Research Seminar given for the ModevigTrad research project, as part of the Grup d'Estudis del Discurs seminar series, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
11 December 2015
This document discusses the use of corpora in English teaching. It defines corpus as a collection of written texts, especially works by a particular author or on a particular subject. Corpora is the plural form. It explains that corpora can be used for quantitative and qualitative analysis, such as determining how frequently a word appears or is used. The document then discusses how corpora can be used in the classroom for activities related to language variation over time/space/genre, grammar, translation, and second language studies. It provides examples of vertical analysis of word frequencies and concordances and horizontal analysis of syntax. Finally, it concludes that corpora have benefits for language awareness but also limitations and should be used as a complementary resource along with traditional
Lexicography involves processes for determining word meanings and constructing dictionaries. It includes designing guidelines, researching words and definitions, and formatting entries for publication. There are two related disciplines: practical lexicography focuses on compiling dictionaries, while theoretical lexicography analyzes lexicons and develops theories to improve dictionaries. Corpora are important resources used in both disciplines to study word usage and inform dictionary content. Word sketches were developed to efficiently analyze large corpora and streamline the process of identifying relevant collocates for dictionary entries.
Lexicography involves two related disciplines: practical lexicography which is the craft of compiling dictionaries, and theoretical lexicography which analyzes dictionary components and structures. Practical lexicography involves selecting words and definitions for dictionaries, while theoretical lexicography develops principles to improve future dictionaries. Corpora are important resources used to produce dictionaries and grammar books, and help ensure entries are current, reliable and user-friendly.
This document provides an overview of various lexical concepts that can be investigated using a corpus including: phrase, phraseology, collocation, colligation, word formation processes (compounding, blending, derivation, acronyms, clipping), lexical sets (synonyms, antonyms), polysemy, and conversion between word classes. It defines each concept and provides examples found in a corpus, typically including the word and the number of concordance hits. The document discusses how corpora can provide objective evidence to study the frequency and patterns of lexical items in a language.
This document discusses the use of corpus linguistics in language teaching and learning. It provides examples of how corpora can be used for vocabulary acquisition, grammar instruction, and developing classroom activities. Specific corpora mentioned include the British National Corpus and the International Corpus of Learner English. Benefits of corpus linguistics include helping learners understand typical language use and aiding in lifelong language learning.
The document analyzes the pragmatic functions of discourse markers used by interpreters in simultaneously interpreting the 2012 Chinese Spring Festival Gala from Chinese to English. It categorizes discourse markers into 7 types, and discusses how markers help reduce cognitive load or enhance communication. The study aims to determine the distribution and purposes of different discourse marker categories through analyzing over 3 hours of interpreting data.
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 3 of Psychology of Reading (2nd ed.) regarding word perception. It discusses:
1) Two potential routes to accessing sound when reading words: an addressed route that retrieves a word's pronunciation directly and an assembled route that constructs pronunciation.
2) Evidence that both routes are involved in reading real words, not just one or the other. Assembled phonology plays an important role in semantic access of words.
3) Processing of different word types like function words, multimorphemic words, and how models explain their recognition. Cross-language studies also show how orthography influences reliance on routes.
Types of corpus linguistics Parallel ,aligned...RajpootBhatti5
Parallel corpora consist of original texts and their translations between two or more languages. They are aligned so that corresponding segments, such as sentences or paragraphs, can be matched between languages. This allows users to search for words or phrases in one language and see the translations in the other language. Parallel corpora can be used for contrastive linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, as well as for translation studies and lexicology. Examples of parallel corpora include the English-German Translation Corpus and the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus. Comparable corpora contain similar text types and genres in different languages or language varieties to allow for comparison. Aligned corpora explicitly link translated elements, such as sentences, phrases, or words, between
This document discusses the use of corpora in English teaching. It defines corpus as a collection of written texts, especially works by a particular author or on a particular subject. Corpora is the plural form. It explains that corpora can be used for quantitative and qualitative analysis, such as determining how frequently a word appears or is used. The document then discusses how corpora can be used in the classroom for activities related to language variation over time/space/genre, grammar, translation, and second language studies. It provides examples of vertical analysis of word frequencies and concordances and horizontal analysis of syntax. Finally, it concludes that corpora have benefits for language awareness but also limitations and should be used as a complementary resource along with traditional
Lexicography involves processes for determining word meanings and constructing dictionaries. It includes designing guidelines, researching words and definitions, and formatting entries for publication. There are two related disciplines: practical lexicography focuses on compiling dictionaries, while theoretical lexicography analyzes lexicons and develops theories to improve dictionaries. Corpora are important resources used in both disciplines to study word usage and inform dictionary content. Word sketches were developed to efficiently analyze large corpora and streamline the process of identifying relevant collocates for dictionary entries.
Lexicography involves two related disciplines: practical lexicography which is the craft of compiling dictionaries, and theoretical lexicography which analyzes dictionary components and structures. Practical lexicography involves selecting words and definitions for dictionaries, while theoretical lexicography develops principles to improve future dictionaries. Corpora are important resources used to produce dictionaries and grammar books, and help ensure entries are current, reliable and user-friendly.
This document provides an overview of various lexical concepts that can be investigated using a corpus including: phrase, phraseology, collocation, colligation, word formation processes (compounding, blending, derivation, acronyms, clipping), lexical sets (synonyms, antonyms), polysemy, and conversion between word classes. It defines each concept and provides examples found in a corpus, typically including the word and the number of concordance hits. The document discusses how corpora can provide objective evidence to study the frequency and patterns of lexical items in a language.
This document discusses the use of corpus linguistics in language teaching and learning. It provides examples of how corpora can be used for vocabulary acquisition, grammar instruction, and developing classroom activities. Specific corpora mentioned include the British National Corpus and the International Corpus of Learner English. Benefits of corpus linguistics include helping learners understand typical language use and aiding in lifelong language learning.
The document analyzes the pragmatic functions of discourse markers used by interpreters in simultaneously interpreting the 2012 Chinese Spring Festival Gala from Chinese to English. It categorizes discourse markers into 7 types, and discusses how markers help reduce cognitive load or enhance communication. The study aims to determine the distribution and purposes of different discourse marker categories through analyzing over 3 hours of interpreting data.
The document summarizes key topics from Chapter 3 of Psychology of Reading (2nd ed.) regarding word perception. It discusses:
1) Two potential routes to accessing sound when reading words: an addressed route that retrieves a word's pronunciation directly and an assembled route that constructs pronunciation.
2) Evidence that both routes are involved in reading real words, not just one or the other. Assembled phonology plays an important role in semantic access of words.
3) Processing of different word types like function words, multimorphemic words, and how models explain their recognition. Cross-language studies also show how orthography influences reliance on routes.
Types of corpus linguistics Parallel ,aligned...RajpootBhatti5
Parallel corpora consist of original texts and their translations between two or more languages. They are aligned so that corresponding segments, such as sentences or paragraphs, can be matched between languages. This allows users to search for words or phrases in one language and see the translations in the other language. Parallel corpora can be used for contrastive linguistics to analyze similarities and differences between languages, as well as for translation studies and lexicology. Examples of parallel corpora include the English-German Translation Corpus and the English-Norwegian Parallel Corpus. Comparable corpora contain similar text types and genres in different languages or language varieties to allow for comparison. Aligned corpora explicitly link translated elements, such as sentences, phrases, or words, between
This document outlines a presentation on morphology given to students at Lancang Kuning University in 2015. It discusses the topics that will be covered in the presentation by splitting the class into 7 groups. Each group will present on a different aspect of morphology such as morphemes, word formation processes, and the fields of linguistics. The presentation will take place over several weeks with groups of 2-3 students presenting for at least 7 minutes each time. Working together in groups allows students to practice important skills and makes learning more engaging. The presentation aims to provide an overview of the key concepts and topics within morphology.
This document provides an overview of a linguistic typology course, including its goals, topics, readings, assignments, and schedule. The course explores the field of linguistic typology through examining a variety of languages from across the world. It aims to provide students with an understanding of cross-linguistic variation, theoretical approaches, and contemporary issues in the field. Students will complete problem sets, present on their final paper topic, and write a 15-20 page research paper on a pre-approved typological topic. The course will cover typologies of word order, morphology, and various grammatical categories through readings and discussion.
The document discusses the usefulness of corpora for language teaching and learning. It explains that corpora allow researchers to make generalizations about language as a whole by analyzing large collections of authentic texts. In contrast to relying only on intuitions, corpora provide evidence of real language usage through numerous examples from different contexts. This helps address misconceptions and test assumptions. The document also provides guidance on developing classroom corpora and considerations for corpus design and effective use in materials and investigations.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 006: Syntax & Semantics (the interface)Meagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 006: Syntax & Semantics - In which we review Phrase Structure Rules and discuss how constituency tests can be used to motivate particular PSRs. We also discuss the semantic difference between morpheme concatenation vs compounding - i.e., systematic/predictable vs non-systematic/predictable compositional meaning. We then review the basic semantic concepts introduced in week 4 (truth-conditions and reference), and formalize these in terms of a semantic ontology. This is all done for the purpose of observing that our PSRs/constituents are associated with a systematic/predictable interpretation - i.e., that each PSR can be associated with a semantic interpretation/composition rules. These semantic patterns can only be accounted for if we assume a hierarchical, as opposed to flat, structure. (Or, this could just be my way of trying to relevantly sneak compositional semantics into an intro-level course)
This document provides information about discourse analysis. It defines discourse as language beyond the sentence level and discusses key concepts like cohesion, coherence, intentionality and context. It also outlines different types of discourse such as narrative, descriptive, argumentative. The document compares written and spoken discourse and highlights differences in areas like grammatical complexity, repetition and fillers. Context is emphasized as important for interpreting discourse.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of discourse analysis. It discusses how discourse analysis grew out of various disciplines in the 1960s-1970s and examines language in use, both written and spoken. Major figures and approaches discussed include Zellig Harris, Dell Hymes and sociological perspectives, J.L. Austin and linguistic philosophy, M.A.K. Halliday's functional approach, and conversation analysis traditions in both Britain and America. The document traces how structural, pragmatic, and ethnomethodological influences shaped different traditions of discourse analysis over time.
1. English grammar refers to the rules and structure of the English language including word classes, phrases, clauses, sentence structure, negation, and history.
2. There are two main approaches to grammar - descriptive grammar studies how language is actually used while prescriptive grammar focuses on defining correct usage.
3. The earliest published English grammar was in 1586, but English grammars were often written in Latin for many years due to the influence of Latin grammar in education.
“Translation and Literary History:An Indian View by Ganesh DevyDaya Vaghani
This document discusses the role of translation in shaping literary history and traditions from an Indian perspective. It addresses how translations are often viewed as less original than original works but argues that many literary movements and traditions originated through acts of translation. It notes that translations both approximate the original work while also transcending it as the work takes on a new life in another language. The author argues for viewing translations and original works as part of a continuum rather than a hierarchy, noting that Indian philosophical traditions see passing between forms in a similar way.
This document outlines the theory of Distributed Morphology, which proposes that syntax generates both words and phrases. All word formation is done through syntactic operations like Merge and Move. Morphemes are composed of features that get their phonological forms through Vocabulary Insertion. While syntax and morphology are closely aligned, there can be mismatches resolved through processes like Impoverishment or Local Dislocation in the phonological component. The theory is defined by Late Insertion of phonological forms, Underspecification of Vocabulary items, and maintaining syntactic structure all the way from phrases to words.
David hirsh current perspectives in second language vocabulary research 2012Sokreth Dos
This chapter discusses current themes and possible new directions in second language vocabulary research. Key current themes explored include measuring vocabulary knowledge through vocabulary size and depth tests, investigating the nature of word knowledge along receptive-productive and partial-precise dimensions, examining the effects of incidental and explicit learning, and identifying suitable words for language learning through word lists. Potential new areas of research include better understanding the transfer of word knowledge from receptive to productive use, the concept of partial versus precise word knowledge, measuring differences in depth of vocabulary knowledge, and exploring vocabulary as interconnected semantic networks rather than isolated word forms.
I discuss the basics of corpus linguistics, the application of corpus linguistics on linguistic studies and second language learning, as well as some freely available corpus linguistics resources for beginner corpus linguists.
Citation: Zubaidi, N. (2021). Corpus linguistics: An introduction. UM de Universe 2021. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25479.11683
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & SyntaxMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & Syntax - In which we review the notion of morphological restrictions (word-internal distributional patterns), and introduce the idea of syntactic restrictions (word-external distributional patterns). Frame Sentences are introduced as a diagnostic for lexical category, and Phrase Structure Rules are introduced as a way to account for Frame Sentences (i.e., patterns in lexical word order). Hocket's design feature PRODUCTIVITY is discussed, and the difference between the Chomsky-style generative approach and a Skinner-style behaviourist approach mentioned.
A short bibliography_on_translation_studiespandaaditya14
This document discusses the works of several scholars on translation theory and practice. It provides summaries and excerpts from their books and essays on topics such as: the difference between formal and dynamic equivalence in translation; the relationship between concepts and words in language and translation; translation as operating on languages by substituting text; the role of translation in postcolonial contexts; and the impossibility of a perfect translation in practice. The document lists numerous works, authors, and ideas within the field of translation studies.
1. The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, which is the study of language use in context. It discusses the historical development of the field and various approaches to analyzing both spoken and written discourse.
2. Key aspects covered include speech acts, discourse structures, models for analyzing classroom conversations and casual talk, cohesion in written texts, interpretation of meaning, and patterns in larger text structures.
3. Discourse analysis examines both form and function in language and how language is used for social purposes. It draws from various related fields and has applications for language teaching.
This document discusses discourse structure and conversation analysis. It defines conversation as a less formal type of discourse involving small numbers of participants where turns are short. Conversation analysis examines patterns in natural conversation data and how participants negotiate turn-taking through linguistic and non-linguistic signals. Turn-taking involves adjacency pairs, insertion sequences where other topics are briefly discussed, and repairs to clarify meaning. The document presents discourse as a process that is constructed through participant interaction and turn-taking signals.
- Traditional grammar is a prescriptive framework that describes language based on Latin rules of grammar rather than descriptive analysis of modern English usage.
- It focuses on elements like parts of speech, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, adverbs, adjectives, verbs, nouns and conjunctions based on traditional definitions and categories.
- While traditional grammar has flaws and limitations, it remains an important part of teaching English language skills in schools, and does not need wholesale replacement but rather amendments to reflect contemporary linguistic understanding.
Discourse analysis considers language use beyond the sentence level and in its full social context. It examines how texts are structured through cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to linguistic connections between parts of a text, while coherence is the meaningful unity created in the reader's mind. Discourse analysis also looks at spoken and written styles, genres, and conversation structure through phenomena like turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and back-channeling. Background knowledge and expectations also influence how a text is understood.
This document provides an overview of lexicology and word formation. It discusses the key concepts in lexicology including definitions of lexicology, words, and word groups. It then describes the main ways that new words are formed in English: affixation, composition, conversion, and abbreviation. Affixation, specifically prefixation and suffixation, are described as highly productive ways of word formation by adding affixes to roots to derive new words. The semantics and functions of affixes are also discussed.
El documento propone una redefinición del éxito, alejándose de un éxito reconocido o de tenerlo todo, hacia un éxito real y balanceado que ofrezca abundancia para bendecir a otros que no lo tienen, reconociendo que no se puede tener todo en la vida.
This document outlines a presentation on morphology given to students at Lancang Kuning University in 2015. It discusses the topics that will be covered in the presentation by splitting the class into 7 groups. Each group will present on a different aspect of morphology such as morphemes, word formation processes, and the fields of linguistics. The presentation will take place over several weeks with groups of 2-3 students presenting for at least 7 minutes each time. Working together in groups allows students to practice important skills and makes learning more engaging. The presentation aims to provide an overview of the key concepts and topics within morphology.
This document provides an overview of a linguistic typology course, including its goals, topics, readings, assignments, and schedule. The course explores the field of linguistic typology through examining a variety of languages from across the world. It aims to provide students with an understanding of cross-linguistic variation, theoretical approaches, and contemporary issues in the field. Students will complete problem sets, present on their final paper topic, and write a 15-20 page research paper on a pre-approved typological topic. The course will cover typologies of word order, morphology, and various grammatical categories through readings and discussion.
The document discusses the usefulness of corpora for language teaching and learning. It explains that corpora allow researchers to make generalizations about language as a whole by analyzing large collections of authentic texts. In contrast to relying only on intuitions, corpora provide evidence of real language usage through numerous examples from different contexts. This helps address misconceptions and test assumptions. The document also provides guidance on developing classroom corpora and considerations for corpus design and effective use in materials and investigations.
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 006: Syntax & Semantics (the interface)Meagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 006: Syntax & Semantics - In which we review Phrase Structure Rules and discuss how constituency tests can be used to motivate particular PSRs. We also discuss the semantic difference between morpheme concatenation vs compounding - i.e., systematic/predictable vs non-systematic/predictable compositional meaning. We then review the basic semantic concepts introduced in week 4 (truth-conditions and reference), and formalize these in terms of a semantic ontology. This is all done for the purpose of observing that our PSRs/constituents are associated with a systematic/predictable interpretation - i.e., that each PSR can be associated with a semantic interpretation/composition rules. These semantic patterns can only be accounted for if we assume a hierarchical, as opposed to flat, structure. (Or, this could just be my way of trying to relevantly sneak compositional semantics into an intro-level course)
This document provides information about discourse analysis. It defines discourse as language beyond the sentence level and discusses key concepts like cohesion, coherence, intentionality and context. It also outlines different types of discourse such as narrative, descriptive, argumentative. The document compares written and spoken discourse and highlights differences in areas like grammatical complexity, repetition and fillers. Context is emphasized as important for interpreting discourse.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of discourse analysis. It discusses how discourse analysis grew out of various disciplines in the 1960s-1970s and examines language in use, both written and spoken. Major figures and approaches discussed include Zellig Harris, Dell Hymes and sociological perspectives, J.L. Austin and linguistic philosophy, M.A.K. Halliday's functional approach, and conversation analysis traditions in both Britain and America. The document traces how structural, pragmatic, and ethnomethodological influences shaped different traditions of discourse analysis over time.
1. English grammar refers to the rules and structure of the English language including word classes, phrases, clauses, sentence structure, negation, and history.
2. There are two main approaches to grammar - descriptive grammar studies how language is actually used while prescriptive grammar focuses on defining correct usage.
3. The earliest published English grammar was in 1586, but English grammars were often written in Latin for many years due to the influence of Latin grammar in education.
“Translation and Literary History:An Indian View by Ganesh DevyDaya Vaghani
This document discusses the role of translation in shaping literary history and traditions from an Indian perspective. It addresses how translations are often viewed as less original than original works but argues that many literary movements and traditions originated through acts of translation. It notes that translations both approximate the original work while also transcending it as the work takes on a new life in another language. The author argues for viewing translations and original works as part of a continuum rather than a hierarchy, noting that Indian philosophical traditions see passing between forms in a similar way.
This document outlines the theory of Distributed Morphology, which proposes that syntax generates both words and phrases. All word formation is done through syntactic operations like Merge and Move. Morphemes are composed of features that get their phonological forms through Vocabulary Insertion. While syntax and morphology are closely aligned, there can be mismatches resolved through processes like Impoverishment or Local Dislocation in the phonological component. The theory is defined by Late Insertion of phonological forms, Underspecification of Vocabulary items, and maintaining syntactic structure all the way from phrases to words.
David hirsh current perspectives in second language vocabulary research 2012Sokreth Dos
This chapter discusses current themes and possible new directions in second language vocabulary research. Key current themes explored include measuring vocabulary knowledge through vocabulary size and depth tests, investigating the nature of word knowledge along receptive-productive and partial-precise dimensions, examining the effects of incidental and explicit learning, and identifying suitable words for language learning through word lists. Potential new areas of research include better understanding the transfer of word knowledge from receptive to productive use, the concept of partial versus precise word knowledge, measuring differences in depth of vocabulary knowledge, and exploring vocabulary as interconnected semantic networks rather than isolated word forms.
I discuss the basics of corpus linguistics, the application of corpus linguistics on linguistic studies and second language learning, as well as some freely available corpus linguistics resources for beginner corpus linguists.
Citation: Zubaidi, N. (2021). Corpus linguistics: An introduction. UM de Universe 2021. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25479.11683
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & SyntaxMeagan Louie
Introduction to Language and Linguistics 005: Morphology & Syntax - In which we review the notion of morphological restrictions (word-internal distributional patterns), and introduce the idea of syntactic restrictions (word-external distributional patterns). Frame Sentences are introduced as a diagnostic for lexical category, and Phrase Structure Rules are introduced as a way to account for Frame Sentences (i.e., patterns in lexical word order). Hocket's design feature PRODUCTIVITY is discussed, and the difference between the Chomsky-style generative approach and a Skinner-style behaviourist approach mentioned.
A short bibliography_on_translation_studiespandaaditya14
This document discusses the works of several scholars on translation theory and practice. It provides summaries and excerpts from their books and essays on topics such as: the difference between formal and dynamic equivalence in translation; the relationship between concepts and words in language and translation; translation as operating on languages by substituting text; the role of translation in postcolonial contexts; and the impossibility of a perfect translation in practice. The document lists numerous works, authors, and ideas within the field of translation studies.
1. The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, which is the study of language use in context. It discusses the historical development of the field and various approaches to analyzing both spoken and written discourse.
2. Key aspects covered include speech acts, discourse structures, models for analyzing classroom conversations and casual talk, cohesion in written texts, interpretation of meaning, and patterns in larger text structures.
3. Discourse analysis examines both form and function in language and how language is used for social purposes. It draws from various related fields and has applications for language teaching.
This document discusses discourse structure and conversation analysis. It defines conversation as a less formal type of discourse involving small numbers of participants where turns are short. Conversation analysis examines patterns in natural conversation data and how participants negotiate turn-taking through linguistic and non-linguistic signals. Turn-taking involves adjacency pairs, insertion sequences where other topics are briefly discussed, and repairs to clarify meaning. The document presents discourse as a process that is constructed through participant interaction and turn-taking signals.
- Traditional grammar is a prescriptive framework that describes language based on Latin rules of grammar rather than descriptive analysis of modern English usage.
- It focuses on elements like parts of speech, subjects, predicates, objects, clauses, adverbs, adjectives, verbs, nouns and conjunctions based on traditional definitions and categories.
- While traditional grammar has flaws and limitations, it remains an important part of teaching English language skills in schools, and does not need wholesale replacement but rather amendments to reflect contemporary linguistic understanding.
Discourse analysis considers language use beyond the sentence level and in its full social context. It examines how texts are structured through cohesion and coherence. Cohesion refers to linguistic connections between parts of a text, while coherence is the meaningful unity created in the reader's mind. Discourse analysis also looks at spoken and written styles, genres, and conversation structure through phenomena like turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and back-channeling. Background knowledge and expectations also influence how a text is understood.
This document provides an overview of lexicology and word formation. It discusses the key concepts in lexicology including definitions of lexicology, words, and word groups. It then describes the main ways that new words are formed in English: affixation, composition, conversion, and abbreviation. Affixation, specifically prefixation and suffixation, are described as highly productive ways of word formation by adding affixes to roots to derive new words. The semantics and functions of affixes are also discussed.
El documento propone una redefinición del éxito, alejándose de un éxito reconocido o de tenerlo todo, hacia un éxito real y balanceado que ofrezca abundancia para bendecir a otros que no lo tienen, reconociendo que no se puede tener todo en la vida.
Comprendre la transition digitale pour votre entreprise et comment bien se positionner sur Facebook pour mieux vendre les mérites de vos produits et service. Facebook est aujourd'hui la plateforme de référence pour votre stratégie internet et marketing. Passez à la vitesse supérieure.
Biología - Citoesqueleto y Contracción MuscularDavid Sandoval
El citoesqueleto está formado por microfilamentos, microtúbulos y filamentos intermedios. Los microfilamentos son de actina y permiten la motilidad celular. Los microtúbulos están compuestos de tubulina y definen la forma celular. Los filamentos intermedios conectan células adyacentes. Juntos, estos elementos le dan forma y soporte a la célula y permiten el transporte intracelular.
This document discusses decision making and decision quality. It introduces an investment opportunity involving a £10 investment with an uncertain return depending on randomly drawn playing cards. A decision tree is used to analyze the expected value of this investment. Further sections discuss how the expected value changes based on additional information, such as the color of the first card drawn. The document also discusses the Monty Hall problem and defines elements of decision quality like defining the decision frame, identifying alternatives and tradeoffs, using reliable information, and logically reasoning to a decision. It emphasizes that decision quality is a learned skill and provides organizational value.
Editors' influence on passive use in English-German business translationMario Bisiada
Talk given at the Congreso Internacional de Traducción Especializada (International Conference of Specialised Translation) EnTRetextos, Valencia, 29 April 2016.
Investigating English-German translation of ideational grammatical metaphor i...Mario Bisiada
Talk given at the Metaphors in/and/of Translation specialised seminar, organised by the Researching and Applying Metaphors society, Universiteit Leiden.
11 June 2015
This document discusses the history and theories of translation. It summarizes several key theorists and models of translation. Jakobson categorized translation into three types: intralingual translation (within a language), interlingual translation (between languages), and intersemiotic translation (across sign systems). The document also outlines the stages in the development of translation theory from the linguistic stage to the current ethical/aesthetic stage. Finally, it discusses various approaches to translation based on prioritizing the source language or target language, such as word-for-word translation or communicative translation.
CBTS is considered a new paradigm in the discipline of Translation Studies. it is also considered a new methodology , which based is on Corpus linguistics and DTS......
This document discusses various theories and perspectives related to translation theory, and their application to non-literary texts. It covers linguistic, cultural, philosophical, and postcolonial approaches. The document aims to provide an outline of translation theories in the 20th century, show how they apply to non-literary texts, and demonstrate how translation practice can benefit from theory.
The document discusses corpus linguistics and different types of corpora. It defines corpus linguistics as the study of language based on large collections of electronic texts, known as corpora. It describes general corpora, specialized corpora, historical/diachronic corpora, regional corpora, learner corpora, multilingual corpora, comparable corpora, and parallel corpora. It also discusses corpus annotation, concordancing, frequency and keyword lists, collocation, and software used for corpus analysis.
Lecture 1 Introduction to Translation.pptxssuser7c8e99
This document provides an overview of a university module on literary translation. It outlines the module objectives, which are to develop students' understanding of translation theory and familiarize them with literary translation through case studies. The module structure includes lectures on translation theory from various perspectives, as well as focusing on translating specific literary genres like fiction, poetry, and drama. Key texts for the module are also listed. The document then discusses some foundational concepts in translation studies, providing definitions and discussing areas like untranslatability. It concludes with an overview of translation theory from Roman times until 1900, outlining perspectives from various influential figures.
This document is an outline for a presentation on discourse analysis given on December 2nd, 2015. The presentation introduces discourse analysis and analyzing written discourse. It discusses analyzing cohesion devices, register, audience, purpose, coherence, and the CARS model in written texts. The presentation also evaluates rhetorical situation, polarity, evaluators, and focus in discourse analysis.
This research proposal outlines a project to translate an article on language usage and cognition from English to Spanish. The proposal provides background on the topic, objectives to accurately translate the chapter and make it accessible to Spanish speakers, and a literature review of translation techniques that will be used like direct translation, borrowing, and oblique translation methods like transposition and modulation. The translated work will be analyzed upon completion.
1) The linguistic approach to translation theory emerged around 50 years ago and focuses on issues of meaning, equivalence, and shift. It is centered on the structuralist works of theorists like Roman Jakobson, Eugene Nida, and Peter Newmark.
2) Theorists like Nida emphasized achieving dynamic equivalence and natural expression in the target text for the target audience. Others like Newmark supported a more literal approach.
3) Later theorists like Vinay, Darbelnet, and Catford examined translation shifts and techniques like direct translation, transposition, and modulation. This shifted the structural approach's emphasis to changes between the source and target texts.
Differentiating the translation process: A corpus analysis of editorial influ...Mario Bisiada
The document discusses a corpus analysis of English to German business article translations to analyze the influence of editors on the translation process. Specifically, it aims to determine if translations exhibit a tendency towards nominalization or verbalization of forms, and if translators and editors act differently in this regard. The analysis uses a framework of ideational grammatical metaphor to study nominalization and verbalization in the translations. Preliminary findings suggest translations may normalize nominal styles to be more verbal, as is common in German, and that translators and editors may approach this normalization process differently.
Lada, I understand your desire to include the original Russian quotes and your translations. However, for the purposes of this assignment, it would be best to focus the discussion on your reflections and learning, leaving out direct quotes from the data. You could paraphrase or summarize parts of the conversations to support your points. The goal is for you to reflect on your experience, not to present a full analysis of the data. I hope these suggestions are helpful as you revise your draft. Please let me know if you have any other questions.
Student: Thank you for your feedback. You are right, the focus should be on my reflections rather than direct quotes. I will revise the assignment accordingly. Doing so will allow me to discuss my experience
The document discusses intentionality, convention, and fashion in researching multilingually. It presents an ecological model of intentional activity where the researcher's intentional activities are shaped by resources and expectations in the research environment. Intentionality in researching multilingually can include directly or indirectly exploring multilingual phenomena, enhancing research quality, responding to resource considerations such as linguistic competence or technology, and furthering lingua-political agendas such as developing identity or diversity. Convention and fashion can also influence the researcher's activities.
Discourse analysis (Schmitt's book chapter 4)Samira Rahmdel
The document discusses discourse analysis and its approaches. It covers conversational analysis, ethnography, speech act theory, structural functional linguistics, and systemic functional linguistics. Conversational analysis examines patterns in turn-taking, adjacency pairs, and back-channel responses in natural conversations. Ethnography uses the speaking grid and analyzes speech events and genres. Structural functional linguistics developed models to analyze classroom discourse with transactions, exchanges, moves, and acts.
This document discusses genre-based approaches to writing and text analysis. It describes how context, including situational context and cultural context, influence how a text is created based on Derewianca's model from 2001. This model evolved from earlier work by Malinowski, Firth, and Halliday. A text is analyzed based on its field, tenor, and mode, which refer respectively to the subject matter, roles of participants, and communication channel. Writing is presented as a social and cultural activity that follows genres like describing, explaining, instructing, arguing, and narrating. The document contrasts speech and writing and argues a genre-based approach helps students use writing codes effectively.
The document discusses various definitions of translation from different scholars. It defines translation as conveying meaning from a source language to a target language in either written or oral form, whether between spoken or signed languages. Key aspects of translation include analyzing the source text, transferring its meaning to the target language while considering differences in lexicon, grammar and culture, and reconstructing the text. The purpose of analyzing a source text includes understanding its content and style, and learning about its intended readership to help determine the appropriate style to use in the translation.
This document discusses corpus linguistics and quantitative research design. It defines a corpus as a large collection of texts used for linguistic analysis. Corpus linguistics allows researchers to empirically test hypotheses about language patterns and features based on large amounts of real-world data. Quantitative analysis of corpus data shows how frequently certain words, constructions, and patterns are used. Specialized corpora can focus on particular text types, languages, or learner language. Various software tools are used to analyze corpora through frequency lists, keyword lists, collocation analysis, and other methods.
Article - An Annotated Translation of How to Succeed as a Freelance Translato...Cynthia Velynne
This document summarizes an annotated translation research study conducted by Wahyu Budi. The study translated a document on how to succeed as a freelance translator from English to Indonesian. The researcher identified 167 difficulties during translation and analyzed the 25 most difficult examples. Thirteen of 30 translation strategies and 5 of 13 translation principles were used in the analysis. The study concluded that not all strategies and principles could be employed due to analyzing a limited number of examples, but analyzing more examples may have identified use of additional strategies and principles. The implications were that translation requires mastery of both source and target languages as well as translation theories and computer software.
Similar to Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language (20)
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
1. Features of mediated discourse
A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
Mario Bisiada
Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED)
Research seminar
11 December 2015
2. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Table of Contents
1 Editing and translation
Manuscripts in corpus research
Research lines: Editing for readability
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Corpus details & study objectives
2 Passive voice and discourse structure
English-German contrasts
Translation and grammatical metaphor
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
3 Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
3. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Editorial influence in translation
Translated text
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
4. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Editorial influence in translation
Translated text
Manuscript
translation
Published
translation
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
5. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Editorial influence in translation
Translated text
Manuscript
translation
Published
translation
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
6. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Stages in translated document production
Stage Sub-process Agent Product
Planning Original author
Writing1 Translating Original author
Reviewing Original author Source text
Orientation Translator
Translation2 Drafting Translator Draft
Revising Reviser Manuscript
Stylistic editing Editor
Copyediting Editor
Publication Structural editing Editor
Content editing Editor
Publication Publisher Target text
1
adopted from Hayes et al. (1987)
2
adopted from Jakobsen (1999)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
7. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Stages in translated document production
Stage Sub-process Agent Product
Planning Original author
Writing1 Translating Original author
Reviewing Original author Source text
Orientation Translator
Translation2 Drafting Translator Draft
Revising Reviser Manuscript
Stylistic editing Editor |
Copyediting Editor |
Publication Structural editing Editor |
Content editing Editor ∨
Publication Publisher Target text
1
adopted from Hayes et al. (1987)
2
adopted from Jakobsen (1999)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
8. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
9. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
10. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)
“interim solutions” (Toury 1995: ch. 9)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
11. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)
“interim solutions” (Toury 1995: ch. 9)
“valuable [...] window into the working practice of a
translator” (Munday 2013: 126)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
12. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)
“interim solutions” (Toury 1995: ch. 9)
“valuable [...] window into the working practice of a
translator” (Munday 2013: 126)
⇒ process-based research, revision studies
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
13. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Cognitive approaches to studying translated language
process-based research (Göpferich & Jääskeläinen 2009; Alves
& Vale 2011)
studies of self-revision (Brunette et al. 2005; Parra Galiano 2005;
Künzli 2005)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
14. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Cognitive approaches to studying translated language
process-based research (Göpferich & Jääskeläinen 2009; Alves
& Vale 2011)
studies of self-revision (Brunette et al. 2005; Parra Galiano 2005;
Künzli 2005)
Product-based research
empirical strength: “authentic data attested in texts” (Kenny 2009)
→ published sources
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
15. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Cognitive approaches to studying translated language
process-based research (Göpferich & Jääskeläinen 2009; Alves
& Vale 2011)
studies of self-revision (Brunette et al. 2005; Parra Galiano 2005;
Künzli 2005)
Product-based research
empirical strength: “authentic data attested in texts” (Kenny 2009)
→ published sources
neglects linguistic changes made during editing
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
16. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Cognitive approaches to studying translated language
process-based research (Göpferich & Jääskeläinen 2009; Alves
& Vale 2011)
studies of self-revision (Brunette et al. 2005; Parra Galiano 2005;
Künzli 2005)
Product-based research
empirical strength: “authentic data attested in texts” (Kenny 2009)
→ published sources
neglects linguistic changes made during editing
Main argument
Editors exert influence on translated language
→ corpus research should draw on manuscripts
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
17. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Applications
Corpus studies of editing
Utka (2004): “phases of translation corpus”
Main research lines into editing
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
18. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Applications
Corpus studies of editing
Utka (2004): “phases of translation corpus”
UPF translation research (on literary texts: Sinner 2012; on
sentence splitting: Bisiada 2014; on French–Spanish
translation: Andújar Moreno Forthcoming; on mediation
universals: Bisiada Forthcoming)
Main research lines into editing
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
19. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Applications
Corpus studies of editing
Utka (2004): “phases of translation corpus”
UPF translation research (on literary texts: Sinner 2012; on
sentence splitting: Bisiada 2014; on French–Spanish
translation: Andújar Moreno Forthcoming; on mediation
universals: Bisiada Forthcoming)
Main research lines into editing
1 readability studies
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
20. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Manuscripts in corpus research
Applications
Corpus studies of editing
Utka (2004): “phases of translation corpus”
UPF translation research (on literary texts: Sinner 2012; on
sentence splitting: Bisiada 2014; on French–Spanish
translation: Andújar Moreno Forthcoming; on mediation
universals: Bisiada Forthcoming)
Main research lines into editing
1 readability studies
2 “mediated discourse”
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
21. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Research line: Editing and readability
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
22. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Research line: Editing and readability
“Strategy of anticipation” (Bisaillon 2007)
Editors search for certain anticipated problems, e.g. “overlong
sentences”, “irrelevant use of impersonal pronouns”
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
23. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Research line: Editing and readability
“Strategy of anticipation” (Bisaillon 2007)
Editors search for certain anticipated problems, e.g. “overlong
sentences”, “irrelevant use of impersonal pronouns”
Automatisms in copyediting (Bisaillon 2007; Robert 2014)
minimise reflection time for grammar/syntax problems
50%–75% of recorded editing: immediate solutions
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
24. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
⇒ pursuing readability with little reflection for discourse matters?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
25. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
26. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
27. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
28. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
29. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
30. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing
published texts longer by 2.6%
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
31. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing
published texts longer by 2.6%
does this reflect peer review or editing?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
32. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing
published texts longer by 2.6%
does this reflect peer review or editing?
→ No evidence in favour – more studies are needed!
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
33. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
34. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
35. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)
translation, criticism, editing...= rewriting (“mediated discourse”)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
36. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)
translation, criticism, editing...= rewriting (“mediated discourse”)
→ “processed, or rewritten, for particular audiences and thus
mediated for a purpose”
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
37. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)
translation, criticism, editing...= rewriting (“mediated discourse”)
→ “processed, or rewritten, for particular audiences and thus
mediated for a purpose”→ “mediation universals”
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
38. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Are there “mediation universals”?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
39. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Are there “mediation universals”?
“in some sense, all writing is
co-authored” (Schindler &
Wolfe 2014: 160)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
40. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Are there “mediation universals”?
“in some sense, all writing is
co-authored” (Schindler &
Wolfe 2014: 160)
don’t most texts report on
some event or discourse?
Which communication is not
constrained/mediated?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
41. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Investigating the notion of “Mediated discourse”
Kruger (2012): translation universals in “mediated discourse”
normalisation, explicitation & simplification in “mediated”
(translated, edited) and “unmediated” (unedited) text
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
42. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Investigating the notion of “Mediated discourse”
Kruger (2012): translation universals in “mediated discourse”
normalisation, explicitation & simplification in “mediated”
(translated, edited) and “unmediated” (unedited) text
1.2 million word corpus
translations Afrikaans–English
edited & unedited English non-translations
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
43. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Investigating the notion of “Mediated discourse”
Kruger (2012): translation universals in “mediated discourse”
normalisation, explicitation & simplification in “mediated”
(translated, edited) and “unmediated” (unedited) text
1.2 million word corpus
translations Afrikaans–English
edited & unedited English non-translations
academic, instructional, popular and reportage texts
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
44. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Investigating the notion of “Mediated discourse”
Kruger (2012): translation universals in “mediated discourse”
normalisation, explicitation & simplification in “mediated”
(translated, edited) and “unmediated” (unedited) text
1.2 million word corpus
translations Afrikaans–English
edited & unedited English non-translations
academic, instructional, popular and reportage texts
→ no evidence of shared “mediation effect”
translators favour “explicit and standardised language”
editors “introduce collocational variety”
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
45. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Investigating the notion of “Mediated discourse”
Kruger (2012): translation universals in “mediated discourse”
normalisation, explicitation & simplification in “mediated”
(translated, edited) and “unmediated” (unedited) text
1.2 million word corpus
translations Afrikaans–English
edited & unedited English non-translations
academic, instructional, popular and reportage texts
→ no evidence of shared “mediation effect”
translators favour “explicit and standardised language”
editors “introduce collocational variety”
drawback: no edited translations studied
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
46. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Editing and translation
Some conclusions
editors make structural changes without much reflection
→ “algorithm-like behaviour”: on encountering because, split the
sentence
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
47. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Editing and translation
Some conclusions
editors make structural changes without much reflection
→ “algorithm-like behaviour”: on encountering because, split the
sentence
Editing and translating are different mediation processes
→ should be studied separately
“mediated discourse” too widely applicable to be useful
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
48. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Current study
Research assumptions
Several agents participate in the (holistic) translation process →
published translations may differ significantly from manuscripts.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
49. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Current study
Research assumptions
Several agents participate in the (holistic) translation process →
published translations may differ significantly from manuscripts.
→ Studying published translations alone may yield misleading
results in studying features of translated language
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
50. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Current study
Research assumptions
Several agents participate in the (holistic) translation process →
published translations may differ significantly from manuscripts.
→ Studying published translations alone may yield misleading
results in studying features of translated language
Three items of study
sentence splitting (see Bisiada 2014)
grammatical metaphor (nominalisations)
passive constructions
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
51. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
ModevigTrad
ModevigTrad
Title Evidencialidad y epistemicidad en textos de géneros
discursivos evaluativos. Análisis contrastivo y
traducción (FFI2014-57313-P)
PI Montserrat González Condom
Genre Discourse genres that show a high degree of
metaphorical language and modalisation
Supported by the
Spanish Ministry of Economy
and Competitiveness
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
52. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
53. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
54. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
55. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
56. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)
Source texts (English) – 104,678 words
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
57. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)
Source texts (English) – 104,678 words
Manuscript translations (German) – 106,829 words
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
58. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)
Source texts (English) – 104,678 words
Manuscript translations (German) – 106,829 words
Published translations (German) – 104,448 words
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
59. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
How do HBM editors work?
Do editors consult the source text?
Yes—“...legen wir uns in der Regel den Originaltext aus der Harvard
Business Review daneben und vergleichen beides Satz für Satz.”
[‘...we usually have the source text from the HBR next to us and
compare both texts sentence by sentence.’]
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
60. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Corpus details & study objectives
How do HBM editors work?
Do editors consult the source text?
Yes—“...legen wir uns in der Regel den Originaltext aus der Harvard
Business Review daneben und vergleichen beides Satz für Satz.”
[‘...we usually have the source text from the HBR next to us and
compare both texts sentence by sentence.’]
What do they look for?
“...formulieren [wir] Substantivierungen und Passivkonstruktionen
um...”
[‘...we reformulate nominalisations and passive constructions...’]
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
61. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
1 Editing and translation
Manuscripts in corpus research
Research lines: Editing for readability
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Corpus details & study objectives
2 Passive voice and discourse structure
English-German contrasts
Translation and grammatical metaphor
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
3 Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
62. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
Passive voice and discourse structure
Passive voice changes the mapping of the roles of Actor, Process and
Goal “onto the interpersonal functions in the modal structure of the
clause” (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 182).
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
63. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
Passive voice and discourse structure
Passive voice changes the mapping of the roles of Actor, Process and
Goal “onto the interpersonal functions in the modal structure of the
clause” (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 182).
Active
Theme Rheme
The owl caught the mouse.
Actor Process Goal
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
64. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
Passive voice and discourse structure
Passive voice changes the mapping of the roles of Actor, Process and
Goal “onto the interpersonal functions in the modal structure of the
clause” (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 182).
Active
Theme Rheme
The owl caught the mouse.
Actor Process Goal
Passive
Theme Rheme
The mouse was caught by the owl.
Goal Process Actor
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
65. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
English-German contrasts I
English-German passive contrasts
English German
Any participant can become the
subject
Only participants that are direct
objects in active can become the
subject of the passive sentence
(Teich 2003: 96)
Strict word order → passive ma-
jor option to assign roles
Freer word order through case
markings → more options to as-
sign theme role (Kunz 2010: 164)
No restriction on Actors Actor/subject conflation only
for animate/conscious entities
(Kunz 2010: 166)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
66. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
English-German contrasts I
During their initial training, employees are given the freedom to
make judgment calls.
In den Einführungskur-
sen wird Mitarbeitern
gestattet, nach eigenem
Gutdünken zu entscheiden.
Schon in der Einarbeitungs-
phase dürfen Mitarbeiter
selbstständig entscheiden.
[‘In the introductory courses,
it is permitted for employees
to decide for themselves.’]
[‘As early as the initial train-
ing, employees may decide
autonomously.’]
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
67. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
English-German contrasts II
English-German passive contrasts
English German
Any participant can become the
subject
Only participants that are direct
objects in active can become the
subject of the passive sentence
(Teich 2003: 96)
Strict word order → passive ma-
jor option to assign roles
Freer word order through case
markings → more options to as-
sign theme role (Kunz 2010: 164)
No restriction on Actors Actor/subject conflation only
for animate/conscious entities
(Kunz 2010: 166)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
68. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
English-German contrasts II
The legitimacy to chart such a radical path forward is not
conferred by title alone; it must be earned.
Die Legitimation für die Be-
schreitung eines derart radi-
kalen Wegs ist nicht allein
durch einen Titel gegeben;
sie muss verdient werden.
Das Recht, einen derart ra-
dikalen Weg zu beschreiten,
erwirbt man sich nicht allein
durch den Titel eines CEOs;
es muss verdient werden.
[‘The legitimation for chart-
ing such a radical path is not
conferred by title alone; it
must be earned.’]
[‘One does not earn the right
to chart such a radical path
by title of a CEO alone; it
must be earned.’]
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
69. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
English-German contrasts III
English-German passive contrasts
English German
Any participant can become the
subject
Only participants that are direct
objects in active can become the
subject of the passive sentence
(Teich 2003: 96)
Strict word order → passive ma-
jor option to assign roles
Freer word order through case
markings → more options to as-
sign theme role (Kunz 2010: 164)
No restriction on Actors Actor/subject conflation only
for animate/conscious entities
(Kunz 2010: 166)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
70. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
English-German contrasts
English-German contrasts III
Source text3
To solve such problems, plants have evolved two strategies which
they superimpose upon photosynthesis.
Target text
Zur Lösung solcher Probleme haben sich bei den Pflanzen zwei
Mechanismen herausgebildet, von denen die Photosynthese über-
lagert wird.
[‘For the solution of this problem, two mechanisms have evolved in
plants by which photosynthesis becomes overlaid.’]
3
Example taken from Steiner (2004: 145).
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
71. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
The voice system and the textual metafunction
The passive allows the language user to vary the mappings of
participant roles in order to allow non-Actors to become the
Theme of a sentence.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
72. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
The voice system and the textual metafunction
The passive allows the language user to vary the mappings of
participant roles in order to allow non-Actors to become the
Theme of a sentence.
Voice system, Theme/Rheme
serve to structure discourse according to given and new
information
part of the textual metafunction in SFL (Eggins 2004: 296)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
73. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
The textual metafunction and metaphoricity
The textual metafunction (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 30)
Mode of meaning which relates to the construction of text, [...]
build[ing] up sequences of discourse, organizing the discursive flow
and creating cohesion and continuity as it moves along.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
74. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
The textual metafunction and metaphoricity
The textual metafunction (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 30)
Mode of meaning which relates to the construction of text, [...]
build[ing] up sequences of discourse, organizing the discursive flow
and creating cohesion and continuity as it moves along.
decreased use of textual metafunction
↓
incongruency (metaphorical use)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
75. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
Grammatical metaphor
Metaphorical realisation (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 593)
“expanding the meaning potential of the language [to] creat[e] a
more complex relationship between semantics and lexicogrammar”
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
76. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
Grammatical metaphor
Metaphorical realisation (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 593)
“expanding the meaning potential of the language [to] creat[e] a
more complex relationship between semantics and lexicogrammar”
Ideational
People strongly believe
that...
The strongest belief of
all is that...
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
77. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
Grammatical metaphor
Metaphorical realisation (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 593)
“expanding the meaning potential of the language [to] creat[e] a
more complex relationship between semantics and lexicogrammar”
Ideational
People strongly believe
that...
The strongest belief of
all is that...
→ re-mapping
between groups and
clauses
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
78. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
Grammatical metaphor
Metaphorical realisation (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 593)
“expanding the meaning potential of the language [to] creat[e] a
more complex relationship between semantics and lexicogrammar”
Ideational
People strongly believe
that...
The strongest belief of
all is that...
→ re-mapping
between groups and
clauses
Interpersonal
I think it’s going to
rain.
It is probably going to
rain.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
79. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
Grammatical metaphor
Metaphorical realisation (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 593)
“expanding the meaning potential of the language [to] creat[e] a
more complex relationship between semantics and lexicogrammar”
Ideational
People strongly believe
that...
The strongest belief of
all is that...
→ re-mapping
between groups and
clauses
Interpersonal
I think it’s going to
rain.
It is probably going to
rain.
→ modal expression
shifted outside the
clause
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
80. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Translation and grammatical metaphor
Grammatical metaphor
Metaphorical realisation (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004: 593)
“expanding the meaning potential of the language [to] creat[e] a
more complex relationship between semantics and lexicogrammar”
Ideational
People strongly believe
that...
The strongest belief of
all is that...
→ re-mapping
between groups and
clauses
Interpersonal
I think it’s going to
rain.
It is probably going to
rain.
→ modal expression
shifted outside the
clause
Textual
Not defined by
Halliday &
Matthiessen (2004)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
81. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
manipulating the voice system
by selecting active or passive
constructions
creating a texture that exhibits
a “marked information focus”
(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:
232)
may metaphorise the text
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
82. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
manipulating the voice system
by selecting active or passive
constructions
creating a texture that exhibits
a “marked information focus”
(Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:
232)
may metaphorise the text
→ But are passive constructions textual metaphors?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
83. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
What makes textual metaphor?
An incongruent realisation in terms of voice (Lassen 2003)
Medium = subject; medium = complement
Agent = subject
→ “thematic tension caused by the fusion of Agency and
Medium/Subject features.” (Lassen 2003: 46)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
84. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
What makes textual metaphor?
An incongruent realisation in terms of voice (Lassen 2003)
Medium = subject; medium = complement
Agent = subject
→ “thematic tension caused by the fusion of Agency and
Medium/Subject features.” (Lassen 2003: 46)
Active/Passive dichotomy too simple
Is “thematic tension” not rather caused by unexpected
Theme/Rheme progression?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
85. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Grammatical metaphor and translation
Translation as de-metaphorisation (Steiner 2001)
understand meaning – recreate the understood meaning
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
86. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Grammatical metaphor and translation
Translation as de-metaphorisation (Steiner 2001)
understand meaning – recreate the understood meaning
→ necessarily involves de-metaphorisation.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
87. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Grammatical metaphor and translation
Translation as de-metaphorisation (Steiner 2001)
understand meaning – recreate the understood meaning
→ necessarily involves de-metaphorisation.
To what extent do translators metaphorise their texts?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
88. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Grammatical metaphor and translation
Translation as de-metaphorisation (Steiner 2001)
understand meaning – recreate the understood meaning
→ necessarily involves de-metaphorisation.
To what extent do translators metaphorise their texts?
→ “here the process of re-metaphorisation is cut short below the
degree to which it might otherwise go” (Steiner 2001: 15)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
89. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Grammatical metaphor and translation
Translation as de-metaphorisation (Steiner 2001)
understand meaning – recreate the understood meaning
→ necessarily involves de-metaphorisation.
To what extent do translators metaphorise their texts?
→ “here the process of re-metaphorisation is cut short below the
degree to which it might otherwise go” (Steiner 2001: 15)
⇒ lower frequency of metaphorisation in translations (2001: 11)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
90. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Passive use and textual metaphor: examples
Source text (active) Target text (passive)
We have disguised all names
and other identifying informa-
tion about the people and their
company.
Die Namen und andere Daten,
anhand derer die Mitarbeiter
identifiziert werden könnten,
wurden geändert.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
91. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Passive use and textual metaphor: examples
Source text (active) Target text (passive)
We have disguised all names
and other identifying informa-
tion about the people and their
company.
Die Namen und andere Daten,
anhand derer die Mitarbeiter
identifiziert werden könnten,
wurden geändert.
↑
Metaphorical?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
92. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
When something happens at
work, it immediately triggers
cognitive, emotional, and motiva-
tional processes.
Wenn auf der Arbeit ein Ereignis
eintritt, werden automatisch Pro-
zesse im Zusammenhang mit Ko-
gnition, Emotion und Motivation
ausgelöst.
Depending on what happens with
these cognitive and emotional
processes, motivation can shift.
Abhängig davon, was mit diesen
kognitiven und emotionalen Pro-
zessen geschieht, kann sich die
Motivation ändern.
We discerned these processes in
the diaries of every team we stud-
ied and in most of the people who
worked on those teams.
Diese Prozesse ließen sich in den
Tagebüchern aller untersuchten
Teams und bei fast allen Teammit-
gliedern finden.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
93. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Some conclusions
Passive use is not necessarily metaphorical/incongruent
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
94. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Some conclusions
Passive use is not necessarily metaphorical/incongruent
Are passive constructions harder to process?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
95. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Some conclusions
Passive use is not necessarily metaphorical/incongruent
Are passive constructions harder to process?
No clear answer given, variable hard
to isolate (overview in Rhodes 1997)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
96. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
Some conclusions
Passive use is not necessarily metaphorical/incongruent
Are passive constructions harder to process?
No clear answer given, variable hard
to isolate (overview in Rhodes 1997)
using passive forms increases
... reading time (Müller-Feldmeth
et al. 2015: 251)
... processing difficulty (Gorin 2005)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
97. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
1 Editing and translation
Manuscripts in corpus research
Research lines: Editing for readability
Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse
Corpus details & study objectives
2 Passive voice and discourse structure
English-German contrasts
Translation and grammatical metaphor
The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?
3 Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
98. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
used increasingly often in professional and scientific discourse
to keep language economical
more frequent in German non-translated texts than in English
ones (Teich 2003: 181)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
99. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
used increasingly often in professional and scientific discourse
to keep language economical
more frequent in German non-translated texts than in English
ones (Teich 2003: 181)
3 passive alternatives studied
impersonalisation man
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
100. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
used increasingly often in professional and scientific discourse
to keep language economical
more frequent in German non-translated texts than in English
ones (Teich 2003: 181)
3 passive alternatives studied
impersonalisation man
modal passives lassen (‘to let’) + reflexive verb
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
101. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
used increasingly often in professional and scientific discourse
to keep language economical
more frequent in German non-translated texts than in English
ones (Teich 2003: 181)
3 passive alternatives studied
impersonalisation man
modal passives lassen (‘to let’) + reflexive verb
modal infinitives sein + infinitive phrase
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
102. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
1. man
Diese Tür kann man nicht öffnen.
One cannot open this door.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
103. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
1. man
Diese Tür kann man nicht öffnen.
One cannot open this door.
On ne peut pas ouvrir cette porte.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
104. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
1. man
Diese Tür kann man nicht öffnen.
One cannot open this door.
On ne peut pas ouvrir cette porte.
No se puede abrir esta puerta.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
105. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
2. Modal passive
Der Text liest sich leicht.
?The text reads easily.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
106. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
2. Modal passive
Der Text liest sich leicht.
?The text reads easily.
The bunkhouse sleeps ten.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
107. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
2. Modal passive
Der Text liest sich leicht.
?The text reads easily.
The bunkhouse sleeps ten.
The surface cleans easily with soap and water.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
108. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
2. Modal passive
Der Text liest sich leicht.
?The text reads easily.
The bunkhouse sleeps ten.
The surface cleans easily with soap and water.
El texto se lee fácilmente.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
109. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives: Modal passive
Customer equity has the added benefit of being a good proxy for the value
of the firm.
Die Betrachtung des Werts der
Kunden hat einen weiteren Vor-
teil, denn an ihm lässt sich gut
der Wert des Unternehmens ab-
lesen.
Wer den Wert der Kunden be-
trachtet, erhält auch Informa-
tionen über den Wert des Unter-
nehmens.
[‘Considering customer equity
has another benefit because the
value of the company can be
read from it.’]
[‘He who considers the value of
the client also receives informa-
tion about the value of the com-
pany.’]
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
110. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
3. Modal infinitive
Die Aufgabe ist bis 3 Uhr zu lösen. (passive)
The task is to be solved by 3 o’clock.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
111. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
3. Modal infinitive
Die Aufgabe ist bis 3 Uhr zu lösen. (passive)
The task is to be solved by 3 o’clock.
Hay que resolver la tarea antes de las 3.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
112. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
3. Modal infinitive
Die Aufgabe ist bis 3 Uhr zu lösen. (passive)
The task is to be solved by 3 o’clock.
Hay que resolver la tarea antes de las 3.
“El futuro es para ser vivido, nada está preestablecido” —Luke
Skywalker (“The future is to be lived” → translationese?)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
113. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives
Passive alternatives: Modal infinitive
Having articulated the value proposition for the customer, companies
must then consider the key processes needed to deliver that value.
Sobald das Nutzenversprechen
für den Kunden steht, ist zu
überlegen, welche Schlüssel-
prozesse erforderlich sind, um
[...].
Sobald das Nutzenversprechen
für den Kunden definiert ist,
sollte überlegt werden, wel-
che Schlüsselprozesse erforder-
lich sind, um [...].
[‘As soon as the value proposi-
tion for the customer stands, it
is to be considered which key
processes are required to .’]
[‘As soon as the value proposi-
tion for the customer is defined,
it should be considered which
key processes are required to .’]
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
114. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Mean normalised frequency
TR TR+ED ED
22
24
26
28
30
32
28.26
25.43 25.34
Instancesper10,000words
n = 27
error bars: SE
F(2,78)=0.39,
p > 0.05
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
115. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Mean normalised frequencies separated
modal inf.
man
modal passive
TR TR+ED ED
0
10
20
30
Instancesper10,000words
man:
F(2,78)=7.96,
p < 0.001
modal inf.:
F(2,78)=12.26,
p < 0.001
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
116. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
2 Normalisation/conservatism
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
117. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
2 Normalisation/conservatism
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
118. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
2 Normalisation/conservatism
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
119. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
2 Normalisation/conservatism
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
120. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
2 Normalisation/conservatism
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
121. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
122. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism
Degree of unconventional language use
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
123. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism
Degree of unconventional language use
Frequency of lexical bundles
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
124. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism
Degree of unconventional language use
Frequency of lexical bundles
Passive alternatives
3 Simplification
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
125. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism
Degree of unconventional language use
Frequency of lexical bundles
Passive alternatives
3 Simplification
Lexical diversity
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
126. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism
Degree of unconventional language use
Frequency of lexical bundles
Passive alternatives
3 Simplification
Lexical diversity
Mean word and sentence length
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
127. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation (No difference)
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism
Degree of unconventional language use
Frequency of lexical bundles
Passive alternatives
3 Simplification
Lexical diversity
Mean word and sentence length
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
128. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation (No difference)
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism (ED diff. to TR and TR+ED)
Degree of unconventional language use
Frequency of lexical bundles
Passive alternatives
3 Simplification
Lexical diversity
Mean word and sentence length
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
129. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Findings on passive alternatives
Universals of translation or mediation?
1 Explicitation (No difference)
More complete/less economical surface realisation in
translation
Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)
More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text
Frequency of linking adverbials
Frequency of pronominal adverbs
Conjunction vs preposition ratio
2 Normalisation/conservatism (ED diff. to TR and TR+ED)
Degree of unconventional language use
Frequency of lexical bundles
Passive alternatives
3 Simplification (TR different to TR+ED and ED)
Lexical diversity
Mean word and sentence length
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
130. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Possible Hypotheses
Mediation universals
little support for mediation universals
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
131. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Possible Hypotheses
Mediation universals
little support for mediation universals
normalisation/conservatism confirmed as translation universal
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
132. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Possible Hypotheses
Mediation universals
little support for mediation universals
normalisation/conservatism confirmed as translation universal
editors’ influence strongest in simplification universal
→ readability
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
133. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Possible Hypotheses
Passive constructions
greater amount of modal passives in translations
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
134. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Possible Hypotheses
Passive constructions
greater amount of modal passives in translations
non-translated German articles use man more often
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
135. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Possible Hypotheses
Passive constructions
greater amount of modal passives in translations
non-translated German articles use man more often
→ due to source texts? (more passive/modality in English?)
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
136. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Possible Hypotheses
Passive constructions
greater amount of modal passives in translations
non-translated German articles use man more often
→ due to source texts? (more passive/modality in English?)
→ differing perception of man/modal forms (acceptability,
formality...)?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
137. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Current work: true passives
Open questions
Are passive forms textual metaphors?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
138. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Current work: true passives
Open questions
Are passive forms textual metaphors?
How about middle passives?
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
139. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Community peer review session
Join my Academia.edu discussion
https://www.academia.edu/s/ba9ea02c95
read the full paper reporting the study of mediation universals
help improve the paper by commenting on the draft
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
140. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
Thank you for your attention!
Contact:
mario.bisiada@upf.edu
@MBisiada
Slides:
mariobisiada.de/talks.html
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
141. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
References I
Alves, F. & D. C. Vale (2011). “On Drafting and Revision in Translation. A Corpus Linguistics Oriented Analysis of Translation
Process Data”. Translation: Corpora, Computation, Cognition 1.1, pp. 105–122.
Andújar Moreno, G. (Forthcoming). “Traducción entregada frente a traducción publicada. Reflexiones sobre la normalización
en traducción editorial a partir de un estudio de caso”. Meta.
Baker, M. (1993). “Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies. Implications and Applications”. In Text and Technology. In
Honour of John Sinclair. Ed. by M. Baker, G. Francis & E. Tognini-Bonelli. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 233–250. doi:
10.1075/z.64.15bak.
Bisaillon, J. (2007). “Professional Editing Strategies Used by Six Editors”. Written Communication 24.4, pp. 295–322. doi:
10.1177/0741088307305977.
Bisiada, M. (2014). “‘Lösen Sie Schachtelsätze möglichst auf’. The Impact of Editorial Guidelines on Sentence Splitting in
German Business Article Translations”. Applied Linguistics Advance online access. doi: 10.1093/applin/amu035.
— (Forthcoming). “Universals of Editing and Translation”. In Empirically Modelling Translation and Interpreting. Ed. by
I. S. Hansen-Schirra, S. Hofmann & B. Meyer. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Brunette, L., C. Gagnon & J. Hine (2005). “The GREVIS Project. Revise or Court Calamity”. Across Languages and Cultures 6.1,
pp. 29–45.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
142. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
References II
Chesterman, A. (2004). “Hypotheses about Translation Universals”. In Claims, Changes and Challenges in Translation Studies.
Selected Contributions from the EST Congress, Copenhagen 2001. Ed. by G. Hansen, K. Malmkjær & D. Gile. Amsterdam:
John Benjamins, pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1075/btl.50.02che.
Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. 2nd. London: Bloomsbury.
Göpferich, S. & R. Jääskeläinen (2009). “Process Research into the Development of Translation Competence. Where Are We,
and Where Do We Need to Go?” Across Languages and Cultures 10.2, pp. 169–191. doi:
10.1556/Acr.10.2009.2.1.
Gorin, J. S. (2005). “Manipulating Processing Difficulty of Reading Comprehension Questions. The Feasibility of Verbal Item
Generation”. Journal of Educational Measurement 42.4, pp. 351–373.
Halliday, M. A. K. & C. M. I. M. Matthiessen (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd ed. London: Arnold.
Hartmann, R. R. K. (1981). “Contrastive Textology and Translation”. In Kontrastive Linguistik und Übersetzungswissenschaft.
Ed. by W. Kühlwein, G. Thome & W. Wilss. München: Fink, pp. 200–208.
Hayes, J. R., L. Flower, K. A. Schriver, J. F. Stratman & L. Carey (1987). “Cognitive Processes in Revision”. In Reading, Writing,
and Language Processing. Vol. 2: Advances in Applied Psycholinguistics. Ed. by S. Rosenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 176–240.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
143. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
References III
Jakobsen, A. L. (1999). “Logging Target Text Production with Translog”. In Probing the Process in Translation. Methods and
Results. Ed. by G. Hansen. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur, pp. 9–20.
Kenny, D. (2009). “Corpora”. In Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Ed. by M. Baker & G. Saldanha. 2nd ed.
London: Routledge, pp. 59–62.
Kruger, H. (2012). “A Corpus-Based Study of the Mediation Effect in Translated and Edited Language”. Target 24.2,
pp. 355–388. doi: 10.1075/target.24.2.07kru.
Kunz, K. A. (2010). Variation in English and German Nominal Coreference. A Study of Political Essays. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang.
Künzli, A. (2005). “What Principles Guide Translation Revision? A Combined Product and Process Study”. In Translation
Norms. What is Normal in the Translation Profession? Ed. by I. Kemble. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, pp. 31–44.
Lassen, I. (2003). Accessibility and Acceptability in Technical Manuals. A Survey of Style and Grammatical Metaphor.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Müller-Feldmeth, D., U. Held, P. Auer, S. Hansen-Morath, S. Hansen-Schirra, K. Maksymski, S. Wolfer & L. Konieczny (2015).
“Investigating comprehensibility of German popular science writing”. In Translation and Comprehensibility. Ed. by
K. Maksymski, S. Gutermuth & S. Hansen-Schirra. Berlin: Frank & Timme, pp. 227–261.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
144. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
References IV
Munday, J. (2013). “The Role of Archival and Manuscript Research in the Investigation of Translator Decision-Making”.
Target 25.1, pp. 125–139. doi: 10.1075/target.25.1.10mun.
Parra Galiano, S. (2005). La revisión de traducciones en la traductología. Aproximación a la práctica de la revisión en el ámbito
profesional mediante el estudio de casos y propuestas de investigación. Granada: Universidad de Granada tesis doctoral.
Rhodes, S. (1997). “The Active and Passive Voice are Equally Comprehensible in Scientific Writing”. PhD thesis. University of
Washington.
Robert, I. S. (2014). “Investigating the Problem-Solving Strategies of Revisers through Triangulation”. Translating and
Interpreting Studies 9.1, pp. 88–108. doi: 10.1075/tis.9.1.05rob.
Roberts, J. C., R. H. Fletcher & S. W. Fletcher (1994). “Effects of Peer Review and Editing on the Readability of Articles
Published in Annals of Internal Medicine”. Journal of the American Medical Association 272.2, pp. 119–121. doi:
10.1001/jama.1994.03520020045012.
Schindler, K. & J. Wolfe (2014). “Beyond Single Authors. Organizational Text Production as Collaborative Writing”. In
Handbook of Writing and Text Production. Ed. by E.-M. Jakobs & D. Perrin. Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 159–173.
Sinner, C. (2012). “Fictional Orality in Romance Novels. Between Linguistic Reality and Editorial Requirements”. In The
Translation of Fictive Dialogue. Ed. by J. Brumme & A. Espunya. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 119–136.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
145. Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives
Hypotheses & open questions
References V
Steiner, E. (2001). “Translations English–German. Investigating the Relative Importance of Systemic Contrasts and of the
Text-Type ‘Translation’”. SPRIKreports 7, pp. 1–48.
— (2004). “Ideational Grammatical Metaphor. Exploring some Implications for the Overall Model”. Languages in Contrast
4.1, pp. 137–164. doi: 10.1075/lic.4.1.07ste.
Teich, E. (2003). Cross-Linguistic Variation in System and Text. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ulrych, M. & A. Murphy (2008). “Descriptive Translation Studies and the Use of Corpora: Investigating Mediation
Universals”. In Corpora for University Language Teachers. Ed. by C. T. Torsello, K. Ackerley & E. Castello. Frankfurt/M.:
Peter Lang, pp. 141–166.
Utka, A. (2004). “Phases of Translation Corpus. Compilation and Analysis”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9.2,
pp. 195–224. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.9.2.03utk.
Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language