The document discusses the differences between federal and unitary systems of government, with federalism involving a division of sovereignty between central and regional authorities. It analyzes proposals for shifting the Philippines from a unitary to a federal system, with various options suggested for dividing the country into federal states or regions based on geography, culture, language or economic viability. The motivation is to potentially boost economic development, decrease political violence, and improve governance through a more decentralized system of government.
Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of PowerA K DAS's | Law
The main theme of Montesquieu doctrine is that each and every organ of the state will exercise of its own power and function, and no one organ will interfere into the functions of another organ. He is the proponent of this theory....
Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of PowerA K DAS's | Law
The main theme of Montesquieu doctrine is that each and every organ of the state will exercise of its own power and function, and no one organ will interfere into the functions of another organ. He is the proponent of this theory....
this explains concept of Constitution which contains meaning, definition,classification,characteristics of good constitution and brief introduction Constituent Assembly of India
Federal system of government
Federal system
Federation and confederation
Difference between federation and confederation
Essential condition of federation:
1.Sense of unity
2.common culture
3.Aspiration to regional autonomy
4.Geographical contiguity
5.Equality in federating units
6.political consciousness
7.Uniformity of political institution
8.economic self sufficiency
this explains concept of Constitution which contains meaning, definition,classification,characteristics of good constitution and brief introduction Constituent Assembly of India
Federal system of government
Federal system
Federation and confederation
Difference between federation and confederation
Essential condition of federation:
1.Sense of unity
2.common culture
3.Aspiration to regional autonomy
4.Geographical contiguity
5.Equality in federating units
6.political consciousness
7.Uniformity of political institution
8.economic self sufficiency
12 American Federalism Institutional Arrangements and Public Poli.docxhyacinthshackley2629
12 American Federalism Institutional Arrangements and Public Policy
American Federalism
Virtually all nations of the world have some units of local government—states, provinces, regions, cities, counties, towns, villages. Decentralization of policymaking is required almost everywhere. But nations are not truly federal unless both national and subnational governments exercise separate and autonomous authority, both elect their own officials, and both tax their own citizens for the provision of public services. Moreover, federalism requires the powers of the national and subnational governments to be guaranteed by a constitution that cannot be changed without the consent of both national and subnational populations.*
*Other definitions of federalism in American political science: “Federalism refers to a political system in which there are local (territorial, regional, provincial, state, or municipal) units of government, as well as a national government, that can make final decisions with respect to at least some governmental authorities and whose existence is especially protected.” James Q. Wilson and John J. DiIulio, Jr., American Government, 7th ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), p. 52. “Federalism is the mode of political organization that unites smaller polities within an overarching political system by distributing power among general and constituent units in a manner designed to protect the existence and authority of both national and subnational systems enabling all to share in the overall system’s decision making and executing processes.” Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View from the States (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1966), p. 2.
The United States, Canada, Australia, India, Germany, and Switzerland are generally regarded as federal systems, but Great Britain, France, Italy, and Sweden are not. Although these latter nations have local governments, they depend on the national government for their powers. They are considered unitary rather than federal systems because their local governments can be altered or even abolished by the national government acting alone. In contrast, a system is said to be confederal if the power of the national government is dependent on local units of government. While these terms—federal, unitary, and confederal—can be defined theoretically, in the real world of policy-making it is not so easy to distinguish between governments that are truly federal and those that are not. Indeed, it is not clear whether government in the United States today retains its federal character.
There are more than 89,000 separate governments in the United States, more than 60,000 of which have the power to levy their own taxes. There are states, counties, municipalities (cities, boroughs, villages), school districts, and special districts (see Table 12–1). However, only the national government and the states are recognized in the U.S. Constitution; all local governments are subdivisions of states. States may cr.
Fundamental of Public Administration PPA 101NANCY GENOVADustiBuckner14
Fundamental of Public Administration PPA 101
NANCY GENOVA, MPA
INSTRUCTOR/ CHAPTER 2 (P.35-75)
Learning Objectives Chapter 2Understanding the organization and function of the branches of the federal governmentUnderstanding the organization and function of the other levels of governmentUnderstanding the policy processExploring the controls exerted by the legislative branch on administratorsExploring the controls exerted by the judicial branch on administrators
Administrative Organizations
The Executive Office of the PresidentCabinet-Level Executive DepartmentsIndependent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions, and Public CorporationsAgencies Supporting the Legislature and the Judiciary
The State Level
Its own constitutionIts own asssetsNumerous departments and commissions
The Local Level
CitiesCountiesNative American TribesSpecial Purpose GovernmentsNonprofit Organizations and Associations
RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE LEGISLATIVE BODY
The Policy Process
Exploring Concepts: STAGES IN THE POLICY PROCESS
Agenda SettingPolicy FormulationPolicy LegitimationPolicy ImplementationPolicy Evaluation and Change
Political Context of PA Public administrators need awareness of how all the government systems work in an effort to become more effective in regards to what they doAttention to how leadership works in our political settings is essential to understanding how to get things done as a public administrator
Public AdministratorsPublic administrators are responsible for implementing public policyProposals are written and submitted the process includes….Organizations develop policies to guide their activitiesPublic agencies work together with executive, the legislature and the judiciary to seek important policy goals
Federal Government 3 BranchesExecutiveLegislatureJudiciary‘Founding Father’s’ had fears of concentrated power that’s why they divided the power
Administrative Organizations & Executive Leadership
Executive Office of the President- Office of Management & Budget, National Security Council, Council of Economic Advisers
Cabinet level executive departments- Department of Defense, Health & Human Services, Treasury, Agriculture, Housing & Urban Development, Education, Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security (2002,) Ambassador to United Nations
Independent Agencies, Regulatory Commissions, and Public Corporations
Jurisdiction & Federalism
Jurisdiction- territorial range of government authority is sometimes used as a synonym for city or townFederalism- a system of government in which powers are divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) goverments.
Relationship Among 3 Levels of the GovernmentFederalStateLocalCooperation vs. conflictWho has policy making authority?
The Capacity of States & LocalitiesIn the 1950’s & 60’s policy reflected the interest of the elite1980’s state government transformed from weak links to progressive political units1990’s brought about local governments being ‘proact ...
An overview given in this presentation about the local Governance systems followed in many regions with main countries examples,
Although it can not be generalized to over all systems but these are major system followed with changes according to counties and regions creed,social norms and culture etc.
1. Federal and Unitary Political Systems
Prof. Lourdes Veneracion-Rallonza, PhD
Department of Political Science
Ateneo de Manila University
2. Power
Recall definition of power
Hierarchy
HIGHER LEVEL National government
LOWER LEVEL Local
government
units
3. Operationalization of Hierarchy:
Local Governments
“political subdivisions of the nation state”
non-sovereign communities with subordinate status
governments which are below the central government;
constituted by law --- actual extent of local self-
determination or local autonomy (ability for self-
government) depends on delegated authorities and on
local capability
4. Nature of Dispersal of Power
Centralized
- power concentrated in the center (national
government)
Decentralized
- power from the center
- enables the maximum participation of the people
- lower levels of government are encouraged and
trained to be self-reliant
5. Modes of Decentralization
Deconcentration (administrative decentralization)
- involves the transfer of functions from the national
office to the regional and local offices
- delegating functions from the central government to
local government units (sectoral approach)
- redistribution of administrative responsibilities
6. Modes of Decentralization
Devolution (political decentralization)
- transfer of power for the performance of certain
functions for the national authorities to the lower
levels of government (area approach)
- local governments are “perceived to be separate levels
over which central authorities exercise less or no direct
control” (i.e. autonomy)
7. Unitarism
Unitas
sovereignty is vested in central (national)
government
(may have) decentralization through local
government units
Functions of central authority
- Controls local governments and determines how
much power they will have
- Imposes its decisions on all local governments
- Emergency: greater concentration of power
8. Federalism
Foederis or covenant
Normative principle: ‘unity in diversity’
‘self and shared rule’: ‘divided sovereignty
Components (Riker 1964)
- 2 levels of government rule the same land and people
- each level has at least one area of action in which it is
autonomous
9. Federalism
Functions of central authority
- Permits a central government to represent the various
entities w/in the State where they have common interests -
-- defense, foreign affairs, communication
- yet allows these various entities to retain their own
identities and to have their own laws, policies and customs
in certain fields
10. Example 1: Canada provinces
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Political_map_of_Canada.png
11. Example 2: USA states
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_with_state_names.svg
14. Arguments for Federalism
56 % of world’s population live in federal systems
Most democracies transition from unitary to federal
systems
good for economic development: lower inflation
(Lijphart, Lancaster & Hicks), lower unemployment
(Crepaz)
decrease incidence of political violence
Increase efficiency in administration and delivery of
services
15. Proposed Shift from Unitary to
Federal System: Philippine Case
Based on Proposed Revision of 1987 Constitution by
Consultative Committee on Charter Change (2005) -
geographic contiguity, culture & language & economic
viability
“Within one year and after at least sixty percent of the
provinces, highly urbanized cities and component cities of
the country shall have joined in the creation of different
autonomous territories, upon petition of majority of such
autonomous territories through their respective regional
assemblies, the Parliament shall enact a basic law for the
establishment of the Federal Republic of the Philippines,
whereby autonomous territories shall become federal states”
(Art. XX, Sec. 15)
16. Proposed Shift from Unitary to
Federal System: Philippine Case
Based on Proposal of Citizen’s Movement for
Federated Philippines (CMFP)
Regions Composite Units
3 Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao
5 Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao, Bangsa Moro, Cordilleras
7 North Luzon, Central Luzon, South Luzon, Visayas,
North Mindanao, South Mindanao
12 Existing administrative regions
17. Proposed Shift from Unitary to
Federal System: Philippine Case
Based on PGMA’s 2005 proposal - super regions for fast
track economic development
North Luzon (agribusiness), Metro Luzon (urban,
industries & services), Central Philippines (tourism) &
North Mindanao (agribusiness center in Mindanao
region).
18. So, what about the Philippines?
Impact on economic development?
Solution for political violence?
Effect on governance?
