most important structural elements of fungal cell walls,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Chitin is an immunomodulator. It is polysaccharide obtained from crustacean shells,
insect exoskeletons and cell wall of certain fungi.
29. 3. Probiotics:
•The term probiotic means ‘for life’.
•These are live cultures of non-pathogenic viable organisms which are administered
orally.
•Probiotics are coined by Parker in 1974 as an organisms and substances which
contribute to intestinal microbial balance.
•Fuller in 1989 defined probiotics as live microbial feed supplements which
beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance.
•Probiotics are available in pastes, powder and liquid form or directly fed feed
additives.
• The term pronutrient may also be used for probiotic.
•Most commonly used microorganisms, as probiotics are Lactobacillus acidophillus,
Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus lactis, Aspergillus oryzae, Streptococcus
foecium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae etc. Live yeast culture, Direct fed microbials
(DFM) and curds are examples of probiotics
30. Characteristics of a good probiotics:
1. It should not be toxic or pathogenic to the host.
2 . It should have a positive effect on the host.
3. It should be posses high survival rate and multiply faster in the
digestive tract. The adhesive capability to microorganisms must be firm
and faster.
4. It should be cheap and economical.
5. Feeding of probiotic to animals should be easy, safe and simple.
31. Pigs and Probiotics:-
•Probiotics prevent and control the incidence of diarrhoea in pigs.
•Feeding probiotics (L. acidophilus and S. faecium) improved weight
gain and feed efficiency.
•Probiotic species Bacillus subtilis reduce the number reduce the number
of E. coli in sows.
Poultry and Probiotics:-
•Lactobacillus probiotic and zinc bacitracin had similar effects in
stimulating weight gain and feed efficiency of broilers.
32. YEAST CULTURE
In 1966 Hungate observes that
When Fermentation Products
(Yeast Culture) add in Diet
Rumen bacterial Concentration
increased
resulting increase digestibility
Eg. – Saccharomyces cerevisiae
33. Yeast culture
Increased bacterial population in rumen
Increased flow of Increased
degradation
Microbial protein of fibre in
rumen
From rumen leading
increased
feed
intake
34. Direct –fed Microbials :-
•Direct-fed microbials, particularly bacteria and yeast can replace antibiotics in
livestock and poultry feed.
•The FDA defines direct-fed microbials as “a source of live (viable) naturally-
occurring microorganisms ”
•One major difference between antibiotics and direct-fed microbials is that direct-fed
microbials are living organisms.
• Direct-fed microbials include Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bacillus and yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
•These microorganisms vary considerably in their ability to withstand various
environmental conditions.
• Lactobacillus are delicate microorganisms that are unable to withstand
environmental extremes, such as the heat and pressure of pelleting.
Bacillus are very stable microorganisms that can survive pelleting due to their
ability to form spores that are resistant to changes in temperature, pressure and
moisture
35. Direct –fed Microbials for calves:-
•Calves are born with nearly sterile gastrointestinal tract.
•During the first two weeks of the calf’s life, it is especially
easy for toxin –producing coliform bacteria like E. coli to
colonise the gut.
•This irritates the intestinal tract and lead to scours.
•Certain types of DFM oral pastes and feed supplements are
designed to prevent or reduce E.coli scours in calves.
36. Mannan Oligosaccharides (MOS) :-
• MOS, a complex carbohydrate extracted from yeast cell wall, improves the health
and performance of monogastric animals.
• MOS blocks attachment of pathogenic bacteria to the animal’s intestine and
prevents colonisation that can result in disease.
• In addition, MOS may stimulate the animal’s immune system, thereby further
reducing the risk of disease.
• MOS increased the release of cytokines, which coordinate activity among different
cells of the immune system.
• MOS also enhanced interleukin-2 concentration.
• The immune function requires interleukin-2 for T-cell proliferation and
differentiation.
• Research findings strongly favour dietary supplementation of live yeast culture as a
stress reliever during the hot season of the year and of intensive rearing of livestock
and as a probiotic to increase the rate of fibre degradation and thus increase feed
intake and eventually animal productivity.
37. Fructo- Oligosaccharides (FOS):-
• Short chain fructo-oligosaccharides encourage the growth
of beneficial Bacteria in the gut such as Lactobacillus spp.,
Bifidobacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp.
• Feeding FOS helps proliferation of these probiotic
bacteria which inhibit growth of more harmful bacteria
and reduction of flatulence (since FOS are not digested by host
intestinal enzymes) in animals. So these( FOS, MOS) are
termed as prebiotics.
38. Antioxidants:-
•Fat are subject to oxidation with development of rancidity, which reduces palatability,
and may cause some digestive and nutritional problems.
•Antioxidants are compounds that prevent oxidative rancidity of polyunsaturated
fats.
•Rancidity once develops, may cause destruction of vitamins A, D and E and several
of the B complex vitamins.
•Vitamin E is a natural good antioxidant of vitamin A, carotene and fats.
•The antioxidants which are recommended to prevent rancidity of fat are
DPPD(Diphenyl –para –phenylene-diamine), BHA (Butylated hydroxyl anisole), BHT
(Butylated hydroxy toluene) and Ethoxyquin
39. Methane inhibitors:
•Methane production could be inhibited by fatty acids and related compounds,
particularly unsaturated fatty acids.
• Other methane inhibitors are chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chloral
hydrate.sulphites and nitrites, amichloral (very potent) and halogenated methane
analogues.
Propionate production promoters:-
•Ionophores affect principally gram positive bacteria, Ruminococcus albus, R.
flavefaciens. E.g. Monensin, Lasalocid.
40. Defaunating agents :-
•Examples are copper sulphate, sodium lauryl diethoxy sulphates,
sodium lauryl sulphate, oil rich PUFA and dioctyl sodium
sulphosuccinate
Ketosis controlling agents:- Examples are sodium propionate ,
propylene glycol.
Bloat controlling compounds:- Examples are poloxalene (Bloat guard),
a non-ionic surfactant 10-20g/day.
Microbial growth factors (for ruminants):-
•These include niacin, thiamine, branched chain fatty acids and straight
chain fatty acid.
41. Surfactants:-
•These act like antibiotics or arsenicals by selective inhibitory effects on intestinal
microorganism.
•Surface –active agents possess the property of stimulating the growth of Chick . e.g.
Alkyl benzene sulfonate, lauryl ethelene oxide , ethmiod C-15.
Pellet Binders :-
•Calcium lignosulphonate, sodium lignosulphonate are byproducts from wood pulp
manufacture.
• These are widely used as pellet binders in animal feeds.
•Lignin is the most widely used feed binder in the world.
•In rabbits lignosulfonate cause ulceration of colon and consequent mortality. Hence it
is not used in pelleting of diets for rabbits. Sodium bentonite at 2 .5 % is used.
•Sepiolite is an effective pellet binder in swine diets especially when diets contained 4
% fat. The others are molasses 5-10%, calcium aluminate 0.6- 1% and guar meal 2.5-
5%.
42. TRANQUILLIZERS
These drugs are used to Combat Stress due
to heat or other environmental factor .
Certain tranquilizers such as
- natural Alkaloid of Rauwolfia, Reserpin
improve daily live wt. gain to animal.
43. Acidifiers:-
•Organic acids usually are added only as preservatives, but they do
positively influence performance when included at higher quantities.
•Liquid acidifiers are
e.g. – 1. Formic acid 6-8 kg/ton
2. Propionic acid 8-10 kg per ton.
Organic acid in powder form are 1. Fumaric acid 12-15 kg/ ton and Citric
acid 20-25kg/ton.
44. Sequestrants:
•Certain metals such as copper and iron are active catalysts of oxidation
(pro-oxidants) and therefore need to be immobilised.
•Sequestrants are the compounds added to do this.
• Sequestrants or sequestering compounds are also referred to as metal
scavengers since they combine with trace metals such as iron and copper
and remove them from solution.
• So these compounds should have affinity to the metal ions
e.g . calcium salt of EDTA ,polyphosphates and
citric acid
45. Mycotoxin binders:-
• Mycotoxins are diverse group of chemicals that are harmful to
animals and human and have the greatest impact on human and animal
health.
• The three major mycotoxin producing fungi are Aspergillus,
Pusarium and Penicillium and the toxins are aflatoxins, zearalenone,
trichothecenes, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, etc.
• Mycotoxins are stable compounds and , are not easily removed from
finished feeds.
• Mycotoxin binding agents include activated charcoal, yeast cell wall
products, synthetic zeolites and mined mineral clays such as
aluminosilicates, sodium bentonite.
• Effectiveness of these compounds depend upon the adsorptive capacity,
their molecular structure, their purity and the characteristics of the
targeted mycotoxin.
46. Cont….
Some Examples:-
a. Zeolites (sodium zeolite A) and aluminosilicates have strong
affinity to aflatoxins and form a stable complex.
1. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) and nutrients
with antioxidant capabilities (Se, methionine and vitamin E).
2, HSCAS and virginiamycin
47. Cont…
b. Mycosorb (Mannan oligosaccharides, Alltech
Inc.),
•It is developed by esterifying yeast cell wall glucomannans
(functional carbohydrates) can specifically adsorb aflatoxins,
ochratoxin and fusariotoxins.
•It is used at lower inclusion rate; About 50 g is as effective as 4 kg of
clay.
c. Dietary supplementation of activated carbon
•It reduces the toxic effects of many insecticides, pesticides and other
toxins by adsorption and elimination in the faeces.
Note - it has no effect in reducing the DDT (dichloro-diphenyl
trichloroethane) and dieldrin in milk or body tissue.
48. Anticaking agents:
•In the preparation of mash type feeds, problem of cake or lump formation is
observed.
•This can be considerably minimized by using certain anticaking agents.
•These are anhydrous substances that can pick up moisture without Themselves
becoming wet.
•They are either anhydrous salts or substances that hold water by surface adhesion
yet themselves remain free flowing. e.g. salts of long chain fatty acids (Calcium
stearate).
•Cal. phosphate, ferrous ammonium citrate, yellow prussiate of soda, potassium and
sodium ferrocyanide, magnesium oxide, kaolin, ball clay, sodium aluminium silicate,
hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS), calcium aluminium silicate.
HSCAS is used at 0.5% level.
49. Humectants:- These are the substances which are required
to keep the product moist, as for example, bread and cakes.
Example :- Aloe vera gel. Glyceryl , honey, propylene glycol
Firming and crisping agents:
•These are substances that preserve the texture of vegetable
tissues and by maintaining the water pressure inside them,
keep them turgid.
• They prevent loss of water from the tissues.
51. Flavouring Agents:-
•Flavouring compounds are non volatile waters soluble Substances
which have little or no taste of their own, but modify or potentiate the
flavour of a product
• Flavours are used to improve palatability.
•Mainly used for poultry.
•Commercial f1avouring agents only try to influence sweetness.
example : esters, alcohols, terpens, etc.
52. Chromium Supplement
• Chromium improves glucose metabolism in swine.
• It is available as chromium picolinate, chromium nicotinate.
•
• It increased muscle and decreased lipid deposition when fed to pigs
of 20 to 105 kg body weight at 200 ppb.
• Greater longissimus muscle area, greater absorption and retention of
nitrogen have been obtained in chromium fed pigs.
• It has been reported that chromium nicotinate is better than
chromium picolinate