Faraday effect
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This experiment aims to determine the Verdet's constant of glycerine using the Faraday effect. The Faraday effect causes the plane of polarization of light to rotate when passing through a transparent dielectric material in the presence of a magnetic field. This experiment uses an apparatus including electromagnets, light source, and telescope to measure the angle of rotation of polarized light passing through hollow cubes filled with water and glycerine under a magnetic field. By measuring the angle of rotation for each material and using the formula relating rotation angle, magnetic field, material path length, and Verdet's constant, the constant for glycerine can be determined.
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This document is a physics investigatory project on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. It includes an introduction that explains Faraday's law and how changing magnetic fields induce electric fields. The objective is to determine Faraday's law using a copper wire, iron rod, and magnet. The theory section discusses magnetic flux, Faraday's law equation, and the Maxwell-Faraday equation. It concludes that Faraday's law describes how changing magnetic fields induce voltages in conductors and has many applications from power generation to how the sun shines.
electromagnetic induction ( part 1 )
1. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 when he found that a changing magnetic field can generate an electric current.
2. According to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction, a changing magnetic flux induces an electromotive force (emf) in a circuit. The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
3. Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced current is such that it creates its own magnetic field to oppose the original change in magnetic flux that created it.
Diffraction faraday law
This document summarizes how diffraction occurs as a consequence of Faraday's law of induction. It describes how a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave incident on an opaque screen with a small aperture will develop both transverse and longitudinal magnetic field components after passing through the aperture. Specifically:
1) Applying Faraday's law to a semicircular loop near the aperture shows that the time derivative of the magnetic flux through the loop is non-zero, indicating a longitudinal magnetic field component.
2) The ratio of the longitudinal to transverse magnetic field is derived, showing this ratio is a measure of the diffraction angle of the wave.
3) It is concluded that the wave is diffracted and no longer a plane wave after passing through the
Biot-savart law
The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field generated by electric currents. It states that the magnetic field at a point P due to a current element I ds is proportional to the current I and inversely proportional to the distance r from the current element to the point P. The field is also proportional to the length of the current element ds and perpendicular to both r and ds. Integrating this contribution from all current elements gives the total magnetic field generated by the current distribution. Specific applications include calculating the field from a long straight wire, circular loop, and tightly wound coil.
Cds photo resistor
This document discusses photoconductivity in CdS photo-resistors. It begins by explaining the phenomenon of photoconductivity where absorption of light increases electrical conductivity in materials. It then describes how CdS photo-resistors work as resistors whose resistance depends on light intensity. The document outlines the construction of typical CdS photoconductive devices and discusses experiments measuring photocurrent as a function of voltage and irradiance. It also examines the use of CdS nanowires for photoconductive applications and shows their response to light.
5649.ppt
1. The document discusses carrier transport mechanisms in semiconductors including drift, diffusion, and generation-recombination. It explains how mobility, resistivity, and the Einstein relationship relate these concepts.
2. Recombination and generation processes are defined as the annihilation or creation of electron-hole pairs. Various recombination mechanisms such as band-to-band, defect-assisted, and impact ionization are described.
3. Momentum considerations for different carrier transition processes like photon-assisted and phonon-assisted are discussed, noting that photons carry little momentum while phonons carry more momentum.
Localized Characterization of GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Well Devices
two-dimensional mapping, at pixel resolution, of semiconductor devices in terms of efficiency, electric field distribution, quantum well effects
magnetic fields
The Biot-Savart law describes the magnetic field generated by electric currents. It states that the magnetic field at a point P is proportional to the current I and inversely proportional to the distance r from the current element ds. Specifically, the field is given by the equation dB = (μ0I/4πr2)ds x r̂, where μ0 is the permeability of free space. This law can be used to calculate the magnetic fields generated by various current distributions like long straight wires, circular loops, and coils.
Similar to Faraday effect (20)
Physics Investigatory - Electromagnetic Induction. CLASS XII
Physics Investigatory - Electromagnetic Induction. CLASS XII
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This means that the molar extinction coefficients of the two enantiomers
This means that the molar extinction coefficients of the two enantiomers
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Droplet thermal behavior study with light scattering technique
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Electrowetting of-water-and-aqueous-solutions-on-poly-ethylene-terephthalate-...
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Localized Characterization of GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Well Devices
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
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Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
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Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
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Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
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Classification
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Faraday effect
- 2. AIM: TO DETERMINE THE VERDET’S CONSTANT OF GLYCERINE
- 3. APPARATUS Electromagnets, Constant current supply, Light source, Cubes (hollow, with water and with glycerine), Collimator, Telescope
- 4. THEORY OF EXPERIMENT This experiment, which is in theory similar to that of the Magneto-Optic Effect or Faraday Effect. It is called magneto-optic phenomenon as it is, an interaction between light and a magnetic field in a medium. The Faraday effect causes a rotation of the plane of polarization which is linearly proportional to the component of the magnetic field in the direction of propagation
- 5. This effect occurs in most optically transparent dielectric materials (including liquids) under the influence of magnetic fields The Faraday effect is caused by left and right circularly polarized waves propagating at slightly different speeds, a property known as circular birefringence.
- 6. PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE FARADAY EFFECT The linear polarized light that is seen to rotate in the Faraday effect can be seen as consisting of the superposition of a right- and a left- circularly polarized beam. In circularly polarised light the direction of the electric field rotates at the frequency of the light, either clockwise or counterclockwise.
- 7. THE ELECTRIC FIELD VECTORS OF A TRAVELING CIRCULARLY POLARIZED ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE.
- 8. This changes the dynamics of the interaction for each beam and When the two beams are added after the phase shift, the result is again a linearly polarized beam, but with a rotation in the polarization direction. The direction of polarization rotation depends on the properties of the material through which the light is shown.
- 9. IMAGE SHOWING POLARIZATION ROTATION DUE TO THE FARADAY EFFECT
- 10. FORMULA USED The relation between the angle of rotation of the polarization and the magnetic field in a transparent material is: Q= VBd Q is the angle of rotation (in radians), B is the magnetic flux density in the direction of propagation (in teslas), d is the length of the path (in meters) where the light and magnetic field in Interact and V is the Verdet constant for the material.
- 11. PROCEDURE 1. Focus the telescope for clear object image far from it. 2. Make the experimental arrangement. 3. Place a hollow glass cube between the pole pieces of electromagnet on wooden stand. 4. Apply a constant current supply say 3A to the electromagnet and note the minimum intensity of slit. Say it Q1
- 12. 5. Now, reverse the direction of current and again note the minimum intensity say,Q2 6. Calculate Q(min) 7. Now, note the values of Q1’ and Q2’ by same method for water and find magnetic field 8. Now, replace the cube containing water with Glycerine and find the Verdet’s constant.
- 13. APPLICATIONS The Faraday effect has been used to measure optical rotatory power and for remote sensing of magnetic fields (such as fiber optic current sensors ). The Faraday effect is used in spintronics research to study the polarization of electron spins in semiconductors. Faraday rotators can be used for amplitude modulation of light, Faraday rotator are the basis of optical isolators and optical circulators such components are required in optical telecommunications and other laser applications.